Properties of Compound Systems of Paraffin Wax Emulsion and Copper Azole and Treated Wood

[Objective]Preservation and waterproof treatment are two crucial parts in wood protection, which can not only extend the service time, but also expand the application range of wood products. [Method] This work combined CA with paraffin wax emulsion to treat wood samples, and basic properties of the compound system, such as stability （storage stability and centrifugal stability）, particle size and pH val-ue, and water repel ency （water absorption, shrinkage and swel ing） of treated sam-ples were investigated. [Result and Conclusion] 1） the compound systems of CA and paraffin latex had a favorable miscibility and stability; 2） compared with untreated wood, CA-treated samples showed poor water repel ing properties, whereas samples treated with the compound systems indicated an obvious reduction in water absorp-tion, and the shrinkage and swel ing of them were improved as wel .

Emerging low-density polyethylene/paraffin wax/aluminum composite as a form-stable phase change thermal interface material

Thermal interface materials(TIMs) play a vital role in the thermal management of electronic devices and can significantly reduce thermal contact resistance(TCR). The TCR between the solid–liquid contact surface is much smaller than that of the solid–solid contact surface, but conventional solid–liquid phase change materials are likely to cause serious leakage. Therefore, this work has prepared a new formstable phase change thermal interface material. Through the melt blending of paraffin wax(PW) and low-density polyethylene(LDPE), the stability is improved and it has an excellent coating effect on PW. The addition of aluminum(Al) powder improves the low thermal conductivity of PW/LDPE, and the addition of 15wt% Al powder improves the thermal conductivity of the internal structure of the matrix by 67%. In addition, the influence of the addition of Al powder on the internal structure, thermal properties, and phase change behavior of the PW/LDPE matrix was systematically studied. The results confirmed that the addition of Al powder improved the thermal conductivity of the material without a significant impact on other properties, and the thermal conductivity increased with the increase of Al addition. Therefore, morphologically stable PW/LDPE/Al is an important development direction for TIMs.

Synergistic Extraction of Rare Earth Ions by 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone and Trioctylphousphine Oxide in Paraffin Wax

The paraffin wax was used as an organic solvent for 1 phenyl 3 methyl 4 benzoyl 5 pyrazolone (PMBP) and trioctylphousphine oxide (TOPO) in the extraction of rare earth ions (La 3+ , Pr 3+ , Eu 3+ , Yb 3+ and Ho 3+ ) at 70℃. The composition of the extracted specices were given as RE(PMBP) 3(TOPO) 2 by means of slope analysis. The variation of the synergistic extraction equilibrium constant ( K sex ) was studied at 55℃～70℃. The thermodynamic data obtained showed that the synergistic extraction of rare earth ions by PMBP and TOPO in molten paraffin wax is exothermic and the extracted complexes were formed by TOPO bonding to the outer sphere hydration.

Molten solvent extraction behavior of trivalent La, Sm, Dy, and Yb with tri-n-butyl phosphate into molten paraffin wax at 60 ℃

The extraction behavior of La^3+, Sm^3+, Dy^3+, and Yb^3+ insodium acetate-acetic acid medium was studied with tri-N-butylphosphate (TBP) at 60 deg. C using paraffin wax as a diluent. Theextraction percentage is greater than 85/100 in the pH range of 6 to8. The result of slope analysis method indicates that thecompositions of the extracted species are different between the lightand heavy rare ear this. The formula of the extracted species isfound to be La (TBP) (OH) (Ac)_2 for La^3+ and Yb (TBP) (OH)_3 forYb^3+. The effects of extracting time, the concentration of TBP inthe organic phase and salts on the extraction efficiency were alsodiscussed.

