Parametric Optimization of Wheel Spoke Structure for Drag Reduction of an Ahmed Body

The wheels have a considerable influence on the aerodynamic properties and can contribute up to 25%of the total drag on modern vehicles.In this study,the effect of the wheel spoke structure on the aerodynamic performance of the isolated wheel is investigated.Subsequently,the 35°Ahmed body with an optimized spoke structure is used to analyze the flow behavior and the mechanism of drag reduction.The Fluent software is employed for this investigation,with an inlet velocity of 40 m/s.The accuracy of the numerical study is validated by comparing it with experimental results obtained from the classical Ahmed model.To gain a clearer understanding of the effects of the wheel spoke parameters on the aerodynamics of both the wheel and Ahmedmodel,and five design variables are proposed:the fillet angleα,the inside arc radius R1,the outside radius R2,and the same length of the chord L1 and L2.These variables characterize the wheel spoke structure.The Optimal Latin Hypercube designmethod is utilized to conduct the experimental design.Based on the simulation results of various wheel spoke designs,the Kriging model and the adaptive simulated annealing algorithm is selected to optimize the design parameters.The objective is to achieve the best combination for maximum drag reduction.It is indicated that the optimized spoke structure resulted in amaximum drag reduction of 5.7%and 4.7%for the drag coefficient of the isolated wheel and Ahmed body,respectively.The drag reduction is primarily attributed to changes in the flow state around the wheel,which suppressed separation bubbles.Additionally,it influenced the boundary layer thickness around the car body and reduced the turbulent kinetic energy in the wake flow.These effects collectively contributed to the observed drag reduction.

Optimization of Honing Wheel Structure Parameters in Ultra-precision Plane Honing

Free abrasive particle machining in simple machine such as: honing, polishing can get higher surface finish mirror, but surface error, and working procedure is hard to control. Therefore, the vertical disposed ultra-precision plane honing method by ultra-particle diamond honing wheel is put forward to. The results of experiments indicate: plane-honing wheel has higher machining accuracy and machining efficiency. But at the same time the structure parameters of honing wheel effects on machining accuracy. By analyzing the relation of honing wheel structure parameters and workpiece machining accuracy, the relation of honing wheel and wear coefficient, then this paper gets honing wheel structure parameters in the condition of best accuracy coefficient and wear coefficient, and resolve the problem of choosing honing wheel structure parameters in ultra-precision plane honing at last. This paper analyses the relation of honing wheel structure parameters and workpiece machining accuracy coefficient and wear coefficient, by building relative movement math model of honing wheel and workpiece in plane honing. Through theory calculating, the result indicate: about honing machine tools for large volume manufacture, honing wheel wear is main effect factor, so honing wheel should adopt obverse triangle radial structure. About honing machining for high accuracy and low-batch quantities, machining accuracy coefficient is main factors; so honing wheel should adopt reverse triangle radial structure. Neglected the manufacturing factors of honing wheel, then we can design honing wheel with high power curve structure to meet the need of machining accuracy coefficient and honing wheel wear coefficient in higher accuracy honing.

Effects of melt spinning process parameters and wheel surface quality on production of 6060 aluminum alloy powders and ribbons

The aim of this study is to investigate the surface quality of the melt spinning wheel, which was changed from smooth type to textured structure, to atomize liquid metal to form powders. The effects of melt spinning process parameters like wheel speed, gas ejection pressure, molten metal temperature, nozzle–wheel gap and wheel surface quality on the morphological and microstructural features of 6060 aluminum alloy powders and ribbons were investigated. It was observed that ribbon type material was obtained with the smooth wheel and the powder was produced with textured type. The sizes of produced ribbons with smooth surface wheel varied in the range of 30-170 μm in thickness, 4-8 mm in width, and 0.5-1 m in length. The average powder size of the powders manufactured using the textured wheel was in the range of 161-274 μm, depending on the process parameters.Increasing the wheel speed, melt temperature and decreasing gas ejection pressure, nozzle-wheel gap resulted in the decrease of both ribbon thickness and powder size. The microstructures of the powders and ribbons were the equiaxed cellular type, and the average grain sizes diminished with decreasing the ribbon thickness and powder size. The maximum cooling rates were 2.00×10^5 and 1.26×10^4 K/s for the ribbon with thickness of 30 μm and for the powder with size of 87 μm, respectively.

