Determinants of COVID-19 Face Mask Litter in Coastal Urban Parking Lots: Implications for Source Modelling of Potential Microplastic Pollution

Despite cities being recognized as being potential sources of microplastic pollution to the wider environment, most surveys of COVID-19 plastic-based litter have been undertaken through linear transects of marine beaches. For the far fewer number of studies conducted on inland and urban locations, the site-specific focus has primarily been surveys along the length of streets. The present study is the first to specifically assess the standing stock (i.e., moment-in-time) of littered face masks for the entire surface area of urban parking lots. The density of face masks in 50 parking lots in a Canadian coastal town (0.00054 m2 ± 0.00051 m2) was found to be significantly greater than the background level of littering of town streets. Face mask density was significantly related to visitation “usage” of parking lots as gauged by the areal size of the lots and of their onsite buildings, as well as the number of vehicles present. Neither parking lot typology nor estimates of inferred export (various measures of wind exposure) and entrapment (various metrics of obstruction) of face masks had a significant influence on the extent of whole-lot littering. In consequence, modelling of the potential input of mask-derived microplastics to the marine environment from coastal communities can use the areal density of face masks found here in association with the total surface area of lots for individual municipalities as determined through GIS analysis.

Research on Planning and Design of Multi-Story Prefabricated Electric Bicycle Charging Parking Lot in Urban and Rural Areas

In recent years,disorderly parking and difficult charging of electric bicycles have been challenges in urban management.The rapid growth of electric bicycles is in contradiction with the lack of dedicated parking spaces and charging service facilities in towns and villages.To solve the issue of parking and charging electric bicycles in limited urban and rural spaces,prefabricated building technology is applied to the design of a multi-story electric bicycle parking lot.The multi-story prefabricated electric bicycle parking lot is utilized in urban and rural planning and design to upgrade parking facilities in old urban areas,land-constrained commercial areas,as well as counties,towns,and rural areas with inadequate municipal facilities.Multi-story prefabricated electric bicycle parking lots are the application exploration of industrial buildings,and promote the high-quality development planning and construction of towns and counties and villages.Compared with the single-story metal charging station,the multi-story assembled electric bicycle parking lot has the characteristics of integrating parking and charging,being more durable and safer in structure,accommodating a large number of vehicles,and improving the space utilization rate.

Stereo garage parking space allocation model and simulation analysis

Based on grey neural network and particle swarm optimization algorithm,an automated stereo garage decision model is proposed to solve the problems of long waiting queue and low efficiency of automated parking garage.The gray neural network is used to forecast the stay time of the vehicle and particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to allocate the parking spaces in the stereo garage.The proposed stereo garage mathematical model is established on condition that vehicle arrival interval obeys Poisson distribution.The performance of stereo garage is evaluated by the average waiting time,average waiting queue length,average service time and average energy consumption of the customers.By comparing the efficiency indexes of the existing model based on near-distribution principle and the proposed model based on gray neural network and particle swarm algorithm,it is proved that the proposed model based on gray neural network and particle swarm algorithm is effective in improving the efficiency of garage operation and reducing the energy consumption of garage.

Reservation Based Optimal Parking Lot Recommendation Model in Internet of Vehicle Environment

In order to solve the problem that the drivers can't find the optimal parking lot timely,a reservation based optimal parking lot recommendation model in Internet of Vehicle(IoV) environment is designed.Based on the users oriented parking information recommendation system,the model considers subjective demands of drivers comprehensively,makes a deeply analysis of the evaluation indicators.This recommendation model uses a phased selection method to calculate the optimal objective parking lot.The first stage is screening which based on the users' subjective parking demands;the second stage is processing the candidate parking lots through multiple attribute decision making.Simulation experiments show that this model can effectively solve the problems encountered in the process of finding optimal parking lot,save the driver's parking time and parking costs and also improve the overall utilization of parking facilities to ease the traffic congestion caused by vehicles parked patrol.

Planning of Public Parking Lots in Xiajiang County

In order to solve the contradiction between the rapid growth of urban motor vehicles and the lack of road traffic resources to fundamentally improve the problem of "difficult driving and difficult parking", it is necessary to carry out scientific planning and design of urban parking lots. The study analyzed the main problems of urban parking, discussed the planning principles and countermeasures of parking lot planning, and briefly introduced the practical experience of the special parking lot planning of the central urban area in Xiajiang County, Ji’an City, Jiangxi Province. It is hoped that through parking lot planning, the contradiction between supply and demand of urban parking can be effectively alleviated and the urban traffic environment can be improved.

