The Amur leopard,one of nine recently recognized subspecies of leopard,is still the most threatened by a stochastic procession of extinction.Evaluation of the potential danger to the conservation of the Amur leopard o...The Amur leopard,one of nine recently recognized subspecies of leopard,is still the most threatened by a stochastic procession of extinction.Evaluation of the potential danger to the conservation of the Amur leopard originating from disease urgently needs to be studied.Unfortunately,research on the potential risk to Amur leopards caused by disease is rare.In terms of parasitic diseases that affect this species,even basic data for parasitic fauna are absent.The aim of this study is to acquire this knowledge to improve the general understanding of Amur leopard parasites.Seven parasite species,including 3 nematodes(Toxocara cati,a capillarid-type parasite,and a Metastrongyloideatype parasite),2 cestodes(Spirometra sp.and Taenia sp.),1 trematode(Paragonimus sp.),and 1 protozoan(Cystoisospora felis),were found in this research.Toxocara cati occurred most frequently,followed by Spirometra sp.展开更多
生态位分化使时空资源利用重叠的物种实现共存,并且生态位研究在野生动物管理、种间关系和群落结构等方面有广泛应用和深远影响。放牧作为最主要的人为干扰之一,通过资源(食物、时间、空间等)竞争改变野生动物资源利用特征,甚至影响同...生态位分化使时空资源利用重叠的物种实现共存,并且生态位研究在野生动物管理、种间关系和群落结构等方面有广泛应用和深远影响。放牧作为最主要的人为干扰之一,通过资源(食物、时间、空间等)竞争改变野生动物资源利用特征,甚至影响同域分布物种的生存。华北豹(Panthera pardus japonesis)是我国特有的珍稀野生动物,而其野生猎物种群数量会因与家畜资源竞争而减少,甚至直接或间接地影响华北豹种群生存。因此掌握保护区内家畜与野生动物的空间、时间利用情况,得以评估野生动物的生存状态。于2018年10月-2019年5月,通过架设62台红外自动相机获取铁桥山自然保护区4种哺乳动物活动数据,采用双物种单季节模型(Two⁃species single season model)和核密度估计(kernel density estimation)分析华北豹与猎物及其家畜在圈养、散养期的空间互作关系和活动规律,并且通过重叠系数(Coefficient of overlap)计算两物种间日活动时间重叠。结果表明:(1)家畜放养期间,华北豹⁃狍,华北豹⁃野猪的空间回避作用均比无家畜存在时减弱,可能是时间重叠程度增大的补偿机制。华北豹⁃牛的空间回避作用最强。(2)华北豹⁃牛时空重叠程度不大,牛⁃狍时空重叠程度较大,牛⁃野猪空间上共存而时间重叠程度较小。(3)日活动节律的结果说明狍为昼行性,野猪为晨昏活动。因探测到华北豹的次数有限,故关于其的日活动节律仍待考究。研究表明,放牧将影响华北豹与猎物的时间、空间资源利用情况,并有可能导致人⁃豹冲突加剧。展开更多
The development of facial recognition technology has become an increasingly powerful tool in wild animal indi-vidual recognition.In this paper,we develop an automatic detection and recognition method with the combinat...The development of facial recognition technology has become an increasingly powerful tool in wild animal indi-vidual recognition.In this paper,we develop an automatic detection and recognition method with the combinations of body features of big cats based on the deep convolutional neural network(CNN).We collected dataset including 12244 images from 47 individual Amur tigers(Panthera tigris altaica)at the Siberian Tiger Park by mobile phones and digital camera and 1940 images and videos of 12 individual wild Amur leopard(Panthera pardus orientalis)by infrared cameras.First,the single shot multibox detector algorithm is used to perform the automatic detection process of feature regions in each image.For the different feature regions of the image,like face stripe or spots,CNNs and multi-layer perceptron models were applied to automatically identify tiger and leopard individuals,in-dependently.Our results show that the identification accuracy of Amur tiger can reach up to 93.27%for face front,93.33%for right body stripe,and 93.46%for left body stripe.Furthermore,the combination of right face,left body stripe,and right body stripe achieves the highest accuracy rate,up to 95.55%.Consequently,the combination of different body parts can improve the individual identification