Design optimization on the front wheel orientation parameters of a vehicle

A uniform optimization object function for front wheel orientation parameters of a vehicle is reported, which includes the tolerances of practical values and set values of front wheel orientation parameters under full load, and the changing value of each parameter with front wheel fluctuation to build a front suspension model for optimization analysis based on the multi-body dynamic (MD) theory. The original suspension is optimized with this model, and the variation law of each parameter with front wheel fluctuation is obtained. The results of a case study demonstrate that the front wheel orientation parameters of the optimized vehicle are reasonable under typical conditions and the variation of each parameter is in an ideal range with the wheel fluctuating within 40 mm. In addition, the driving performance is improved greatly in the road test and practical use.

Soil Parameter Identification for Wheel-terrain Interaction Dynamics and Traversability Prediction

This paper presents a novel technique for identifying soil parameters for a wheeled vehicle traversing unknown terrain. The identified soil parameters are required for predicting vehicle drawbar pull and wheel drive torque, which in turn can be used for traversability prediction, traction control, and performance optimization of a wheeled vehicle on unknown terrain. The proposed technique is based on the Newton Raphson method. An approximated form of a wheel-soil interaction model based on Composite Simpson＇s Rule is employed for this purpose. The key soil parameters to be identified are internal friction angle, shear deformation modulus, and lumped pressure-sinkage coefficient. The fourth parameter, cohesion, is not too relevant to vehicle drawbar pull, and is assigned an average value during the identification process. Identified parameters are compared with known values, and shown to be in agreement. The identification method is relatively fast and robust. The identified soil parameters can effectively be used to predict drawbar pull and wheel drive torque with good accuracy. The use of identified soil parameters to design a traversability criterion for wheeled vehicles traversing unknown terrain is presented.

The Effect of Tire Design Parameters on the Force Transmissibility

A finite element modeling technique is employed in this paper to predict the force transmissibility of tire-cavity-wheel assembly under a free-fixed condition. The tire and wheel force transmissibility is factor in structure borne road noise performance. In order to improve structure borne noise, it is required to lower the 1st peak frequency of force transmissibility. This paper presents an application of finite element analysis modeling along with experimental verification to predict the force transmissibility of tire and wheel assembly. The results of finite element analysis for force transmissibility are shown to be in good agreement with the results from the indoor test. In order to improve structure borne noise, it is required to lower the 1st peak frequency of force transmissibility. And, the effect of the tire design parameters such as the density and modulus of a rubber and the cord stiffness on the force transmissibility is discussed. It is found that the prediction of the force transmissibility model using finite element analysis will be useful for the improvement of the road noise performance of passenger car tire.

关键参数对缓圆点波磨区段轮轨力的影响分析

以探究重载线路运行参数对车辆通过缓和曲线低轨侧波磨区轮轨力的影响规律为目的,基于Simpack多体动力学软件搭建了C80车辆-轨道耦合多体动力学模型,利用Matlab生成美国五级轨道随机不平顺,叠加缓圆点前钢轨波磨时域激励作为模型输入,仿真得到在缓圆点处不同波长、波深波磨状态下,缓和曲线长度、曲线半径、超高、行驶速度等关键参数对轮轨力的影响。通过分析一位轮对的轮轨力变化趋势和其最大增长率,发现波磨侧的轮轨力受波磨影响较大;无波磨一侧轮轨横向力受波磨的影响比垂向力大;曲线参数中,各指标最大增长率均随速度的增加而下降;除高轨侧轮轨横向力外,其余指标均随曲线半径的增大而减小;缓和曲线长度和超高的变化,对各指标最大增长率没有明显的降低作用,甚至随着运行参数的增加,指标最大增长率反而增加。

