Preliminary Study on Relationship Between Soil Parent Materials and Tea Quality

Six tea plantations with different soil-forming parent materials, the same tea variety and tea age and similar landforms and management were selected to conduct a systematic study on the relationship between soil properties and tea quality. The results showed that the quality of tea grown on the soils derived from granites, arenaceous shales, argillaceous sandstones, was superior; those on the soils derived from limestones,dolomites, Quaternary red clays, were inferior. Further study showed that sandy soils were beneficial to improving amino acid content of tea, and clayey soils made it decrease; high content of bases might decrease the contents of tea polypenols, caffeine, water extracts, but promote the content of amino acids; available phosphorous was significantly positively correlated with water extracts, but significantly negatively correlated with carbine; slowly available potassium was positively correlated with amino acid content. Soil parent materials should be regarded as an important factor in evaluating the adaptability of tea to soils.

Soil Carbon Sequestrations in Forest Soils in Relation to Parent Material and Soil Depth in South-Eastern Nigeria

There has been increased interest in soil organic carbon in recent times because of its role in carbon sequestration. Different parent materials affect soil properties and hence will influence how much carbon is sequestered by soil. The study was conducted in June 2019 to investigate soil carbon stock in forest soils with respect to their parent materials in three States in South-eastern Nigeria. Sampling was aided by the location map of the area and free soil survey method was used to locate sampling points. 0ne profile was dug in each location and described using the Food and Agricultural Organization guideline. A total of twelve soil samples were collected and analyzed for selected properties. Results showed that sand content was significantly higher in soils under coastal plain sands (851.96 g·kg−1) and was lowest in soils of Imo clay shale (605.60 g·kg−1). Clay content was higher in soils of Imo clay shale (277.34 g·kg−1) and was lowest in coastal plain sand (118.80 g·kg−1). Silt and clay had moderate variation in coastal plain sand (>15 ≤ 35%) and high variations in Asu River and Imo clay shale (CV > 35%). The soils studied were generally acidic with values ranging (3.52) in soils formed from coastal plain sand, followed by forest soils of Imo clay shale (3.64) and Asu river group (3.85). Soil organic carbon decreased with increase in soil depth in all soil parent materials studied. Mean values ranged from 6.14 g·kg−1 in soil underlain by coastal plain sand to 10.62 g·kg−1) in soils of Imo clay shale. Soil carbon sequestered under the three different parent materials ranged from 1575 - 4676.41 (g·cm−2). Also, soil depth had a notable impact on carbon sequestration with values ranging from 1529.42 - 4374.0541 (g·cm−2) and the thicker the horizon, the more carbon sequestered. Hence, the study concluded that more carbon is sequestered in the subsurface horizons of the soil pedons than in the epipedons.

南方红壤区典型母质发育土壤硒素特征及影响因素

为探究南方红壤区不同母质土壤硒素特征及理化性质对硒有效性的影响,以广西典型红壤区不同母质土壤为研究对象,通过测定硒形态特征及理化性质,并利用AMOS路径分析模型及土壤培养试验,量化了不同因子对不同母质土壤有效硒的影响。结果表明:南方红壤区不同母质土壤总硒含量均高于0.4 mg/kg,其中以花岗岩母质土壤总硒含量最高,以砂页岩母质土壤有效硒含量最高,且变幅最大。土壤硒形态主要以残渣态和有机结合态为主,不同形态硒含量由高到低均表现为:残渣态硒>有机结合态硒>铁锰氧化物结合态硒>交换态硒>可溶态硒。AMOS路径分析模型结果表明,影响不同母质土壤硒形态分配贡献的主要因素是全磷、有机质和pH,第四纪红色黏土母质土壤中的全氮及砂页岩母质土壤中的速效氮的影响也值得关注。利用贡献较大的理化因子开展土壤培养试验,外源理化因子添加后均在一定的时间及剂量条件下出现土壤有效硒含量最大值,且不同母质土壤获得的最佳因子条件不同。因此,不同土壤母质因土壤理化性质的不同,其硒形态特征存在较大差异,不同理化因子作用于土壤后,土壤硒会因土壤环境的变化而重新分配。