accuracy.However,it is not the higher the number of body parts,the higher the accuracy rate.The combination model with 3 body parts has the highest accuracy.The identification accuracy of Amur leopard can reach up to 86.90%for face front,89.13%for left body spots,and 88.33%for right body spots.The accuracy of different body parts combination is lower than the independent part.For wild Amur leopard,the combination of face with body spot part is not helpful for the improvement of identification accuracy.The most effective identification part is still the independent left or right body spot part.It can be applied in long-term monitoring of big cats,including big data analysis for animal behavior,and be helpful for the individual identification of other wildlife species.展开更多
Tongren Dahuoluo Wan has been a popular traditional Chinese medicine in international pharmaceutical markets for hundreds of years. Leopard bone powder is the key element in its formulation. However, the leopard has b...Tongren Dahuoluo Wan has been a popular traditional Chinese medicine in international pharmaceutical markets for hundreds of years. Leopard bone powder is the key element in its formulation. However, the leopard has been listed for wildlife conservation, which limits the use of the leopard bone supplies. Therefore, an alternative formulation which substitutes leopard bone with zokor bone in the formula of Tongren Dahuoluo Wan is now manufactured. To develop a simple and reliable molecular method for authenticating the two patent medicines,mitochondrial nucleotide polymorphic sites of 12 S rRNA,COI and Cytb genes were screened in leopard and zokor bones, and nine pairs of species-specific primers were verified for discriminating the two species. For the patent medicine authentication, we set up a molecular diagnostic assay to resolve the difficulties of low concentration of target DNAs and presence of PCR-inhibitory substances in this complex medicine, and successfully confirmed leopard or zokor content using the nine pairs of species-specific primers. We recommend a common technical strategy for authentication of species origins in traditional Chinese medicine, and discuss the experimental solutions for technical problems of molecular diagnostic assays.展开更多
基金the following grants:National Key Research and Development Program(project 2017YFD0501702)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2572020CG03)Surveillance of Wildlife Diseases from the State Forestry Administration of China(2020).
文摘The Amur leopard,one of nine recently recognized subspecies of leopard,is still the most threatened by a stochastic procession of extinction.Evaluation of the potential danger to the conservation of the Amur leopard originating from disease urgently needs to be studied.Unfortunately,research on the potential risk to Amur leopards caused by disease is rare.In terms of parasitic diseases that affect this species,even basic data for parasitic fauna are absent.The aim of this study is to acquire this knowledge to improve the general understanding of Amur leopard parasites.Seven parasite species,including 3 nematodes(Toxocara cati,a capillarid-type parasite,and a Metastrongyloideatype parasite),2 cestodes(Spirometra sp.and Taenia sp.),1 trematode(Paragonimus sp.),and 1 protozoan(Cystoisospora felis),were found in this research.Toxocara cati occurred most frequently,followed by Spirometra sp.