固体颗粒撒施无人机槽轮结构优化设计与试验

针对现有槽轮式排肥器存在低转速下脉动性强,难以满足无人机稳定变量施肥作业需求的问题,开展了排肥器关键部件参数的优化设计与研究,设计了9种不同凹槽形状和螺旋升角的排肥槽轮。同时,采用离散元方法仿真测试了各槽轮在低转速下排量范围和排肥时的稳定性,并开展了因素之间的交互作用判别试验和正交试验。试验结果显示:槽轮截面形状与螺旋升角之间存在交互作用,槽轮转速和螺旋升角对排肥脉动幅度的影响显著。最终,确定最佳槽轮结构参数组合:槽轮凹槽形状为偏心槽型,螺旋升角为60°。室内台架试验结果表明:槽轮转速和施肥速率具有较高的线性度,槽轮的截面形状和槽轮螺旋升角对不同转速下的排肥速率的影响均显著,相比台架试验和仿真试验测量的平均施肥速率,平均相对偏差为5.32%;在优化参数下,不同转速槽轮的排肥速率变异系数均小于1.20%,满足了无人机施肥的要求。

基于GPD理论和百分位数阈值法的轮轨力极值估计与动力系数研究

在高速铁路无砟轨道结构设计和检算时,列车荷载设计值是关键的设计参数之一。基于GPD理论,研究全波段不平顺激励下的轮轨力极值估计方法,并与脉冲激励下的结果对比,为无砟轨道结构设计和相关规范的完善提供依据。结果表明:采用百分位数法选取阈值时,应对样本分簇以提高样本之间的独立性和轮轨力极值估计的精度;提出结合百分位数阈值的形状参数筛选法进行轮轨力极值估计,确定了每簇样本量大小和形状参数区间;样本量宜取3×10^(5)~5×10^(5)个,百分位数阈值宜取50%~98%,且以轮轨力极值估计值的均值作为最终的轮轨力极值估计值;列车速度为250~400 km/h的列车荷载设计值动力系数分别为2.2、2.4、2.6和2.8。

对称悬架混联轮腿机器人结构设计与参数优化

为了实现机器人在地下空间低能耗的灵活运动,文中设计了一种对称悬架混联轮腿机器人,并针对其腿部参数优化问题,提出了一种基于沙猫群算法的性能均衡优化方法(简称均衡优化方法)。结合对称四边形机构与悬架系统,设计了一种对称悬架混联式轮腿结构,并建立其运动学和动力学模型,分析了腿部杆长对单轮腿运动空间和灵活性指标的影响,预优化确定了腿部初始杆长均为0.3 m。在满足轮腿越障规划空间及高灵活性的基础上,为了实现低能耗,建立了轮腿性能均衡优化评价指标,采用均衡优化方法对腿部杆长进行了优化研究。数值计算结果表明:大腿和小腿杆长最优值分别为0.23 m和0.3 m,该轮腿运动能耗为23.18 J,运动空间为0.1322 m2,灵活性指标变化范围为(0.2,1)。优化后灵活性保持不变,运动空间减小了24.54%,能耗降低了22.60%,验证了该方法合理有效,为轮腿机器人的设计与优化提供了一种新的思路。

基于双目视觉的列车轮对表面缺陷及型面参数检测方法

列车轮对表面缺陷及磨耗后的车轮轮型参数对列车安全行驶具有重要影响。搭建一种基于结构光与双目立体视觉相结合的非接触式列车轮对型面检测系统,设计针对车轮滚动圆直径、轮缘高度、轮缘厚度以及车轮擦伤的双目视觉无损检测方法。首先基于迭代最近点(iterative closest point,ICP)算法将各相机采集的车轮型面数据拼接为整体车轮点云三维模型;然后,从该三维模型中提取出滚动圆与轮缘顶点圆,基于最小二乘拟合法分别计算滚动圆直径、轮缘高度、轮缘厚度参数;最后,基于模式匹配方法检测车轮型面是否出现擦伤缺陷,并计算得到擦伤深度。检测结果表明:该列车轮对型面检测系统及表征方法对于滚动圆直径检测误差为0.22 mm,对于轮缘高度与轮缘厚度检测误差分别为–0.08 mm及0.07 mm,最大擦伤深度检测误差为0.18 mm。研究成果可有效检测列车车轮型面参数及擦伤缺陷,具有较强的工程应用价值。

