Mediators of Parental Status （Single or Both Parenting） and Academic Performance of Primary School Pupils in Ghana

This multivariate study investigated whether Parental Support, Teacher Support, and Academic Motivation mediate the relationship between Parental Status （i.e., children from single or both parents homes） and Academic Performance, The research design used for the study was a cross sectional survey using the quantitative approach. Data set from 250 primary school pupils from the Effutu Municipality were analysed using partial correlation and multiple regression analytical techniques. Among the study findings, that were when the effects of Parental Status were controlled for, Parental Support, Teacher Support, and Academic Motivation still related significantly to Academic Performance. Among the conclusions of the findings are that, whether the child was from a single or both parent home was not important with regard to his or her academic performance but rather it was the quality of support that the child gets from whoever is doing the parenting, teacher support and the child＇s own academic motivation that were important to determine the child＇s Academic Performance. The study also found that Parental Support was the best predictor of the pupils＇ Academic Performance out of the three factors includingTeacher Support and Academic Motivation.

Relationship between Authoritative Parenting Style and Preschool Children’s Emotion Regulation:A Moderated Mediation Model

An authoritative parenting style has been shown to promote children’s emotion regulation in European-American family studies.However,little is known about how sleep problems and the child’s sibling status in Chinese families affect this relationship.Based on family system theory,this study attempts to better understand the relationship between authoritative parenting style and emotion regulation.Mothers of preschool children in Chinese kindergartens completed questionnaires about their children’s sleep habits,their authoritative parenting styles,and children’s emotion regulation.A total of 531 children participated in this study.Results showed that authoritative parenting was positively associated with emotional regulation.Sleep problems mediated the effects of authoritative parenting style on emotion regulation.The child’s sibling status moderated the mediating effects of sleep problems in authoritative parenting and emotion regulation relationships.Specifically,the relationship between the authoritative parenting style and sleep problems was significant for only children,while birth order had no significant influence on the authoritative parenting style and sleep problems in two-child families.These findings suggest that a lowauthoritative parenting style predicts low emotion regulation through sleep problems,and this depends on the child’s sibling status,indicating that children without siblings may impair emotion regulation due to increased sleep problems.

Effectiveness of a multifaceted intervention for the improvement of nutritional status and nutrition knowledge of children in poverty-stricken areas in Shaanxi Province, China

Objectives:Compare the differences between the intervention and control groups in changes of primary outcomes(body mass index[BMI]and waist-to-height ratio[WHtR])and secondary outcomes(nutrition knowledge of children and parents),from baseline to the 6-and 12-month follow-ups;examine the associations of changes in nutrition knowledge of children and their parents with children’s changes in BMI and WHtR.Data sources:Data collected from four schools in two poverty-stricken counties in northern Shaanxi Province in 2020‒2021.Methods:A multifaced intervention program targeted children(promoting healthy diet and nutrition education)and their parents(promoting nutrition knowledge)was conducted in the interventional group.Four schools,with two in each group,were randomly allocated to the intervention or control group,with 814 eligible children aged 7.1 to 12.8 years.The control group conducted myopia promotion.Differences in changes of BMI and WHtR between groups were compared with t-test.Mixed-effects model was used to examine the associations between changes in nutrition knowledge of children and parents with changes in children’s BMI and WHtR.Results:At the 6-month follow-up,the difference in changes in BMI between the intervention and control groups was 0.4 kg/m 2(P<0.001).At the 12-month follow-up,the difference in changes in BMI and WHtR between intervention and control groups was 0.1 kg/m^(2)(P<0.001)and 0.01 kg/m^(2)(P<0.001).In the intervention group,the nutrition knowledge awareness rate of children increased from 16.9%(69/409)at baseline to 21.3%(87/409)at 6-month,and 22.7%(93/409)at 12-month.The awareness rate of nutrition knowledge of parents also fluctuated,from 5.6%(23/409)to 6.6%(27/409)and 5.4%(22/409).However,the difference in changes in nutrition knowledge between intervention and control groups was non-significant.The 6-month follow-up changes in children’s nutrition knowledge scores were negatively associated with changes in BMI in girls(β=−0.26,95%confidence interval[CI]:−0.38 to−0.14,P<0.001),while positively associated with changes in WHtR in boys(β=0.003,95%CI:−0.0002 to 0.005,P=0.035).The 12-month follow-up changes in children’s nutrition knowledge scores were positively associated with changes in children’s WHtR(β=0.003,95%CI:0.0004 to 0.01,P=0.018).Conclusions:The intervention strategies did not reduce the BMI and WHtR of children,and the nutrition knowledge of children and parents increased after the intervention in intervention group.Changes in nutrition knowledge of children and their parents are associated with changes in children’s BMI or WHtR.Interventions with a new focus on obesity are needed to help improve children’s nutritional status in poverty-stricken areas in Shaanxi Province of China.

