Modeling,Analysis and Validation of Friendship Paradox in Evolving Networks

Friendship paradox states that individuals are likely to have fewer friends than their friends do,on average.Despite of its wide existence and appealing applications in real social networks,the mathematical understanding of friendship paradox is very limited.Only few works provide theoretical evidence of single-step and multi-step friendship paradoxes,given that the neighbors of interest are onehop and multi-hop away from the target node.However,they consider non-evolving networks,as opposed to the topology of real social networks that are constantly growing over time.We are thus motivated to present a first look into friendship paradox in evolving networks,where newly added nodes preferentially attach themselves to those with higher degrees.Our analytical verification of both single-step and multistep friendship paradoxes in evolving networks,along with comparison to the non-evolving counterparts,discloses that“friendship paradox is even more paradoxical in evolving networks”,primarily from three aspects:1)we demonstrate a strengthened effect of single-step friendship paradox in evolving networks,with a larger probability(more than 0.8)of a random node’s neighbors having higher average degree than the random node itself;2)we unravel higher effectiveness of multi-step friendship paradox in seeking for influential nodes in evolving networks,as the rate of reaching the max degree node can be improved by a factor of at least Θ(t^(2/3))with t being the network size;3)we empirically verify our findings through both synthetic and real datasets,which suggest high agreements of results and consolidate the reasonability of evolving model for real social networks.

What would Hippocrates have sworn upon witnessing the COVID-19 mandates and mortality paradox

For the first time in human history,hundreds of millions of people all over the world have been subjected to compulsory vaccination with a new type of nucleic acid based vaccines in order to keep their jobs or be able to travel due to some notorious coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)mandates.The vast majority of African countries were either initially deprived of these vaccines,or later,a majority of the population was too skeptical to receive them and preferred a safe early treatment pharmacological approach.Yet,Africa had the lowest COVID-19 mortality rate compared to those countries that adopted mass vaccination.This letter to the editor adds African insights that should be helpful in future pandemics to save millions of precious lives.

Paradoxical herniation associated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy after decompressive craniectomy: A case report

BACKGROUND Whether hyperbaric oxygen therapy(HBOT)can cause paradoxical herniation is still unclear.CASE SUMMARY A 65-year-old patient who was comatose due to brain trauma underwent decompressive craniotomy and gradually regained consciousness after surgery.HBOT was administered 22 d after surgery due to speech impairment.Paradoxical herniation appeared on the second day after treatment,and the patient’s condition worsened after receiving mannitol treatment at the rehabilitation hospital.After timely skull repair,the paradoxical herniation was resolved,and the patient regained consciousness and had a good recovery as observed at the follow-up visit.CONCLUSION Paradoxical herniation is rare and may be caused by HBOT.However,the underlying mechanism is unknown,and the understanding of this phenomenon is insufficient.The use of mannitol may worsen this condition.Timely skull repair can treat paradoxical herniation and prevent serious complications.

Variations in evaporation from water surfaces along the margins of the Badain Jaran Desert over nearly 60 years and influencing factors

Based on meteorological data collected over nearly 60 years(1960-2017)from four national meteorological stations along the margins of the Badain Jaran Desert,this study analyzed the spatiotemporal variations in evaporation from water surfaces and identified the dominant controlling factors.Methods used included linear trend analysis,linear tendency estimation,the departure method,the rank correlation coefficient-based method,and Multiple Linear Regression(MLR).Results indicate notable spatiotemporal differences in evaporation distribution and evolution.Spatially,average annual evaporation exhibited a pronounced altitude effect,decreasing at a rate of about 8.23 mm/m from east to west with increasing altitude.Temporally,annual evaporation showed significant upward trends after 1996 at the northeastern(Guaizi Lake)and western(Dingxin)margins,with rates of 132 mm/10a and 105 mm/10a,respectively.Conversely,along the northwestern(Ejina Banner)and southern(Alxa Right Banner)margins of the desert,an evaporation paradox was observed,with annual evaporation trending downward at rates of 162 mm/10a and 187 mm/10a,respectively,especially after 1987.The dominant factors controlling evaporation varied spatially:Average annual temperature and relative humidity influended the western margin(Dingxin),average annual temperature was the key factor for the northeastern margin(Guaizi Lake),and average wind speed was crucial for the northern(Ejina Banner)and southern(Alxa Right Banner)margins.

