Relationship between Parent-Child Attachment and Problem Behaviors among Chinese Firstborn Children in Family Transitions: A Meta-Analysis

The implementation of China’s three-child fertility policy has led to a notable increase in multiple-child families.Notably,firstborn children experience a significant transition from being an only child to a non-only child.This transition is associated with problematic behaviors,affecting their social adjustment,sibling relationships,and family harmony.Although several studies have examined the relationship between parent-child attachment and problem behaviors exhibited byfirstborn children during family transitions,thefindings have been inconsistent.Hence,a meta-analytic study was undertaken to elucidate the inconsistencies in this relationship and explore the moderating factors that may contribute to these discrepancies.Using a systematic literature retrieval and screening method,12 effect sizes were derived from the 10 eligible articles,encompassing a sample size of 5319.The meta-analysis demonstrated a low negative association between parent-child secure attachment and problem behaviors exhibited byfirstborn children during family transitions.Furthermore,the present study investigates potential moderator factors,such as children’s age and geographic region,to gain a more nuanced understanding of the relationship.Consequently,the establishment of parent-child attachment relationships has the potential to mitigate problem behaviors observed infirst-born children during family transitions.The implications of thesefindings indicate that parents can nurture secure attachment bonds with their children by demonstrating sensitive responsiveness,employing positive parenting practices,and fostering emotional availability.These efforts contribute to the cultivation of secure internal working models and positive behavioral manifestations withinfirst-born children,which in turn affect their relationships with siblings.

Children’s Health, Parent-Child Activities, Using Digital Devices, and Social Competence: Serial Mediation

Background: Studies have pointed out the influence of different children’s activities and prolonged use of digital products on their social development. However, whether the parent-child activities and using digital devices were serial mediators of the relationship between children’s health and social development needs further verification. Purpose: This study explored how parent-child activities and children’s use of digital devices influence the relationship between children’s health and their social competence. Method: This study used data from Kids in Taiwan: National Longitudinal Study of Child Development and Care. A total sample of 2164 participants was used in this study. Serial mediation analyses were performed using model six of Hayes’ PROCESS (2012). Results: This study found that parent-child activities and the use of digital devices can serially mediate the relationship between children’s health and social competence. Children’s health could directly improve their social competence, but it could also serially mediate social competence by increasing parent-child activities and reducing the use of digital devices. Conclusion: Childcare policy planners and parenting educators should not only call on parents to reduce the use of electronic products for their children, but also encourage parents to spend more time interacting with their children, so that children can learn social skills by interacting with others in their daily lives.

Design of Urban Parent-Child Interaction Landscape Spaces:A Case Study of Wuhan Overseas Chinese Town(OCT) Park

From the perspective of the design of parent-child interaction landscapes,this paper took Wuhan Overseas Chinese Town (OCT) Park for example,explored children’s physiology,psychology and emotions as well as external factors,translated them into building landscape spaces,children’s emotion spaces,children’s exploration spaces,children’s social spaces,so as to facilitate parent-child interactions in these spaces,thereby to enhance the family-care education and parent-child emotional exchanges,and provide references for the construction of parent-child interaction spaces.

Strategy Research on Parent-Child Communication between Family Educations in Network Era

Internet technology is the greatest scientific and technological achievement of mankind in the 20th century.It has brought mankind into the information age and greatly changed people's way of learning,education,work,leisure and entertainment,family education and so on.In the Internet age,underage children spend a considerable amount of time online,and they spend less time talking and communicating with their parents?Therefore,the development of network technology has posed a new challenge not only to school education and social education,but also to the traditional family education[6].So,under the impact and challenge of the network era,what countermeasures do family education apply to communicate well with children?This is the center of this research.

The Influence of Parent-Child Relationship on Pupils’ Learning Motivation: The Mediating Role of Teacher-Student Relationship

Objective:The study is to analyze the influence of parent-child relationship on pupils’learning motivation,and to explore the mediating mechanism of teacher-student relationship in parent-child relationship and learning motivation.Method:This study conducted a questionnaire survey on 213 pupils in Grades 5 and 6 in two schools in Beijing using Pianta’s teacher-student relationship scale revised by Qu,Dornbush’s parent-child intimacy scale revised by Zhang and the learning motivation scale adapted by Hu.Results:Gender,grade,whether they are the only child and to be a class cadre or not show significant differences in some dimensions of parent-child relationship,teacher-student relationship and learning motivation.The total scores of parent-child relationship,teacher-student relationship and learning motivation are positively correlated,and some sub dimensions are also significantly correlated.Parent-child relationship and teacher-student relationship have a significant positive predictive effect on learning motivation,and parent-child relationship has a significant positive predictive effect on teacher-student relationship.Teacher-student relationship plays a mediating role in the influence of parent-child relationship on learning motivation.Conclusions:Parent-child relationship can promote the relationship between teachers and students,and then enhance pupils’learning motivation.