南方典型母质发育稻田土壤氨氧化细菌和古菌群落结构特征

依托中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站水稻土易地置土长期定位试验,以广东英利(YL,发育于玄武岩风化物)、江西鹰潭(YT,发育于第四纪红黏土)和湖南桃源古市(TYG,发育于河流冲积物)3种母质发育稻田土壤为供试土壤,采用常规土壤农化分析方法测得3种土壤的理化性质、硝化速率,并结合实时荧光定量PCR技术和Illumina MiSeq测序技术,分析了土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)种群丰度及群落结构的异同。结果表明:土壤硝化速率除分蘖期外,均表现为:YT>YL>TYG。YL与YT土壤中AOA数量占主导地位,AOA/AOB比值分别在0.72~3.05、0.98~1.52;TYG土壤中AOB数量占主导地位,AOA/AOB比值在0.21~0.75。群落组成方面,不同母质土壤间AOA、AOB群落结构差异显著,3种土壤AOA优势菌属各不相同,AOB优势菌属均为Nitrosospira。冗余分析表明,pH和可溶性有机碳是造成AOA、AOB群落结构差异的核心因子。综上,在环境背景均统一的前提下,不同母质发育稻田土壤理化性质之间依旧存在差异,这种差异影响着氨氧化微生物AOA、AOB的丰度以及群落结构。

水田改旱地和菜地后红壤酸度和养分变化特征

【目的】以红壤区典型县域祁阳为例,分析不同母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤酸度和养分含量变化特征,为该区合理利用土地防治酸化提供科学依据。【方法】选取18个点位,采集水田及相邻的旱地和菜地,分析土壤pH、交换性酸、交换性盐基离子、有机质、阳离子交换量和养分含量的变化及其相互关系。【结果】碱性母质发育的土壤pH均显著高于酸性母质发育的土壤。酸性母质发育的水田改为菜地后土壤pH降低了0.48个单位;碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤pH分别降低了0.74和0.53个单位。双直线模型拟合分析表明,当水田、旱地和菜地的土壤pH分别低于5.88、5.78和5.63时,土壤交换性铝含量快速升高,且降低一个pH单位土壤交换性铝含量分别增加1.09、2.33和2.93 cmol(+)·kg^(-1)。酸性母质发育的水田改为旱地土壤有机质和全氮含量分别降低了11.06和0.42 g·kg^(-1),而菜地无显著变化;碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤有机质和全氮含量均显著下降,降幅分别为13.88—17.28和0.57—0.71 g·kg^(-1)。碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤有效氮含量分别降低了47.66和42.34 mg·kg^(-1)。两种母质发育的水田改为菜地后土壤全磷、有效磷含量均显著增加,增幅分别为0.41—0.48 g·kg^(-1)和26.79—28.69 mg·kg^(-1)。两种母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地土壤全钾含量无显著变化;碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤有效钾含量显著升高,分别升高了36.69和65.76 mg·kg^(-1)。相关分析表明,土壤pH与土壤交换性钙和镁、阳离子交换量、有机质含量和全氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01);土壤交换性酸和铝与有效磷含量显著正相关(P<0.05),与土壤交换性钙和镁、阳离子交换量、有机质含量和全氮含量呈显著负相关(P<0.01)。【结论】酸性母质和碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地后土壤有机质、全氮含量均显著降低,而土壤全磷、有效磷含量呈增加趋势;酸性母质发育的水田只有改为菜地后土壤才酸化,而碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤均酸化;水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤硝化作用增强和盐基离子淋失增加可能是其酸化的主要原因之一。

湘南丘陵区水田改旱地后土壤磷的有效性及淋失风险

【目的】研究不同母质发育的水稻土改旱地后土壤有效磷变化特征及主要影响因素,为红壤区磷素高效利用提供依据。【方法】采集3种母质(石灰岩、第四纪红色黏土和砂页岩)发育的水稻土及相邻的水田改旱地土壤样品,分析了土壤全磷、有效磷、水溶性磷和无机磷组分(Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P和O-P)的变化特征,通过主成分分析(PCA)和随机森林分析,探究水田改旱地后土壤磷素有效性变化的主要驱动因子。【结果】水田改为旱地后,石灰岩、砂页岩发育的土壤有效磷含量分别增加了20.48和17.60 mg/kg (P<0.05),但水溶性磷含量均低于磷素环境阈值;土壤磷活化系数分别提高了2.67和2.22个百分点;Al-P含量分别增加了46.07和51.28mg/kg;石灰岩发育的土壤Fe-P含量增加了62.11 mg/kg。相关分析表明,水田改旱地后,Fe-P、Al-P与磷活化系数呈显著或极显著正相关,PCA和随机森林分析结果表明Fe-P、Al-P是土壤磷素有效性变化的主要驱动因子。【结论】湘南红壤丘陵区水田改为旱地后,第四纪红色黏土发育的红壤磷素有效性未发生显著变化,石灰岩和砂页岩发育的土壤磷素有效性由于铁磷和铝磷在全磷中比例的增加而显著提升。3种母质发育的水田改旱地后,其水溶性磷含量均低于环境磷阈值,引发磷淋失的风险较低。