钨合金精密磨削砂轮磨损及对表面质量的影响机制

为了满足钨合金零件的高精度和高完整性表面加工需求,实现钨合金磨削质量的控制和加工工艺的优化,通过分析砂轮磨粒种类和结合剂类型对砂轮磨损形式的关系,明确了超硬磨料砂轮在钨合金磨削加工中的优势.研究了磨粒粒度和磨削参数对钨合金磨削加工质量的影响规律,为制定合理的磨削工艺提供依据.通过磨削试验获得钨合金高精度和高完整性表面磨削加工工艺.研究结果表明,钨合金磨削过程中砂轮易磨损,超硬磨料砂轮更适合钨合金的磨削加工.金属结合剂金刚石砂轮在钨合金磨削加工的表面质量和加工精度方面表现出优越性.通过改进磨削参数,钨合金精密磨削后表面粗糙度可达18.9nm,实现了镜面磨削效果.

蜗杆砂轮位置变化对展成磨齿齿面偏差的影响

圆柱齿轮展成磨齿过程中,不同的蜗杆砂轮位置误差对齿面磨削精度的影响不同。应用双参数包络理论建立了蜗杆砂轮展成磨削的数学模型,分析了齿面的啮合迹线分布规律。通过含蜗杆砂轮位置误差的齿面偏差计算模型计算齿轮的端面廓形误差。通过对比分析得到齿廓偏差、齿厚偏差与砂轮位置变化规律,为分析展成磨齿误差来源和提高蜗杆砂轮展成磨齿精度提供了理论依据。

400 km/h高速轮轨噪声特性及轮轨声源贡献量研究

为了研究400 km/h高速轮轨噪声特性,基于傅里叶级数方法和2.5维边界元方法,建立轮轨滚动噪声预测模型,分析轮对与轨道的声辐射特性。利用轮轨滚动噪声预测模型,对轮轨短波不平顺在不同波深和波长特征下的噪声响应,以及扣件参数对轮轨噪声的影响进行研究。结果表明,随着短波不平顺波深增大,轮轨横向力、垂向力分别呈非线性增大0.7、62.7 kN;短波不平顺波长在31.5~500.0 mm时,轮轨横向力、垂向力受影响较小;短波不平顺波深增大1 dB,轮对、轨道和轮轨系统总声功率级呈线性增大约1 dB(A);随着短波不平顺波长减小,轮对声功率增大,轨道声功率先增大后减小;随着扣件垂向刚度增大,轮对、轨道、轮轨系统总声功率级分别减小0.1、1.1、1.0 dB(A);随着扣件垂向损失因子增大,轮对、轨道、轮轨系统总声功率级分别减小0.7、4.4、4.1 dB(A);扣件的横向刚度和横向损失因子对轮轨系统总声功率级无显著影响。

基于ADAMS/Insight的轮毂电机驱动的乘用车双横臂悬架的优化

本研究聚焦于电动轮驱动乘用车的双横臂前悬架优化。通过ADAMS/Car建立多体动力学虚拟模型,进行双轮平行跳动仿真评估初始设计。利用ADAMS/Insight优化悬架参数,选取关键点坐标和车轮定位参数,联合ADAMS/Car和ADAMS/Insight进行联合仿真和多目标优化。通过灵敏度分析,获得优化坐标值,显著提升悬架性能。研究显示联合仿真和优化有效优化了悬架系统。

车轮多边形磨耗参数对地铁车辆动力学性能影响分析

针对车轮多边形磨耗不同状态下对车辆动力学影响展开研究,建立轮轨柔性某地铁B型车辆刚柔耦合动力学模型,计算车轮多边形阶数和谐波幅值变化对轮轨垂向力、轮轨振动、运行平稳性等车辆动力学性能的影响。结果表明:阶数和谐波幅值在速度增大时轮轨垂向力逐渐增大;阶数14阶、18阶是轮对和轴箱振动加速度随谐波幅值变化产生振动的主要诱因;动力学指标中轮重减载率在18阶、0.04 mm时对其影响最大;车轮多边形使钢轨垂向动位移和振动加速度增大,谐波幅值对钢轨振动特性更有影响。建议考虑制造轮轨柔性,18阶、0.04 mm时对轮轨璇修打磨,以提高动力学性能和行车安全性。