Dynamic foraging strategy adaptation to heterogeneous environments contributes to social aggregation in snub-nosed monkeys

The dynamics of animal social structures are heavily influenced by environmental patterns of competition and cooperation.In folivorous colobine primates,prevailing theories suggest that larger group sizes should be favored in rainforests with a year-round abundance of food,thereby reducing feeding competition.Yet,paradoxically,larger groups are frequently found in high-altitude or high-latitude montane ecosystems characterized by a seasonal scarcity of leaves.This contradiction is posited to arise from cooperative benefits in heterogeneous environments.To investigate this hypothesis,we carried out a six-year field study on two neighboring groups of golden snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus roxellana),a species representing the northernmost distribution of colobine primates.Results showed that the groups adjusted their movement and habitat selection in response to fluctuating climates and spatiotemporal variability of resources,indicative of a dynamic foraging strategy.Notably,during the cold,resource-scarce conditions in winter,the large group occupied food-rich habitats but did not exhibit significantly longer daily travel distances than the smaller neighboring group.Subsequently,we compiled an eco-behavioral dataset of 52 colobine species to explore their evolutionary trajectories.Analysis of this dataset suggested that the increase in group size may have evolved via home range expansion in response to the cold and heterogeneous climates found at higher altitudes or latitudes.Hence,we developed a multi-benefits framework to interpret the formation of larger groups by integrating environmental heterogeneity.In cold and diverse environments,even smaller groups require larger home ranges to meet their dynamic survival needs.The spatiotemporal distribution of high-quality resources within these expanded home ranges facilitates more frequent interactions between groups,thereby encouraging social aggregation into larger groups.This process enhances the benefits of collaborative actions and reproductive opportunities,while simultaneously optimizing travel costs through a dynamic foraging strategy.

Generalized Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering paradox

Quantum paradoxes are essential means to reveal the incompatibility between quantum and classical theories,among which the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen(EPR)steering paradox offers a sharper criterion for the contradiction between localhidden-state model and quantum mechanics than the usual inequality-based method.In this work,we present a generalized EPR steering paradox,which predicts a contradictory equality“2_(Q)=(1+δ)_(C)”(0≤δ<1)given by the quantum(Q)and classical(C)theories.For any N-qubit state in which the conditional state of the steered party is pure,we test the paradox through a two-setting steering protocol,and find that the state is steerable if some specific measurement requirements are satisfied.Moreover,our construction also enlightens the building of EPR steering inequality,which may contribute to some schemes for typical quantum teleportation and quantum key distributions.

Multiple paradoxical embolisms caused by central venous catheter thrombus passing through a patent foramen ovale: A case report

BACKGROUND To date,this is the first case of a paradoxical embolism(PDE)that concurrently manifested in the coronary and lower limb arteries and was secondary to a central venous catheter(CVC)thrombus via a patent foramen ovale(PFO).CASE SUMMARY Here,we report a case of simultaneous coronary and lower limb artery embolism in a PFO patient carrier of a CVC.The patient presented to the hospital with acute chest pain and lower limb fatigue.Doppler ultrasound showed a large thrombus in the right internal jugular vein,precisely at the tip of the CVC.Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography confirmed the existence of a PFO,with inducible right-to-left shunting by the Valsalva maneuver.The patient was administered an extended course of anticoagulation therapy,and then the CVC was successfully removed.Percutaneous PFO closure was not undertaken.There was no recurrence during follow-up.CONCLUSION Thus,CVC-associated thrombosis is a potential source for multiple PDE in PFO patients.

COVID-19 mortality paradox(United States vs Africa):Mass vaccination vs early treatment

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)mortality rate in 55 African countries is almost 4.5 times lower than in the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)despite Africa having over 4.2 times more people.This mortality paradox is also evident when comparing Nigeria,a heavily populated,poorly vaccinated and weakly mandated country to Israel,a small,highly vaccinated and strictly mandated country.Nigeria has almost 4 times lower COVID mortality than Israel.In this Field of Vision perspective,I explain how this paradox has evolved drawing upon my academic,clinical and social experience.Since April 2020,I’ve developed and been using the Egyptian immune-modulatory Kelleni’s protocol to manage COVID-19 patients including pediatric,geriatric,pregnant,immune-compromised and other individuals suffering from multiple comorbidities.It’s unfortunate that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is still evolving accompanied by more deaths.However in Africa,we’ve been able to live without anxiety or mandates throughout the pandemic because we trust science and adopted early treatment using safe,and effective repurposed drugs that have saved the majority of COVID-19 patients.This article represents an African and Egyptian tale of honor.