珠江三角洲铊在水稻籽实-根系土间迁移及人体健康风险评价

铊(Tl)是一种典型的剧毒重金属元素,其环境行为及人体健康效应日益得到广泛关注,土壤Tl富集会对土壤环境、农作物生长及人体健康造成严重的危害性。珠江三角洲作为土壤重金属富集的典型区域,当前研究主要聚集于Cu、Cd、Pb和As等元素,而对土壤Tl的地球化学特征及其影响因素、生物富集能力及人体健康效应评价的研究较少。本文以珠江三角洲3种成土母质分布区的243套水稻籽实及其根系土样品为研究对象,揭示了水稻根系土Tl含量、生物富集特征及其影响因素,并采用美国环保署(US EPA)推荐的人体健康风险评价模型对研究区土壤Tl的人体非致癌健康风险进行评价。结果表明:水稻根系土Tl含量显著高于我国和广东省土壤Tl含量背景值,18.1%的水稻根系土Tl含量超过加拿大Tl环境质量标准值及瑞士农业土壤Tl标准值(1×10^(-6))。酸性岩浆岩与第四纪沉积物分布区水稻根系土Tl超标率明显高于陆源碎屑岩。水稻根系土Tl含量表现出与K_(2)O、Al_(2)O_(3)、Pb和Zn含量显著相关。综合分析认为珠江流域硫化物矿床风化剥蚀及开采活动是导致下游平原区土壤Tl等重金属元素富集的主要原因。全区20件水稻籽实Tl含量的平均值为0.35×10^(-3),均远低于德国食品安全规定的Tl可食用标准值,水稻籽实Tl生物富集系数主要与根系土Na_(2)O、Zn和Pb含量显著相关。每个样点的HQ值分级结果显示,研究区68%的儿童有中等健康风险,46%的成人有中等健康风险,儿童健康风险显著高于成人。

湖南省柑橘园土壤pH值空间变异特征、成因及养分有效性

[目的]研究湖南省柑橘园土壤pH值的空间变异特征、影响因素及主要养分的有效性,为减缓柑橘园土壤酸化,提升土壤肥力提供科学依据。[方法]本研究以湖南省38个柑橘重点县的15722个柑橘园土壤为对象,利用地统计学、相关性分析、结构方程模型等方法,探究了湖南省柑橘园土壤pH值的空间变异特征,分析了土壤pH值对地理、气候、土壤性质等因子的响应,并研究了土壤pH值对土壤氮、磷、钾有效性的影响。[结果]湖南省柑橘园土壤pH值范围为3.00~8.50,均值为5.58,变异系数为18.06%,空间变异为中等程度。最适合柑橘生长的弱酸性土壤面积占44.35%,而酸性、强酸性、中性和碱性土壤分别占48.92%、1.69%、4.95%和0.08%。通过Pearson相关性分析发现,土壤pH值与降水量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与速效钾含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而与气温、碱解氮和有效磷含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。结构方程模型模拟结果表明,土壤类型与成土母质是解释土壤pH值空间变异的主导因子。除少量强碱性土壤中碱解氮和有效磷含量处于较低水平外,柑橘园土壤各酸度等级土壤中的碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量皆处于适宜水平。[结论]由于特有的土壤类型和成土母质,湖南省柑橘园超过一半(50.61%)的土壤处于过酸状态(酸性和强酸性)。湖南省柑橘园土壤速效氮、磷、钾养分含量基本处于适宜水平,因此,应重视改善土壤酸性。