Communication with Parents and Peers on Sexual Matters:the Experience of Adolescents in the Northeastern of China

Objective To analyze the status of parent-child communication on sexual matters and its relationship to the sexual behaviors of adolescents. Methods The data were obtained from a study which was conducted in Changchun city of China in 2001, Unmarried adolescents aged 15-19 years old（322 males and 360females） were selected for this analysis. Results Ten percent of adolescents reported having experience of sexual intercourse （16% of male and 5% of female）. The percentages of adolescents communicating with peers, mothers and fathers were 35%, 30% and 17%, respectively, Males were more likely to talk about sexual issues with peer, while females were more likely to talk with mothers. Significant difference was also noted between the ratio of communication on sexual matters and having a girl/boyfriend with peers and with parents, There was a statistically significant relationship between sexual experience and communication with fathers among male adolescents＇, Despite the fact that parents are the most closest care providers, adolescents obtained most of the sex information from ＂reading materials＂ and from ＂teachers＂, but not from their parents. There was an age difference in the main source of obtaining sexual information. Younger adolescents obtained sexual information mainly from teachers while older adolescents mainly from reading materials. Conclusion In addition to schools and reading materials, parents should serve as an important source of information on sexual education as well.

Literature Review on Shared Book Reading

This paper first introduced shared-book reading as good family activity for early childhood.A series of related experi ments and findings were then examined.The author went on to analyze three influential factors of shared book reading and its de velopmental,emotional and learning difficulty’s value.Finally,comments and suggestions were made to future researchers of the same field.

On the Divergence of Piety in Chinese and Western Culture: A Case Study on Euthyphro and The Analects

Piety culture can be traced back to thousands years ago both in Chinese and western cultures.In the classic works Euthyphro and The Analects,piety has different connotations.In the paper,a comparative study on piety between Chinese and western culture is conducted with the exploration and comparison between the origins of piety in different cultures,and the analysis of different parent-child relationships under different piety cultures.It is concluded that both piety culture of China and western countries should be given due attention and respect.

An Analysis of Family Education in Paula Vogel's Plays

As a famous female playwright,Paula Vogel focuses on traditional American families.Hot‘N'Throbbing,How I Learned to Drive,and The Long Christmas Ride Home are her three representative works that mainly reveal the contradictions and education problems in traditional American families,clearly presenting the influence of husband-wife relationship and parent-child relationship on the growth and development of children.She bravely criticizes the so-called“ideal family” promoted by the American society,leading people to reflect on and pay more attention to the education problems in traditional American Emilies.

Rasch validation of the Chinese parent-child interaction scale (CPCIS)

Background Proper parent-child interaction is crucial for child development, but an assessment tool in Chinese is currently lacking. This study aimed to develop and validate a parent-reported parent-child interaction scale for Chinese preschool children. Methods The Chinese parent-child interaction scale (CPCIS) was designed by an expert panel based on the literature and clinical observations in the Chinese context. The initial CPCIS had 14 parent-child interactive activity items. Psychometric properties of the CPCIS were examined using the Rasch model and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent validity was investigated by the associations between CPCIS and family income, maternal education level, and children's school readiness. Results The study recruited 567 Chinese parent-child pairs from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, who completed the CPCIS. Six out of the 14 items in the initial CPCIS were dropped due to suboptimal fi t values. The refined 8-item CPCIS was shown to be valid and reliable by Rasch models and CFA. The person separation reliability and Cronbach's α of the CPCIS were 0.81 and 0.82, respectively. The CPCIS scores were positively associated with family's socioeconomic status (η2 = 0.05,P < 0.001), maternal education level (η2 = 0.08,P < 0.001), and children's school readiness (η2 = 0.01,P < 0.01). Conclusion CPCIS is an easily administered, valid, and reliable tool for the assessment of parent-child interactions in Chinese families.