The Emergence of Time from Quantum Information Dynamics

This paper presents a novel framework for understanding time as an emergent phenomenon arising from quantum information dynamics. We propose that the flow of time and its directional arrow are intrinsically linked to the growth of quantum complexity and the evolution of entanglement entropy in physical systems. By integrating principles from quantum mechanics, information theory, and holography, we develop a comprehensive theory that explains how time can emerge from timeless quantum processes. Our approach unifies concepts from quantum mechanics, general relativity, and thermodynamics, providing new perspectives on longstanding puzzles such as the black hole information paradox and the arrow of time. We derive modified Friedmann equations that incorporate quantum information measures, offering novel insights into cosmic evolution and the nature of dark energy. The paper presents a series of experimental proposals to test key aspects of this theory, ranging from quantum simulations to cosmological observations. Our framework suggests a deeply information-theoretic view of the universe, challenging our understanding of the nature of reality and opening new avenues for technological applications in quantum computing and sensing. This work contributes to the ongoing quest for a unified theory of quantum gravity and information, potentially with far-reaching implications for our understanding of space, time, and the fundamental structure of the cosmos.

The AI Paradox: Mapping the Unintended Disruptions in IT and Beyond

In the realm of Artificial Intelligence (AI), there exists a complex landscape where promises of efficiency and innovation clash with unforeseen disruptions across Information Technology (IT) and broader societal realms. This paper sets out on a journey to explore the intricate paradoxes inherent in AI, focusing on the unintended consequences that ripple through IT and beyond. Through a thorough examination of literature and analysis of related works, this study aims to shed light on the complexities surrounding the AI paradox. It delves into how this paradox appears in various domains, such as algorithmic biases, job displacement, ethical dilemmas, and privacy concerns. By mapping out these unintended disruptions, this research seeks to offer a nuanced understanding of the challenges brought forth by AI-driven transformations. Ultimately, its goal is to pave the way for the responsible development and deployment of AI, fostering a harmonious integration of technological progress with societal values and priorities.

Evaluation of Generalized Error Function via Fast-Converging Power Series

A generalized form of the error function, Gp(x)=pΓ(1/p)∫0xe−tpdt, which is directly associated with the gamma function, is evaluated for arbitrary real values of p>1and 0x≤+∞by employing a fast-converging power series expansion developed in resolving the so-called Grandi’s paradox. Comparisons with accurate tabulated values for well-known cases such as the error function are presented using the expansions truncated at various orders.

Solving the Olbers’s Paradox, Explaining the “Red-Shift”, and Challenging the Relativities by “Sun Matters Theory” and “Sun Model of Universe”, an Evolution of the Einstein’s Static Universe Model

Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used to partially explain this paradox, while introducing new problems. Hereby, we propose a better theory, named Sun Matters Theory, to explain this paradox. Moreover, this unique theory supports and extended the Einstein’s static universe model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. Further, we proposed our new universe model, “Sun Model of Universe”. Based on the new model and novel theory, we generated innovative field equation by upgrading Einstein’s Field Equation through adding back the cosmological constant, introducing a new variable and modifying the gravitationally-related concepts. According to the Sun Model of Universe, the dark matter and dark energy comprise the so-called “Sun Matters”. The observed phenomenon like the red shift is explained as due to the interaction of ordinary light with Sun Matters leading to its energy and frequency decrease. In Sun Model, our big universe consists of many universes with ordinary matter at the core mixed and surrounded with the Sun Matters. In those universes, the laws of physics may be completely or partially different from that of our ordinary universe with parallel civilizations. The darkness of night can be easily explained as resulting from the interaction of light with the Sun Matters leading to the sharp decrease in the light intensity. Sun Matters also scatter the light from a star, which makes it shining as observed by Hubble. Further, there is a kind of Sun Matters named “Sun Waters”, surrounding every starts. When lights pass by the sun, the Sun Waters deflect the lights to bend the light path. According to the Sun Model, it is the light bent not the space bent that was proposed in the theory of relativities.

Earth: Review Article

Every year on 22 April, we have celebrated Earth Day and the beautiful planet we call home. Earth Day, established in 1970, has been used to highlight our planet’s environmental challenges and raise awareness of the importance of protecting our world for future generations [1]. To provide the protection of our planet, we should explain Earth’s environmental challenges to the best of our knowledge in frames of contemporary Geophysics. This paper gives a short overview of the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) and pay particular attention to the principal role of Dark Matter (DM) in the Earth’s life. In this manuscript, we discuss different aspects of the Earth: a condition of Young Earth before the Beginning of life on It;Internal Structure;“The 660-km Boundary” that we named Geomagma;Random Variations of Earth’s Rotational Speed on a daily basis;Origin of Moon;Expanding Earth;Internal Heating;Faint Young Sun paradox;Geocorona and Planetary Coronas;High-Energy Atmospheric Physics. WUM proposed principally different ways to solve the problems of Internal Heating, Origin of the Moon, and Faint Young Sun paradox based on DM core of the Earth. The Model revealed the fact that the Sun Activity causes the Geomagma Activity and, as a consequence, Random Variations of Earth’s Rotational Speed by the varying Sun’s magnetic field.