酸化环境对紫色母岩风化产物交换性盐基离子及其酸缓冲容量的影响

为研究酸化环境对紫色母岩风化产物交换性盐基离子及其酸缓冲容量的影响,以侏罗纪紫色岩层中的遂宁组(J3s)、沙溪庙组(J2s)和蓬莱镇组(J3p)为研究对象,设置pH分别为2.5、3.5、4.5、5.6等4个酸性环境,以及去离子水(pH=7.0)为对照处理(CK),采用循环浸泡试验和模拟淋溶试验,研究酸性环境对紫色母岩风化产物特征的影响。结果表明,通过酸化环境处理后,3组紫色母岩风化产物交换性盐基离子及其总量均随酸化环境的pH降低而减小,且3组紫色母岩风化产物的酸缓冲容量与其交换性K^(+)、Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)含量以及交换性盐基总量均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。以pH=7.0(CK)处理为对照,循环浸泡处理后的遂宁组(J3s)、蓬莱镇组(J3p)和沙溪庙组(J2s)风化产物中交换性盐基总量的减小幅度分别为8.75%~18.21%、10.83%~23.18%和5.85%~18.41%。而且模拟淋溶24次后,遂宁组(J3s)、沙溪庙组(J2s)和蓬莱镇组(J3p)风化产物中交换性盐基总量较模拟淋溶12次时分别减小1.77%~24.85%、8.99%~25.75%和8.05%~25.66%。此外,在同一酸度处理下,风化产物中的交换性盐基离子均表现为Ca^(2+)>Mg^(2+)>Na+>K^(+)。本试验中淋溶处理下风化产物酸缓冲容量、交换性盐基离子及盐基总量低于浸泡处理。可见,丘陵地带坡面的矿物或养分的迁移以淋溶作用为主,平地的矿物或养分的迁移以浸泡作用为主。因此,酸沉降可能在一定程度上加速坡面土壤侵蚀的发生,进而导致平原化进程的加速。

川滇干热河谷区土壤容重空间变异特征--以滇中楚雄地区为例

土壤容重是土壤最重要的物理性质之一,是植被恢复、生态修复和估算土壤有机碳储量的重要参数。滇中楚雄州北部特殊的地理位置和独特的地形地貌特征组合形成了典型的干热河谷气候和非干热河谷气候,为探讨土壤容重变化影响因素提供了极好的自然条件。通过系统实测土壤容重,采用统计学方法拟合容重传递函数,探讨了研究区内土壤容重特征和空间分布规律。结果显示:研究区干热河谷区土壤容重高,果园对土壤容重影响深度最大,燥红土容重最高,容重传递函数中有机碳贡献最大。研究结果可为干热河谷区生态保护修复、土壤碳储量估算提供基础数据和理论支撑。

成都平原成土母质和农地利用方式对土壤剖面氮素分布的影响

揭示农地土壤剖面氮素分布特征及其影响因素有助于区域氮肥管理和氮素面源污染防治。基于173个土壤剖面的1356个采样数据,运用地统计学和方差分析方法,分析成都平原农地土壤剖面氮素空间变异特征,探讨农地利用方式和成土母质对土壤氮素剖面分布的影响。结果表明,在垂直方向上,0~100 cm土层全氮和碱解氮含量随土壤深度增加从1.91 g·kg^(-1)和138.48 mg·kg^(-1)分别显著降低至0.55 g·kg^(-1)和25.39 mg·kg^(-1)。在水平空间上,各土层全氮和碱解氮含量空间分布格局一致,总体呈现出由中部向东北部和西南部递增的趋势。稻-蔬轮作地和稻-麦/油轮作地各土层全氮和碱解氮含量之间均无显著差异,而园林地表层(0~20 cm)土壤全氮和碱解氮含量较稻-麦/油轮作地和稻-蔬轮作地2种方式低11.23%~15.78%(P<0.05)。就不同母质类型而言,与Q4灰色冲积物发育土壤相比,Q3老冲积物发育土壤0~40 cm土层全氮和碱解氮含量为其1.12~1.19倍(P<0.05),而>60~100 cm土层全氮含量仅为其0.89倍(P<0.05);Q4灰棕色冲积物发育土壤0~40 cm土层全氮和碱解氮含量为其1.14~1.21倍(P<0.05)。不同农地利用方式在Q3老冲积物发育土壤上4个土层全氮和碱解氮含量均无显著差别(P>0.05)。园林地的Q4灰色冲积物和Q4灰棕冲积物发育表层土壤全氮和碱解氮含量低于其他2种用地方式,而>20~40 cm土层土壤整体高于其他2种用地方式。以上结果说明土壤氮素剖面分布特征受农地利用方式的影响,且这种影响与土壤母质类型有关。