Parenting preschoolers with autism: Socioeconomic influences on wellbeing and sense of competence

BACKGROUND Previous research suggests that parents raising a child with autism experience higher levels of psychological distress than parents of typically developing children and parents of children with other developmental disorders. Little is known, however, about the intersection between the effects of socioeconomic status(SES) on the wellbeing and sense of parental competency of parents of preschoolers with autism and how it relates to child symptom severity.AIM To examine the relationship between their child's symptom severity, SES, as measured by neighbourhood advantage and occupational status, on the psychological wellbeing and perceived parenting competence among parents of preschoolers with autism.METHODS Parents of 117 preschool-aged children with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder(ASD), 107 mothers and 54 fathers, completed questionnaires about their child's symptoms of ASD and functioning, their own perceptions of their wellbeing and parental competence on entry to an early intervention program in Sydney, Australia. Parents also provided demographic information pertaining to their occupation, level of education attained and address(postcode). All children were also assessed for their severity of symptoms using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. The Australian Socioeconomic Index of occupationalstatus as a measure of familial SES and the Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage as a measure of neighbourhood advantage were used to examine the impact of SES on parental sense of competence and wellbeing.RESULTS Compared to normative populations, both mothers and fathers in our sample reported significantly higher levels of parenting sense of efficacy but lower levels of interest in the parenting role. Mothers also displayed higher levels of satisfaction. Both mothers and fathers displayed higher levels of depression than normative populations with mothers also reporting greater levels of stress and anxiety. Child symptom severity was associated with maternal parenting competency with these relationships amplified among mothers with higher familial SES and who lived in areas of greater neighbourhood advantage.Increased adaptive functioning was associated with better maternal wellbeing,particularly among mothers who lived in areas of greater neighbourhood advantage. Contrastingly, paternal parenting competence was generally not influenced by child adaptive functioning or symptom severity, although for those in higher familial SES brackets, children's symptom severity and maladaptive symptoms were negatively related to paternal sense of parenting efficacy. There was a trend towards moderate relationships between lower familial SES and greater depression, stress and anxiety among fathers, but no relationship with their child's ASD symptom severity or functioning.CONCLUSION SES differentially impacts wellbeing and sense of parenting competence and its relationship to the impact of child symptoms for mothers and fathers of preschoolers with autism.

nfluence of Occupational Status on the Quality of Life o Chinese Adult Patients with Epilepsy

Background： Epilepsy is one of the most common serious neurological disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of occupational status on the quality of life of Chinese adult patients with epilepsy. Methods： This study surveyed 819 subjects clinically diagnosed with epilepsy for more than 1 year in 11 hospitals in Beijing; 586 were employed （71.55%）. All subjects completed the case report form with inquiries on demographic data, social factors, and illness. The patients＇ quality of life was assessed using the quality of life in patients with epilepsy-31 items （QOLIE-31） questionnaire. Results： The QOLIE-31 score in the employed group was significantly higher than that in the unemployed group. Furthermore, the scores in all the sections （overall quality of life, energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, seizure worry, cognition, social function, and medication effects） of the employed group were higher than those of the unemployed group. Both the employed and unemployed groups achieved the highest difference in social function. The QOLIE-31 score of students was higher than those of farmers and workers. Both the students and workers scored higher in the quality of life compared with the adult peasants living with epilepsy. The students and farmers showed significant differences in QOL1E-31 score, cognition, emotional well-being, overall quality of life, energy/fatigue, and social function. In contrast, no significant difference was noted in seizure worry and medication effects across the three different kinds of occupation. Conclusion： Occupational status might affect the quality of life of Chinese adult patients with epilepsy, and social function is the most important contributing factor.

Social class differences in parent educational expectations:The relationship between parents’social status and their expectations for children’s education

To achieve the overall goals and purposes of education is closely related to the living environments of students.Different family backgrounds will put children into a situation where they face unfair competition.According to a survey conducted in China’s Urumqi and Changchun about parents’awareness of educating their children,this paper will suggest that families with different backgrounds have different expectations for their children’s education.Moreover,it suggests that parents’social status is related to their children’s education expectations.Therefore,we can find that parents’social status influences their children’s education,and their positions in social class are related to education.