Direct incorporation of paraffin wax as phase change material into mass concrete for temperature control: mechanical and thermal properties

Taking advantage of heat absorbing and releasing capability of phase change material(PCM),Paraffin wax-based concrete was prepared to assess its automatic temperature control performance.The mechanical properties of PCM concrete with eight different Paraffin wax contents were tested by the cube compression test and four-point bending test.The more Paraffin wax incorporated,the greater loss of the compressive strength and bending strength.Based on the mechanical results,four contents of Paraffin wax were chosen for studying PCM concrete's thermal properties,including thermal conductivity,thermal diffusivity,specific heat capacity,thermal expansion coefficient and adiabatic temperature rise.When the Paraffin wax content increases from 10%to 20%,the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity decrease from 7.31 kJ/(m·h·°C)to 7.10 kJ/(m·h·°C)and from 3.03×10−3 m2/h to 2.44×10−3 m2/h,respectively.Meanwhile the specific heat capacity and thermal expansion coefficient rise from 5.38×10−1 kJ/(kg·°C)to 5.76×10−1 kJ/(kg·°C)and from 9.63×10−6/°C to 14.02×10−6/°C,respectively.The adiabatic temperature rise is found to decrease with an increasing Paraffin wax content.Considering both the mechanical and thermal properties,15%of Paraffin wax was elected for the mass concrete model test,and the model test results confirm the effect of Paraffin wax in automatic mass concrete temperature control.

Effects of Preparation Parameters on Paraffin Wax Microemulsion

The paraffin wax microemulsion was prepared from fully refined paraffin wax No.58-60 in the presence of a nonionic surfactant and an anionic surfactant.The influence of manufacturing parameters on the particle diameter of paraffin wax microemulsion included the quantity of the emulsifier,the temperature and emulsification time,the stirring speed,the pH value and the auxiliary ingredient(cosurfactant).The test results showed that the temperature of emulsification had little effect on the particle size of paraffin wax microemulsion in a temperature range of 75-85 ℃.Other manufacturing parameters all had a great effect on the particle size of paraffin wax microemulsion.The optimum preparation conditions included:a w(emulsifier) of 6%,an emulsification temperature of 80 ℃,an emulsification time of 40 min,a pH value of about 8,and a stirring speed of 600 r/min,with n-amyl alcohol serving as the co-surfactant.Under these conditions,a translucent and baby blue paraffin wax emulsion was prepared with its particle size equating to 97 nm.

Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria and Paraffin from Polluted Seashores 9 Years after the Nakhodka Oil Spill in the Sea of Japan

Pollution of petroleum hydrocarbons, in particular oil spills, has attracted much attention in the past and recent decades. Oil spills influence natural microbial community, and physical and chemical properties of the affected sites. The biodegradation of hydrocarbons by microorganisms is one of the primary ways by which oil spill is eliminated from contaminated sites. One such spill was that of the Russian tanker the Nakhodka that spilled heavy oil into the Sea of Japan on January 2, 1997. The impact of the Nakhodka oil spill resulted in a viscous sticky fluid fouling the shores and affected natural ecosystems. This paper describes the weathering of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria （genus Pseudomonas） and crystallized organic compounds from the Nakhodka oil spill-polluted seashores after nine years. The Nakhodka oil has hardened and formed crust of crystalline paraffin wax as shown by XRD analysis （0.422, 0.377, and 0.250 nm d-spacing） in association with graphite and calcite after 9 years of bioremediation. Anaerobic reverse side of the oil crust contained numerous coccus typed bacteria associated with halite. The finding of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and paraffin wax in the oil crust may have a significant effect on the weathering processes of the Nakhodka oil spill during the 9- year bioremediation.

An optimized protocol using Steedman’s wax for high-sensitivity RNA in situ hybridization in shoot apical meristems and flower buds of cucumber

In situ mRNA hybridization(ISH)is a powerful tool for examining the spatiotemporal expression of genes in shoot apical meristems and flower buds of cucumber.The most common ISH protocol uses paraffin wax;however,embedding tissue in paraffin wax can take a long time and might result in RNA degradation and decreased signals.Here,we developed an optimized protocol to simplify the process and improve RNA sensitivity.We combined embedding tissue in low melting-point Steedman’s wax with processing tissue sections in solution,as in the whole-mount ISH method in the optimized protocol.Using the optimized protocol,we examined the expression patterns of the CLAVATA3(CLV3)and WUSCHEL(WUS)genes in shoot apical meristems and floral meristems of Cucumis sativus(cucumber)and Arabidopsis thaliana(Arabidopsis).The optimized protocol saved 4–5 days of experimental period compared with the standard ISH protocol using paraffin wax.Moreover,the optimized protocol achieved high signal sensitivity.The optimized protocol was successful for both cucumber and Arabidopsis,which indicates it might have general applicability to most plants.