基于多参数随机变化的高速动车组动力学指标分布研究

针对服役高速动车组关键悬挂部件动力学参数变化后动力学指标分布特征缺乏的问题,对运营里程为145万km的某型动车组的转臂节点径向和轴向刚度、抗蛇行减振器0.01和0.02 m·s^(-1)加载速度下的阻尼力进行测试和统计,结果均服从正态分布;建立并验证动车组参数化的动力学仿真模型,将转臂节点刚度和抗蛇行减振器阻尼力视为随机变量,构建基于改进拉丁超立方抽样的高速动车组动力学仿真方法,包含拉丁超立方抽样、轮轨型面与抽样结果组合、更换动车组仿真模型参数、动车组动力学仿真及动力学指标计算、动力学指标统计分析等内容。采用该方法进行动车组的动力学仿真计算,结果表明:服役近145万km的动车组脱轨系数、轮轴横向力和构架横向加速度随车轮磨耗的增加呈上升趋势,轮重减载率、垂向平稳性、横向平稳性指标呈先上升后下降趋势,但所有指标均未超限;脱轨系数、轮重减载率、轮轴横向力、横向平稳性指标、垂向平稳性指标及构架横向加速度均呈正态分布;脱轨系数分布范围为0.036~0.207,均值为0.075,标准差为0.020;轮重减载率分布范围为0.107~0.262,均值为0.164,标准差为0.036;轮轴横向力分布范围为4.209~16.701 kN,均值为8.438kN,标准差为2.221 kN;横向平稳性指标分布范围为1.351~2.469,均值为1.566,标准差为0.149,垂向平稳性指标分布范围为2.260~2.323,均值为2.273,标准差为0.005;构架横向加速度分布范围为0.906~3.994 m·s^(-2),均值为1.978 m·s^(-2),标准差为0.590 m·s^(-2)。

轮式移动机器人复合分层抗干扰轨迹跟踪控制

针对存在多种不同类型干扰的非完整轮式移动机器人,提出了一种复合分层抗干扰跟踪控制策略。通过引入直流电机模型,分别设计了非线性干扰观测器(nonlinear disturbance observer,NDO)和扩张状态观测器(extended state observer,ESO)来估计摩擦、空气阻力以及负载变化引起的参数不确定等不同类型扰动。随后,基于观测器估计值设计反馈控制器来跟踪期望速度。在整体控制方案中,运动学控制器位于外环,为轮式移动机器人的内环控制器提供所需的期望速度指令。最后,仿真验证了所提方法的有效性。

百叶轮抛磨叶片粗糙度预测建模与实验研究

为提高叶片表面粗糙度,预先设置合理的工艺参数,本文采用机器人夹持叶片、百叶轮作为抛磨工具的加工方式,对百叶轮抛磨叶片进行正交实验分析,结合多因素线性回归分析方法研究了叶片表面粗糙度与抛磨力、百叶轮目数、叶片进给速度、百叶轮线速度4个工艺参数之间的关系,建立了叶片表面粗糙度预测模型;采用极差分析和方差分析研究了各工艺参数对叶片表面粗糙度的影响,得到较优工艺参数组合,最后对粗糙度预测模型的精度进行了实验验证。分析结果表明:影响叶片表面粗糙度工艺参数的先后顺序为:抛磨力>叶片进给速度>百叶轮线速度>百叶轮目数;在叶片表面粗糙度要求为Ra≤0.4μm的条件下,抛磨加工参数的最优水平组合为:百叶轮目数(320#),叶片进给速度(1.5mm/s),百叶轮线速度(12.147m/s),抛磨力(10N),最终叶片表面粗糙度在(0.2~0.3)范围内,符合加工要求。

ZL29滤棒成型机组滤棒加速轮轮廓参数的确定及优化

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