父母职业接触锰对其子女智力的影响

目的 研究锰对作业工人子女智力的影响。方法 选取出生前并至调查时其父亲或母亲从事锰作业的 44名某冶炼厂子弟学校学生为接触组 ,居住同一地区、父母亲均不接触锰及其它化学毒物就读同一学校的 2 3名儿童为对照组 ,用韦氏儿童智力量表 (C WISC)测定两组儿童的智商 (IQ) ,并依据车间空气锰浓度和接触工龄计算出子女出生前父母的累积暴露指数。结果 母亲职业性接触锰其子女智商低于对照组和父亲接锰组。父亲接锰组其子女智商与对照组的差异没有显著性。相关分析发现子女智商变化与母亲锰累积接触水平之间存在剂量 -效应关系。结论 母亲职业接触锰可能会对其子女的智力有不良影响。

父母文化程度、职业、期望值及教育方式等因素对大学生心理健康水平的影响

目的:探讨父母文化程度、职业、期望值及教育方式等对大学生心理健康水平的影响。方法:采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)及家庭情况问卷对15787名大学新生进行心理测试及家庭情况调查(包括父母文化程度、职业、期望值及教育方式等)。结果:SCL-90各项因子分均有父母文化程度越低分值越高的趋势;父母职业为干部、知识分子的大学生SCL-90各因子分较低,父母为农民、军人、个体经营者的大学生SCL-90各因子分较高,尤以抑郁、焦虑分为明显;父母期望子女出人头地者,其子女SCL-90各因子分均高于期望子女健康成长、顺其自然者;父母不良教育方式如严厉、过分要求、放纵、溺爱的大学生SCL-90各因子分较高,父母教育有分歧的大学生SCL-90各因子分较高(P均<0.05)。结论:父母文化程度、职业、期望值及教育方式等因素对大学生心理健康水平均有影响。

父母职业与儿童白血病

儿童白血病病例-对照研究,发现母亲孕期从事化学品生产及处理,金属冶炼及处理、农业及林业生产、制药及医务等工作与子代白血病危险度增高有关,母亲孕期接触苯、汽油、农药等,其子代急性淋巴及非淋巴细胞白血病均见升高,但苯的暴露与急性非淋巴细胞白血病关系更为密切。未发现父亲职业及职业暴露与儿童白血病有关。

就业焦虑与父母教养方式研究概述

本文从就业焦虑和父母教养方式的概念界定和实证研究入手,分析两者的关系,提出就业焦虑与父母教养方式研究存在的问题:对象单一,缺乏系统比较和跟踪研究;方法多以描述和定性分析为主,缺乏实证研究;研究工具缺乏统一性;研究情景不够真实,应追求生态化取向。

父母教养方式对大学生就业焦虑的影响——一个有调节的中介模型

采用就业焦虑量表、父母教养方式量表、自我概念量表对558名大学生进行调查,考查了自我概念在父母教养方式和就业焦虑间的中介作用,以及该过程是否受到性别的调节。结果显示:(1)自我概念在父母教养方式和就业焦虑之间起到不完全中介作用;(2)自我概念在父母教养方式和就业焦虑之间的中介作用受到性别的调节,相对于女生,男生的就业焦虑因高自我概念而降低的更加明显。因此,就业焦虑与父母教养方式之间既存在中介效应,又存在调节效应。

父母职业、学历对军医大学生心理健康的影响

目的分析父母职业、学历对军医大学生心理健康的影响。方法通过UPI,SCL-90测查,比较父母不同职业和学历的军医大学生的心理健康水平。结果父母职业是商人的军医大学生的SCL-90总均分较高,父母学历是文盲的军医大学生的UPI总分和SCL-90总均分较高。结论父母职业和学历对军医大学生心理健康水平有影响,父母职业是商人、父母学历是文盲的军医大学生心理健康较低。

大学生就业焦虑与父母教养方式、自我概念之关系

在对286名大学生进行问卷调查的基础上,采用独立样本t检验、相关分析和结构方程模型等方法,探讨大学生就业焦虑的基本状况及其与父母教养方式、自我概念间的关系。结果表明:大学生就业焦虑在性别和是否独生子女上没有显著差异;父母教养方式对大学生就业焦虑不存在直接影响,而是以自我概念为中介产生间接影响。父母教养方式和自我概念对就业前景担忧和自信心不足2个因子的影响高于对缺乏就业支持和就业竞争压力2个因子的影响。

企业员工职业压力对育儿情绪的影响

职业压力引发家长育儿时的消极情绪,成为影响孩子良好成长的主要因素,结果导致员工的工作生活失衡。本文探讨了家长的情绪对儿童情绪培养的影响机制,并研究了职业压力与育儿情绪的关系。采用问卷调查的方法,调查了105名高新技术产业的员工,运用SPSS进行数据分析,结果发现职业压力与父母的消极育儿情绪正相关;关系压力是职业压力中导致家长育儿消极情绪的主要维度;父亲和母亲在受到工作压力下表现的消极育儿情绪存在显著性差异。由此提出了缓解职业压力和对育儿情绪进行管理的有效方法,从而帮助家长提高育儿质量,进而提高员工的工作生活质量。