广东徐闻土壤中硒元素含量的空间分布特征及其影响因素

通过对广东省徐闻县113个农用地表层土壤样本的采集和分析,探讨该区域内硒含量的空间分布情况以及受到的影响因素。结果表明:该区域耕地土壤中硒元素含量在0.04~0.82 mg/kg,硒含量平均值为0.32 mg/kg;其中暗黄棕壤土壤中硒元素平均水平为最大,达到0.41 mg/kg;从地理区域看,位于南部的南山镇和与其相邻的徐城街道和城北乡硒平均含量明显高于其他乡镇地区,硒含量分别为0.51,0.41,0.42 mg/kg。不同母质类型的土壤中硒元素含量明显不同。滨海冲积物的平均硒含量最高,达到0.35 mg/kg,其次为玄武岩开发的耕地,平均硒含量为0.30mg/kg。综上,土壤类型和土壤母质可能是影响硒含量分布的重要因素。

Impacts of soil properties on phosphorus adsorption and fractions in purple soils

Information on phosphorus(P) adsorption and its impacts on the redistribution of the P fraction in soil profiles are important for environmental management under intensive agricultural practices.To clarify the dominant factors influencing soil phosphorus adsorption in an Entisol(locally known as purple soil), P adsorption experiments were conducted in Sichuan Basin of southwestern China for cropland and woodland soils with acidic, neutral and calcareous origins throughout their profile. After various doses of P were added during incubation experiments, soil P fractions were also analyzed. The results showed that there were no significant differences in Fe-oxides and P adsorption along the vertical gradients. Agricultural practices and lower p H conditions reduced the P adsorption capacity of purple soils throughout the soil profiles. For acidic and neutral purple soil profiles, the P adsorption capability was mainly influenced by Fe-oxides and soil texture. Ca-bound P and Fe-Al-bound P represented the majority of the total inorganic P of calcareous soils.There was a saturation of adsorption capacity by sesquioxide and a high risk of dissoluble reactive P(NH_4 Cl-P) being released out of the soil profile in acidic and neutral purple soils after the greatest P addition, indicated by the higher proportions of NH_4 Cl-P(over 40%) and decreasing Fe-Al-P fraction.P fractions migrated with greater difficulty in calcareous purple soil profiles as Ca-P fraction peaked over 65% when adding a P dose at or greater than 80 g P kg^(-1), indicating the high potential of P adsorption.The X-Ray Diffraction analysis also verified the formation of brushite. Adaptive management practices should be designed to alleviate P losses for acidic and neutral purple soils.

Influence of Particle Size on Magnetic Properties of Soils in Zhejiang Province, China

The relationship between magnetic properties and particle size of soils derived from metamorphic rock, basalt, granite, Quaternary red clay, limestone and mudstone from Zhejiang Province, East China was studied. Based on the variations of the mass magnetic susceptibility (X), anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM), and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) with soil particle size, the relationship could be classified into three groups. For the soils derived from metamorphic rock and basalt, magnetic values were the highest in the gravel and coarse sand fractions and decreased with decreasing soil particle size. The soils derived from sedimentary rock had a bimodal distribution of magnetic values, with peaks in 1-0.5 and 0.005-0.000 5 mm fractions. The soil developed on granite was characterized by a peak of magnetic value in 0.001-0.000 5 mm fractions. Frequency-dependent susceptibility (Xfd ) and ratics of magnetic parameters (ARM/X, SIRM/X and SIRM/ARM) of soil particle fractions showed that variations in ferrimagnetic grain size paralleled those in particle size. Xfd peaked in clay fraction and decreased with increasing particle size, irrespective of soil parent materials. The acquisition curves of IRM and demagnetization parameter of different soil particles indicated that there were different magnetic minerals assemblages in different particle fractions.