Modification of Paraffin Wax for Manufacturing Difficult-to-Form Green Compacts and Its Application in WC-Co Cemented Carbides

The production of deep well-shaped WC-Co cemented carbide blocks via industrial powder pressing remains a challenging technical problem,primarily due to the unsuitability of the forming agent.The forming agent paraffin wax was modified through four types of modifiers,including organic high-molecular-mass resins,plasticizers,surfactants and lubricants.The qualitative screening of resin types was explored and an orthogonal experiment involving the combination of these four paraffin wax modifiers was conducted to obtain an optimized quantitative ratio of modifiers.The results reveal that the insertion of the small molecule chain of resin into the interstitial spaces of paraffin wax crystals is likely a crucial factor for improving the compatibility between the resin and paraffin wax.Through orthogonal experiments,the optimized formulation for the forming agent is determined:100 parts of 58#paraffin wax,15 parts of EVA-2,4 parts of DPHP,4 parts of oleic acid amide and 2 parts of stearic acid.This optimized formulation is applied to industrial production at one Chinese company,and qualified deep well-shaped cemented carbide products are achieved,which contain 90wt%WC and 10wt%Co.

石蜡火灾扑救过程中的燃烧特性

设计制作了由燃烧装置、数据采集处理系统和灭火系统3部分组成的石蜡火灾试验模型,对石蜡火灾扑救过程中的燃烧特性进行试验研究,采集分析了石蜡火灾的热辐射和温度变化数据,描述了火焰燃烧和火焰扑灭过程中的变化趋势。通过实验发现,石蜡并不容易被点燃,流动性是石蜡火灾最重要的特点和危险因素。

Preparation and Characterization of High Content Paraffin Wax Microcapsules and Micro/Nanocapsules with Poly Methyl Methacrylate Shell by Suspension-Like Polymerization

The suspension-like polymerization method is used to obtain poly methyl methacrylate （PMMA）/paraffin wax microcapsules and micro/nanocapsules with high core content. Particle size distribution （PSD） analysis indicates that the average particle size of microcapsules is 94 μm, and the size of micro/nanocapsules ranges in 0.1-19 μm. Differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and thermalgravimetric analysis （TGA） results show that the fabricated paraffin contents in microcapsules and micro/nanocapsules are as high as 89.5 wt% and 80~2 wt%, respectively with good thermal stability. Thermal cycling tests justify that both the microcapsules and micro/nanocapsules have good thermal reliability with respect to the changes in their thermal properties after 1000 thermal cycling. This work pro- vides a novel method to prepare microcapsules and micro/nanocapsules with high core content which may benefit further study on thermal energy storage.

Ultrafast battery heat dissipation enabled by highly ordered and interconnected hexagonal boron nitride thermal conductive composites

Heat dissipation involved safety issues are crucial for industrial applications of the high-energy density battery and fast charging technology.While traditional air or liquid cooling methods suffering from space limitation and possible leakage of electricity during charge process,emerging phase change materials as solid cooling media are of growing interest.Among them,paraffin wax(PW)with large latent heat capacity and low cost is desirable for heat dissipation and thermal management which mainly hindered by their relatively low thermal conductivity and susceptibility to leakage.Here,highly ordered and interconnected hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN)networks were established via ice template method and introduced into PW to enhance the thermal conductivity.The composite with 20 wt%loading amount of h-BN can guarantee a highly ordered network and exhibited high thermal conductivity(1.86 W m^(-1) K^(-1))which was 4 times larger compared with that of random dispersed h-BN involved PW and nearly 8 times larger compared with that of bare PW.The optimal thermal conductive composites demonstrated ultrafast heat dissipation as well as leakage resistance for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),heat generated by LIBs can be effectively transferred under the working state and the surface temperature kept 6.9℃ lower at most under 2–5℃ continuous charge-discharge process compared with that of bare one which illustrated great potential for industrial thermal management.