Twin Paradox and Proper Time

Professors Mohazzbi and Luo [1] published “Despite several attempts have been made to explain the twin paradox … none of the explanations … resolved the paradox. If the paradox can be ever resolved, it requires a much deeper understanding … of the theory of relativity”. The deeper understanding of resolving the paradox is by applying more explicit definitions of proper time interval, Lorentz transform, time dilation, and aging time.

A NEW MODEL AND SOLUTION FOR TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM

Transportation problem has many real world applications, it can be solved by linear programming model, but in most time the model exists more for less paradox, this paper considers the reasons for the paradox and search the way to eliminate the phenomenon. First this paper formulates a loose constrained linear programming model for the transportation problem, and gives the definition of the paradox which exists in it, some preliminary notions and one example is also given. Then it gives a table based algorithm for the loose constrained model, the steps of the algorithm and example will follow. The examples show that: (1) It is not a contradictory that transportation problem exists more for less paradox. (2) The loose constrained model is better used in practice for its less total cost. (3) The algorithm is easy to calculate, to study and highly speed to convergence. Finally, comparied with other ways it shows that the loose constrained model can thoroughly eliminate the paradox.

莎剧中的Paradox修辞及其汉译

Paradox是将两个意义对立的概念置于一处,看起来"非"实际上"是"的一种修辞手法,在莎士比亚戏剧中起着至关重要的作用。本文以莎士比亚四大悲剧为语料来源,采用较为简洁、清晰的方法,将paradox分为单词相对、短语相对和句子相对3种形式,并参照"辞格翻译方法模型",选取梁实秋、朱生豪等5种代表性译本,对paradox在不同译本中的翻译方法进行统计发现:梁实秋、朱生豪等5位译者均倾向于同时保留原文辞格的"修辞格式"和"修辞内容";在对paradox汉译操作的影响上,修辞格式大于修辞内容,辞格的特点大于译者的特点。

基于Delphi5数据库的故障诊断专家系统

在Delphi5语言平台上 ,以汽车故障诊断为例 ,开发专家系统。本文介绍该系统的知识库建构和推理形式。特别注意到系统的安全和维护。该软件应用在大连轻工业学院的汽车队中 。

莎剧中的Paradox与Oxymoron比较研究

Paradox和oxymoron是两种既有联系又有区别的修辞格,在莎士比亚戏剧中起到至关重要的作用。两种辞格均由两个对立成分组合而成,表面自相矛盾,实则蕴含哲理;区别在于paradox是句子层面的修辞,oxymoron是短语层面的修辞。以《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《麦克白》《罗密欧与朱丽叶》为基本语料来源,全面、系统地比较二者异同,可以发现这两种修辞在构成方式上差异较大,从语法结构层面划分,paradox可分为单词相对、短语相对和句子相对三种形式,oxymoron可分为名词+名词、名词+of+名词、动词+动词、形容词+形容词、形容词+名词、动词+副词六种类型;然而,两种修辞在语义关系和修辞功能上基本类似,即因果、方式、主从和交融关系,均具有强化语言、刻画人物和深化主题的修辞功能。

灌溉效率悖论

2018年8月24日出版的《science》发表了题为《灌溉效率悖论》（The paradox of irrigation efficiency）的论文。澳大利亚国立大学克劳福德公共政策学院的R．Q．Grafton教授为论文第一作者，中国清华大学公共管理学院的王亚华教授为该文共同作者，11名作者来自澳大利亚、法国、英国、美国、埃及、中国等国家。该文研究发现，提高灌溉效率通常不会减少作物耗水量。该研究结果可能会促使各国政府重新思考和定位当前被普遍接受并认可的节水灌溉政策。

结构陶瓷数据库管理系统的研究

应用可现视化的Delphi语言和Paradox数据库,开发了结构陶瓷数据库管理系统。实现了按陶瓷材料结构组成分类 的正向查询和按性能要求的多条件复合查询,为陶瓷材料的正确选用提供了方便。