Motivation of Parent-Child Co-residence Behavior:Evidenee from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

This paper examines the motivations of parent-child co-residence behavior in China using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.We test three possible motives:social norms,self-interest and altruism.We find that social norms play an important role in household co-residence behavior,showing that the belief that"sons take care of parents"is strong,and children in different birth orders take different responsibilities.Taking the one-child policy as a natural experiment,we compared co-residence behavior between only-child and multi-child families.This allowed us to test whether children in multi-child families with wealthier parents more often coreside in order to compete for a bequest.We find that parents'wealth is more appealing to children in multi-child families.The results support the life cycle theory that coresidence decisions are motivated by self-interest.We also find some evidence of altruism when parents and children make co-residence decisions.These findings provide some insights for designing future elder-support policies in China.

An overview of studies on psychological well-being in children born following assisted reproductive technologies

Over the course of the past 35 years,assisted reproductive technologies(ARTs)have been increasingly used worldwide,while debates on their safety have been generated.Birth defects and imprinting disorders were reported in previous research.Thus,the psychological development of children born following ARTs has become a major concern nowadays.This review gives a systematic view of psychological well-being of children conceived by different types of ART,including in vitro fertilization,intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI),preimplantation genetic diagnosis/screening,and in vitro maturation.The previous studies are analyzed in three sections:(1)cognitive,motor,and language developments,(2)behavior problems and socio-emotional development,and(3)parent-child relationship.We conclude that although the majority of the studies on cognitive,motor,and language developments reported comparable achievements in the ART group vs.the naturally conceived group,lower intelligence quotient(IQ)scores,worse visual-motor ability or locomotor development,and delayed receptive language competence were found in the ART group.The results on the socio-emotional development were reassuring.As for the behavior problems,a higher prevalence of behavior problems existed in ART children;moreover,ICSI children were found to be at a higher risk of autism than the general population.Meanwhile,ART parents tended to have positive parental attitudes and be more protective of their children.Some suggestions for further research are also given in this review.

Family integrated care:Supporting parents as primary caregivers in the neonatal intensive care unit

Family integrated care (FICare) is a collaborative model of neonatal care which aims to address the negative impacts of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) environment by involving parents as equal partners, minimizing separation, and supporting parent-infant closeness. FICare incorporates psychological, educational, communication, and environmental strategies to support parents to cope with the NICU environment and to prepare them to be able to emotionally, cognitively, and physically care for their infant. FICare has been associated with improved infant feeding, growth, and parent wellbeing and self-efficacy;important mediators for long-term improved infant neurodevelopmental and behavioural outcomes. FICare implementation requires multi-disciplinary commitment, staff motivation, and sufficient time for preparation and readiness for change as professionals relinquish power and control to instead develop collaborative partnerships with parents. Successful FICare implementation and culture change have been applied by neonatal teams internationally, using practical approaches suited to their local environments. Strategies such as parent and staff meetings and relational communication help to break down barriers to change by providing space for the co-creation of knowledge, the negotiation of caregiving roles and the development of trusting relationships. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the vulnerability within programs supporting parental presence in neonatal units and the profound impacts of parent-infant separation. New technologies and digital innovations can help to mitigate these challenges, and support renewed efforts to embed FICare philosophy and practice in neonatal care during the COVID-19 recovery and beyond.

3~6岁幼儿父母教养效能感类别及与亲子关系的联系——基于一孩父母和二孩父母的潜在剖面分析

对750名3~6岁幼儿父母的教养效能感、亲子关系进行调查发现,一孩父母教养效能感总分显著高于二孩父母,一孩父母在规范、游戏、教育维度上的得分显著高于二孩父母;一孩父母和二孩父母按教养效能感水平均可分成三种潜在类别,即低效能感型、中效能感型、高效能感型;二孩父母高效能感型占比低于一孩父母,二孩父母中效能感型占比高于一孩父母;在一孩家庭及二孩家庭中,与低效能感型父母相比,亲子关系亲密性得分越高,亲子关系冲突性得分越低,父母越可能归属于中效能感型或高效能感型。研究者据此提出相关建议。

Growing Up with Distant Parents:Socialization and Alienation of“Left-Behind”Children in Rural China

An increasing number of left-behind children has emerged in rural China as a result of the large-scale migration of rural farmers to urban cities since the 1990s.With the absence of parent(s)from the family,the left-behind children face crises in socialization and their relationships with their parents are threatened by physical distance.This paper investigates how Chinese left-behind children negotiate the missing roles of parents and how the parent-child relations in such families change over time,through in-depth case studies of two left-behind children with different family backgrounds in rural Henan province.