土壤初始有效磷和交换性镁含量改变了小麦生长对pH的响应

酸害阈值作为土壤酸度改良的目标pH,对农业生产和可持续发展具有重要指导意义。通过盆栽试验,分析了5种不同母质土壤上小麦生长对pH的响应及其与土壤初始性质的关系。结果表明,板页岩、第四纪红土、河流冲积物、红砂岩和花岗岩发育的红壤上小麦地上部生物量稳定值分别为2.71、1.17、2.06、1.57和1.70 g·pot^(-1);达到稳定值95%、50%和5%时的pH阈值(即pH_(95%)、pH_(50%)、pH_(5%)),板页岩发育的红壤分别为5.31、4.42和3.53,第四纪红土发育的红壤分别为5.79、4.79和3.80,河流冲积物发育的红壤分别为5.25、4.71和4.16,红砂岩发育的红壤分别为4.94、4.61和4.29,花岗岩发育的红壤分别为5.72、4.66和3.59。小麦地上部生物量稳定值与土壤初始pH、有效磷、交换性镁和交换性钙含量呈显著或极显著正相关,pH_(50%)与有效磷含量呈显著负相关;株高pH_(50%)与土壤初始有效磷含量、交换性镁含量呈显著负相关。结果表明作物酸害阈值受土壤初始有效磷和交换性镁含量的影响,土壤肥力水平和酸度共同决定了作物的最大生物量,为培肥土壤、降低酸害影响提供了科学依据。

Influence of Elevation on Carbonate Contents in Stratified Soils, Northern Great Basin and Adjacent Mountains, U.S.A

Many soils in the western U.S.A. contain one or several carbonate-enriched zones (CEZ). Their carbonate admixture is often attributed to steady eolian influx, with intermittent leaching episodes of variable intensity leading to pedogenic enrichment at various depths. This hypothesis would require carbonate contents to decrease and depths to those horizons to increase with elevation. Here I compute correlations for the upper three CEZ of the surface soil and of up to two buried soils between elevation, carbonate content, depth to horizon, and particle-size distribution to test for elevation- dependent trends. Actually, carbonate-content decreases with elevation indicate such trends exist and can be determined with this approach. However, some significant relationship of elevation and depth to CEZ is not supported by the data. Furthermore, influence of local carbonate on CEZ in the surface soils calls for lateral translocation. Gravelly, now-buried sediments collected eolian carbonate better than finer ones, which finding implies these sediments were at the surface once and fossilized later. Altogether, the data indicate cyclical evolution: Several cycles of the formation of colluvial slope deposits with admixed carbonate-bearing loess particles were each followed by pedogenic translocation of the carbonate just to the depth of the next parent-material disconformity. Thus, disconformities are major triggers of soil-carbonate accumulation.

模拟酸雨淋溶下不同母质发育雏形土矿物风化中的盐基离子与硅计量关系

土壤矿物风化过程中释放的盐基离子(BC)与硅(Si)的比值(BC︰Si)是定量评估土壤矿物风化对土壤酸化过程缓冲作用的基础,是准确估算当前环境下土壤酸化速率的依据。本研究以云母片岩、片麻岩和安山岩3种母质发育的湿润雏形土为研究对象,测定了其土壤物理、化学和矿物学性质。通过洗脱实验除去土壤交换性盐基以消除土壤胶体吸附的交换性盐基离子对矿物风化计量关系的影响,再利用模拟酸雨淋溶实验,采用Batch方法获取3种不同母质发育土壤的盐基离子和硅的释放量,进一步估算BC︰Si值。结果表明,由于母岩不同,土壤黏粒、pH、有机质、交换性盐基(K^(+)、Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)和Mg^(2+))、阳离子交换量(CEC)和土壤矿物含量存在差异。在模拟酸雨淋溶实验条件下,未洗脱盐基土壤的BC︰Si值为洗脱盐基土壤的3倍以上,因此只有洗脱土壤交换性盐基才能获得来自风化过程的BC︰Si值。同一母质发育土壤的腐殖质表层(Ah)BC︰Si最小,母质层(C)最大。不同母质发育土壤的BC︰Si值表现为:片麻岩>云母片岩>安山岩,土壤中斜长石、伊利石、绿泥石和蛭石的含量控制了各自BC︰Si的大小。因此,不同起源母质发育的雏形土应在得到各自相应风化计量关系的基础上,才可准确评估其对酸化过程的响应程度。该成果可为区域土壤酸化速率评价提供数据支撑。