父母职业和受教育程度对医学硕士生心理健康的影响

目的了解父母职业和受教育程度对医学硕士生的心理健康状况和防御方式的差别,探讨二者之间的相关性。方法使用大学生心理健康量表和防御方式问卷及自编问卷对哈尔滨某医科院校附属医院3个年级901名硕士生进行问卷调查。结果心理健康总分性别间无统计学差异;不成熟型和中间型防御方式性别间有显著性差异(t=4.522,P<0.01;t=2.990,P<0.01),男生比女生高;女生成熟型防御方式比男生高(t=2.105,P<0.05);父母职业对医学硕士生心理健康水平和不成熟与成熟防御方式方差分析有显著性差异;父母受教育程度对学生心理健康影响有统计学差异。结论父母职业和受教育程度对医学硕士生的心理健康和防御方式有重要影响,父母职业为干部、教师、农民的学生心理更健康;母亲的受教育程度对学生心理健康影响更大。

父母职业与高师学生心理健康问题研究

目的 了解高师学生心理健康现状和父母职业对高师学生心理健康水平的影响。方法 对河南省部分高师学生进行问卷调查。结果 河南省大部分高师学生心理健康状况是好的和比较好的 ;1 5 .1 3 %的高师学生心理健康状况不良。结论 父母职业不同对高师学生心理健康水平的影响有差异 ,但差异不显著。教师和家长应正确地对高师学生进行引导和教育。

文化资本、人力资本与大学生地位获得——兼论教育的家校建构与个体特质的关系

利用大学毕业生的问卷调查数据,对家庭文化资本、大学文化资本、大学生人力资本与大学生地位获得进行路径分析。研究发现:家庭文化资本对大学毕业生教育获得升级、职业薪酬和职业单位性质具有一定直接正效应,而性别、生源地和学校类型等因素会进一步弱化这种直接效应,大学文化资本则对大学毕业生教育获得升级、职业获得和职业地位不产生显著直接效应,但家庭文化资本和大学文化资本均会通过大学生人力资本间接影响其地位获得。即大学生人力资本在家庭文化资本对大学生地位获得的作用中发挥部分中介效应,而在大学文化资本对大学生地位获得的作用中发挥完全中介效应。因此,家庭与大学文化资本的建构也是大学生地位获得的有效补充路径,应当重视家庭、大学文化资本与大学生人力资本的联合效果对大学生地位获得的积极作用。

父母职业、学历对军医大学生学习的影响

目的分析父母职业、学历对军医大学生学习动机、态度和成绩的影响。方法通过大学生学习动机简易评定量表和自制量表,比较父母不同职业和学历的军医大学生的学习动机、态度和成绩。结果除母亲学历不同的学员对学习成绩的期望值有所不同(χ2=32.906,P=0.047)外,父亲职业、学历、母亲职业、学历不同对军医大学生学习态度、对学习成绩的期望值、学习成绩没有影响(χ2=13.456,19.628,13.806,5.053,15.563,28.816,20.943,7.341,19.480,23.515,26.054;P>0.05)。结论要减轻学员学习的心理负担,加强与其父母的沟通联系;要加强思想教育,端正学员的学习动机和态度。

中国大学生的体格与家庭社会经济因素及出生地域的相关性研究

目的:探讨造成我国大学生体格的城乡差异产生的原因。方法:对上海市E大学2 524(男838名,女1 686名)名大学生的体格与家庭社会经济因素及出生地域的关系进行分析比较。结果:城市出身的学生比农村出身的学生的体格要高大粗壮。多因素分析讨论时,当协变量家庭人均收入投入后,体格的城乡因素的F值明显变小,而协变量自然环境因素投入后变化却不十分明显。结论:造成体格的城乡差异的主要原因是家庭人均收入。家庭收入差的主要原因是职业的不同。出身地域的纬度,气温,降水量,海拔高度对体格的城市与农村的差造成的影响不如家庭人均收入对其产生的影响大。

上海药物研发行业职业健康管理现状与改进策略

目的 了解上海药物研发行业职业健康管理现状及面临的挑战,为制订行业职业健康管理策略,促进行业健康发展提供参考。方法 采用问卷调查法对上海48家药物研发公司的职业健康风险、管理现状及存在的问题进行梳理,采用现场调研法对5家代表性公司实地了解行业职业危害防护和新业态的管理需求,探讨可行的解决方案。结果 问卷调查结果显示半数以上的药物研发公司从事小分子药物和抗肿瘤药物研发,面临着研发试剂、研发中的药物、病原微生物和实验动物等多重健康风险。职业病防护设施“三同时”工作完成率为43.8%,职业病危害因素检测和职业健康监护的开展率分别为89.6%和79.2%。现场调研发现药物研发行业的建筑通风、职业危害防护以及新业态的职业健康管理面临挑战。结论 随着药物研发行业的快速发展,潜在职业健康风险不容忽视,职业危害防护和管理工作亟待细化和完善。