Solar Desalination with Latent Heat Storage Materials and Solar Collector

Availability of clean water is going to become one of biggest demands of the country. Even though there arc various technologies available for purification of water harnessing solar energy fits the purpose for future problems. Distillation is one of many processes available for water purification, and solar energy is one of several forms of heat energy that can be used to energize this process. In this review a study is made to enhance the productivity of the solar stills by connecting solar still with latent heat storage and solar air heater in series and other factors like improving evaporation rate by maintaining Low depth, more exposure area, heat addition by solar collector and presence of latent heat storage material, which is a paraffin wax as a integral part of still. Latent heat storage is one of the most efficient ways of storing thermal energy. Unlike the sensible heat storage method, the latent heat storage method provides much higher storage density, with a smaller temperature difference between storing and releasing heat. Further augmentation of the yield by scraps, pebble, and sand are added.

Water Repellency of Cellulosic Fibrous Mats Impregnated with Organic Solutions Based on Recycled Polystyrene

Recycled polystyrene in combination with paraffin wax,alkyd resin,and gum rosin were used as components in formulations to investigate their water repellency when applied to cellulosic filter paper substrates.Polystyrene was used in concentration of 5,10,15 and 20%,alkyd resin and gum rosin of 5%each and paraffin wax of 0.5%.Totally,twenty four water repellent solutions were prepared.Water repellency was evaluated in terms of water absorption of the cellulosic fibrous mats.The relations between retention of solid substances of the formulations and grammage and water absorption of filter paper samples were also determined.The results showed that all the water repellent formulations exhibited a degree of water repellency.Water absorption decreased by increasing the polystyrene concentration in the solution and polystyrene retention by the impregnated filter paper samples.The incorporation of 0.5%paraffin wax improved the hydrophobicity of treated samples.The best of the three water repellent formulations including paraffin wax was found to be the“polystyrene+gum rosin+paraffin wax”solution followed by the“polystyrene+alkyd resin+paraffin wax”and“polystyrene+paraffin wax”solution.The inclusion of 5%gum rosin in polystyrene solutions compared to that of 0.5%paraffin wax was found more effective in almost all cases.

Melting and floating processes of inorganic materials in molten steel:Visualization physical simulation and mathematical modelling

It has been demonstrated that heat absorption method by using the inorganic material rod to cool the molten steel can significantly reduce the macrosegregation level of the large steel ingot.However,owing to the opacity of the molten steel,the physical mechanism of the heat absorption method is not clear.In this work,a transparent hydraulic physical model with water and paraffin wax was built to simulate the melting and floating processes of inorganic materials in the molten steel.A mathematical simulation was also carried out to analyze the connection between the actual ingot and the physical model.Results show that it is feasible to simulate the molten steel and inorganic materials with water and paraffin wax.With the help of the physical model,the process of the melting of paraffin wax and its floating to the surface of water were clearly observed,during which the temperature of water at some characteristic positions in the mold was recorded.The visualization findings demonstrate that the melting and floating processes of paraffin wax can help to bring the heat from the center of the mold to the top surface more quickly,which reduces the superheat and significantly accelerates the cooling rate of water.The experimental results show that for the water with a certain superheat,the use of a larger mass of paraffin wax can accelerate the cooling of the water,but there is a risk of incomplete melting of the paraffin wax.A higher superheat of water will lead to a quicker melting rate for a given mass of paraffin wax,while a lower superheat leads to the incomplete melting of paraffin wax as well.

Characterization and manufacturing of a paraffin wax as fuel for hybrid rockets

The hybrid propulsion performed with paraffin waxes exhibits most attractive capabilities compared to solid or liquid engines,e.g.,throttleability and re-ignition,alongside higher regression rates compared to the conventional hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene(HTPB)hybrid fuel.This is because the paraffin wax forms a thin and hydro-dynamically unstable liquid layer,and then enhances the regression rate with the entrainment of droplets from the liquid-gas interface.Nevertheless,some critical open points on the manufacturing of the paraffin fuel grains still persist,because the paraffin wax exhibits high shrinkage during the solidification phase,leading to the formation of cavities,cracks and internal rips,which may be detrimental to the mechanical properties and the structural integrity of the fuel grain.In this context,this paper deals with a wide calorimetric,thermo-mechanical and physical characterization of the paraffin wax selected to manufacture the hybrid rocket engines(HRE)fuel grain,in order to gain a thorough knowledge of the material necessary to avoid the formation of critical defects.Several manufacturing methods were investigated,and it was found that only laboratory scale processes,based on the use of a heated circular mould-piston apparatus,are able to avoid the formation of critical defects,with the application of both high temperature and pressure.