不同植被下碳酸盐岩石发育形成土壤属性研究

为探究喀斯特地区不同植被条件下碳酸盐岩石发育土壤属性的分布特征及其影响因素,以贵阳市花溪区范围内的碳酸盐岩石(石灰岩、灰质白云岩和白云岩)发育土壤为研究对象,采集不同植被类型下0~40 cm土壤,分析不同植被类型、基岩类型、土层层次对土壤性质分布特征的影响。结果表明:基岩和植被类型是影响碳酸盐岩石发育成为土壤的主要影响因素,其次是土壤层次。在0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层中,石灰岩、灰质白云岩和白云岩发育土壤的肥力和颗粒均差异显著,而0~20 cm与20~40 cm土层间,除石灰岩发育土壤石砾含量(SLC)和细颗粒比(<0.002 mm),白云岩发育土壤速效磷(AP)和有机质(SOM)含量外,同类基岩发育土壤性质无显著差异;在0~40 cm土层,基岩类型显著影响土壤pH、AP、SLC、速效氮(AN)、全氮(TN)、SOM、0.2~0.25 mm和0.002~0.02 mm颗粒的分布;植被类型显著影响石灰岩发育土壤pH、AP、TN含量,白云岩形成土壤的pH、SLC、粗颗粒(0.25~2 mm)和细颗粒,灰质白云岩形成土壤的AN、SOM、粗颗粒和细颗粒;土壤层次显著影响石灰岩发育土壤的SLC、粗颗粒和细颗粒及白云岩发育土壤的AP的分布。研究区内荒草坡和草被下土壤,以及石灰岩发育的土壤可能正遭受侵蚀的破坏。因此,结合母岩岩性,改变植被种植结构,对提高土壤养分、改善土壤颗粒组成和增强土壤的抗侵蚀能力具有积极作用。

武陵秦巴山区不同母质植烟土壤抗酸化性能研究

为探究武陵秦巴山区烟田土壤的抗酸化性能及其影响因素,分别采集区域典型母质发育黄棕壤和黄壤,比较不同母质发育土壤的酸缓冲容量差异,结合模拟酸化实验对不同土壤的潜在酸化风险进行了初步评估。结果表明,土壤初始pH和母质类型均显著影响土壤酸缓冲容量大小。除硅质岩发育黄棕壤外,酸性土壤的酸缓冲容量较相同母质发育的中性土壤低22%~81%。在中性土壤中,碳酸盐类母质发育黄棕壤和黄壤含有较多碳酸盐,酸缓冲容量分别较硅质岩类母质发育黄棕壤和黄壤高44%和16%。酸性黄棕壤和黄壤则呈相反趋势。模拟酸化结果表明,酸缓冲容量较高的土壤,在外源酸输入时,土壤pH下降较为缓慢,土壤溶液铝和交换性铝增幅相对较小,潜在酸化风险较低。12种供试土壤中,泥质岩发育的酸性黄棕壤酸缓冲容量最低,仅为11.79 mmol·pH^(-1)·kg^(-1),对外源酸极度敏感,潜在酸化风险最高。在武陵秦巴山区不同母质发育土壤中,需重点关注泥质岩发育黄棕壤酸度的变化,并采取有效措施增强其抗酸化性能,降低土壤酸化风险。

不同母质发育的柑橘园土壤团聚体及有机碳分布特征

作为土壤结构的基本单元和土壤肥力的组成部分,土壤团聚体对其物理、化学和生物学特性均具有重要影响。选取湖南省永兴县5种典型母质发育的柑橘园土壤,采用湿筛法研究不同成土母质的柑橘园土壤团聚体结构变化和有机碳分配规律。结果表明:(1)研究区不同母质发育土壤以>0.25 mm粒径团聚体为主,占85.94%~95.89%,其中板页岩风化物发育的黄泥土中大团聚体含量最高;(2)不同母质柑橘园土壤团聚体的水稳性大小为板页岩风化物(黄泥土)>第四纪红色粘土(红黄泥)>石灰岩风化物(灰红土)>砂砾岩风化物(红砂土)>河流沉积物(河砂泥);(3)不同母质柑橘园土壤团聚体有机碳含量、团聚体有机碳储量和团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率均随着团聚体粒径的减小而减少;(4)平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(D)和土壤可蚀性(K)与>2 mm团聚体间的相关系数最大,表明>2 mm团聚体含量是影响土壤团聚体稳定性的主要因子;(5)>2 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率与土壤团聚体MWD和GMD呈显著正相关,与土壤K值呈显著负相关,与土壤D值呈显著负相关。总体而言,目前南方柑橘果园施肥管理应注重增施有机肥,提高土壤结构的稳定性,从而降低水土流失的风险。