文摘生态位分化使时空资源利用重叠的物种实现共存,并且生态位研究在野生动物管理、种间关系和群落结构等方面有广泛应用和深远影响。放牧作为最主要的人为干扰之一,通过资源(食物、时间、空间等)竞争改变野生动物资源利用特征,甚至影响同域分布物种的生存。华北豹(Panthera pardus japonesis)是我国特有的珍稀野生动物,而其野生猎物种群数量会因与家畜资源竞争而减少,甚至直接或间接地影响华北豹种群生存。因此掌握保护区内家畜与野生动物的空间、时间利用情况,得以评估野生动物的生存状态。于2018年10月-2019年5月,通过架设62台红外自动相机获取铁桥山自然保护区4种哺乳动物活动数据,采用双物种单季节模型(Two⁃species single season model)和核密度估计(kernel density estimation)分析华北豹与猎物及其家畜在圈养、散养期的空间互作关系和活动规律,并且通过重叠系数(Coefficient of overlap)计算两物种间日活动时间重叠。结果表明:(1)家畜放养期间,华北豹⁃狍,华北豹⁃野猪的空间回避作用均比无家畜存在时减弱,可能是时间重叠程度增大的补偿机制。华北豹⁃牛的空间回避作用最强。(2)华北豹⁃牛时空重叠程度不大,牛⁃狍时空重叠程度较大,牛⁃野猪空间上共存而时间重叠程度较小。(3)日活动节律的结果说明狍为昼行性,野猪为晨昏活动。因探测到华北豹的次数有限,故关于其的日活动节律仍待考究。研究表明,放牧将影响华北豹与猎物的时间、空间资源利用情况,并有可能导致人⁃豹冲突加剧。
基金funded by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2572020BC05)the Heilongjiang postdoctoral fund project(LBH-Z18003)+3 种基金the Biodiversity Survey,Monitoring and Assessment Project of Ministry of Ecology and Environment,China(2019HB2096001006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 31872241)the Individual Identification Technological Research on Cameratrapping images of Amur tigers(NFGA 2017)National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Student(S202010225022).
文摘The development of facial recognition technology has become an increasingly powerful tool in wild animal indi-vidual recognition.In this paper,we develop an automatic detection and recognition method with the combinations of body features of big cats based on the deep convolutional neural network(CNN).We collected dataset including 12244 images from 47 individual Amur tigers(Panthera tigris altaica)at the Siberian Tiger Park by mobile phones and digital camera and 1940 images and videos of 12 individual wild Amur leopard(Panthera pardus orientalis)by infrared cameras.First,the single shot multibox detector algorithm is used to perform the automatic detection process of feature regions in each image.For the different feature regions of the image,like face stripe or spots,CNNs and multi-layer perceptron models were applied to automatically identify tiger and leopard individuals,in-dependently.Our results show that the identification accuracy of Amur tiger can reach up to 93.27%for face front,93.33%for right body stripe,and 93.46%for left body stripe.Furthermore,the combination of right face,left body stripe,and right body stripe achieves the highest accuracy rate,up to 95.55%.Consequently,the combination of different body parts can improve the individual identification accuracy.However,it is not the higher the number of body parts,the higher the accuracy rate.The combination model with 3 body parts has the highest accuracy.The identification accuracy of Amur leopard can reach up to 86.90%for face front,89.13%for left body spots,and 88.33%for right body spots.The accuracy of different body parts combination is lower than the independent part.For wild Amur leopard,the combination of face with body spot part is not helpful for the improvement of identification accuracy.The most effective identification part is still the independent left or right body spot part.It can be applied in long-term monitoring of big cats,including big data analysis for animal behavior,and be helpful for the individual identification of other wildlife species.
基金The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(2019QZKK0603)The Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20040201)The National Natural Science Foundation of China(41761144081)。
基金supported by projects of Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission (D08080203640903)National Natural Science Foundation of China (31672379)
文摘Tongren Dahuoluo Wan has been a popular traditional Chinese medicine in international pharmaceutical markets for hundreds of years. Leopard bone powder is the key element in its formulation. However, the leopard has been listed for wildlife conservation, which limits the use of the leopard bone supplies. Therefore, an alternative formulation which substitutes leopard bone with zokor bone in the formula of Tongren Dahuoluo Wan is now manufactured. To develop a simple and reliable molecular method for authenticating the two patent medicines,mitochondrial nucleotide polymorphic sites of 12 S rRNA,COI and Cytb genes were screened in leopard and zokor bones, and nine pairs of species-specific primers were verified for discriminating the two species. For the patent medicine authentication, we set up a molecular diagnostic assay to resolve the difficulties of low concentration of target DNAs and presence of PCR-inhibitory substances in this complex medicine, and successfully confirmed leopard or zokor content using the nine pairs of species-specific primers. We recommend a common technical strategy for authentication of species origins in traditional Chinese medicine, and discuss the experimental solutions for technical problems of molecular diagnostic assays.