Heavy-organic particle deposition from petroleum fluid flow in oil wells and pipelines

Suspended asphaltenic heavy organic particles in petroleum fluids may stick to the inner walls of oil wells and pipelines. This is the major reason for fouling and arterial blockage in the petroleum industry. This report is devoted the study of the mechanism of migration of suspended heavy organic particles towards the walls in oil-producing wells and pipelines. In this report we present a detailed analytical model for the heavy organics suspended particle deposition coefficient corresponding to petroleum fluids flow production conditions in oil wells. We predict the rate of particle deposition during various turbulent flow regimes. The turbulent boundary layer theory and the concepts of mass transfer are utilized to model and calculate the particle deposition rates on the walls of flowing conduits. The developed model accounts for the eddy diffusivity, and Brownian diffusivity as well as for inertial effects. The analysis presented in this paper shows that rates of particle deposition （during petroleum fluid production） on the walls of the flowing channel due solely to diffusion effects are small. It is also shown that deposition rates decrease with increasing particle size. However, when the process is momentum controlled （large particle sizes） higher deposition rates are expected.

Investigation of adsorption behaviors of paraffin waxes on iron, iron oxide, and iron Ⅲ oxide pipeline's internal surfaces using adsorption locator model

Wax deposition in pipelines leads to pressure drop,reduced effective cross-sectional area,and blockages.Although mathematical models and experimental loops were used to model wax precipitation on pipeline surfaces,its prediction at molecular levels is not fully recognized.Molecular dynamics is another powerful approach that can predict wax precipitation at the molecular level.This paper uses molecular dynamics simulations with the adsorption locator model found in Material Studio Software to investigate the adsorption behaviors of Icosane-C20H42,Docosane-C22H46,and Tetracosane-C24H50 paraffin waxes on the Fe,FeO,and Fe2O3 pipeline internal surfaces.Modeling is performed by varying temperature values and validated with experimental data.It was found that as the temperature altered,the adsorption energies,probability energy distribution and adsorption density field on the surfaces also changed;on the other hand,the energetic analysis results showed adsorption energies increase with carbon numbers increase due to its larger surface contacting areas and lower aspect ratio,which resulted in stronger interaction with the surfaces.Further,paraffin waxes showed to adsorb easily on Fe surfaces than oxide surfaces.At temperatures below Wax Appearance Temperature(WAT)on both simulations and experiments showed wax deposition.The lower adsorption energy capacity observed on the Fe2O3 pipeline surface confirms it's vitality and suitability for crude oil transportation pipelines surface lining material.

Multifunctional HDPE/CNTs/PW composite phase change materials with excellent thermal and electrical conductivities

The risk of leakage and low thermal conductivity severely hinder the wide application of phase change materials(PCMs).In this work,the high-density polyethylene/carbon nanotubes(HDPE/CNTs)porous scaffolds were successfully fabricated via a sacrificial template method followed by the general melt blending and water solvent etching.Subsequently,a series of paraffin wax HDPE/CNTs/PW composite PCMs were obtained combined with the simple vacuum impregnation method.The obtained HDPE/CNTs porous scaffolds can effectively avoid the leakage of PW,meanwhile,the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of HDPE/CNTs/PW-3:7 are increased by 2.94 times and 13 orders of magnitude compared with the HDPE/PW-3:7 respectively,also,it exhibits high phase change enthalpy(153.95 J/g for melting enthalpy and 152.82 J/g for crystallization enthalpy).From the above perspectives,the HDPE/CNTs/PW-3:7 has promising potential value in the application of light-to-thermal conversion,electro-to-thermal conversion and thermal energy storage.