Quantifying Contribution of DER-Integrated EV Parking Lots to Reliability of Power Distribution Systems

In the future smart cities,parking lots(PLs)can accommodate hundreds of electric vehicles(EVs)at the same time.This trend creates an opportunity for PLs to serve as a potential flexibility resource,considering growing penetration of EVs and integration of distributed energy resources DER(such as photovoltaic and energy storages).Given this background,this paper proposes a comprehensive evaluation framework to investigate the potential role of DER-integrated PLs(DPL)with the capability of vehicle-to-grid(V2G)in improving the reliability of the distribution network.For this aim,first,an overview for the distribution system with DPLs is provided.Then,a generic model for the available generation capacity(AGC)of DPLs with consideration of EV scheduling strategy is developed.On the above basis,an iterative-based algorithm leveraging sequential Monte Carlo simulation is presented to quantify the contribution of DPLs to the reliability of the system.In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method,a series of numerical studies are carried out.The simulation results show that the integration of DPLs with the V2G capability could help to improve the reliability performance of distribution grid to a great extent and reduce the adverse impact incurred by EV accommodation,if utilized properly.

Hot Spot Analysis and Development Trend of Intelligent Roof Parking Lot:Bibliometric Analysis Based on CiteSpace Visualization Software

Using CiteSpace visualization software,literature research on roof parking lot in recent 20 years is analyzed,and the research direction and development of the relevant papers are integrated and induced.From utilization development,roof greening and technical practice,overall consideration and grasp of the feasibility of roof parking lot are conducted.Realization paths of two kinds of roof parking lots are provided:suspended PRT stereo parking lot and telescopic rail elevator,and it is committed to providing feasible suggestions and reference for future roof parking lot.

A Novel Green IoT-Based Pay-As-You-Go Smart Parking System

The better management of resources and the potential improvement in trafc congestion via reducing the orbiting time for parking spaces is crucial in a smart city,particularly those with an uneven correlation between the increase in vehicles and infrastructure.This paper proposes and analyses a novel green IoT-based Pay-As-You-Go(PAYG)smart parking system by utilizing unused garage parking spaces.The article also presents an intelligent system that offers the most favorable prices to its users by matching private garages’pricing portfolio with a garage’s current demand.Malta,the world’s fourth-most densely populated country,is considered as a case of a smart city for the implementation of the proposed approach.The results obtained conrm that apart from having a high potential system in such countries,the pricing generated correctly forecasts the demand for a particular garage at a specic time of the day and year.The proposed PAYG smart parking system can effectively contribute to the macro solution to trafc congestion by encouraging potential users to use the system’s services and reducing the orbiting time for parking.

Area Classification of Surrounding Parking Facility Based on Land Use Functionality

The different land use surrounding parking facility has significant impact on parking behavior. This paper studies the functional classification of land use surrounding parking facility, which is fundamentally important for indepth research on parking behavior. 37 parking facilities located between the second and sixth ring roadway in Beijing were selected for this study. Based on the surveys conducted at these parking facilities, various parking behavior were analyzed, based on which the scope of the different parking was determined. The information on location, land use characteristics, public transport, the surrounding parking situations are collected for each investigated parking facility. Applying the SPSS clustering method, the threshold was developed for the classification. Totally, five categories are proposed for the land use functionality surrounding parking facility as the results of this study.

THE GREENING OF THE PARKING INDUSTRY–BEST PRACTICES,AND A NEW CERTIFICATION PROGRAM FOR PARKING STRUCTURES

Sustainable building design is now mainstream.The United States Green Building Council(USGBC)and the LEED Ratings Systems have moved the market,proving that“a rising tide lifts all boats.”Consumers now factor environmental effect into their buying decisions,a trend that looks to continue and intensify with the millennial generation.Renters and homeowners are willing to pay more for high-performing and better quality housing based on environmental standards.Companies recognize that indoor air quality and daylighting improve employee performance and boost retention rates.And even bottom-line businesses are investing in benchmarking and efficiency projects that have the right return on investment rates.The Urban Land Institute’s Greenprint Center for Building Performance serves as a prime example of the ways developers implement benchmarking,energy efficiency,and high-performance standards in the major real estate sectors:office,retail,industrial,multifamily,and hotel.Energy efficiency gains and higher-quality buildings in each of these sectors will be essential to reducing emissions and energy use.While the transportation sector implements its own standards and benchmarking tools to achieve greater levels of sustainability across all modes of transportation,one industry that stands at the nexus of every building type and the transportation modes used to access them is parking.There is a key consideration that links land use and transportation:Parking is often the connection between where we are and where we want to go.Parking may not have been at the forefront of the sustainability discussion or the media surrounding it in previous years,but the professionals who work in the world of parking know exactly how important the role of their industry is to the success of our cities,towns,institutions,and businesses.Parking is big business;it is conservatively estimated to be a$30 billion industry.It directly contributes to the economic vitality and accessibility of where we live,work,and play。

Assessing ventilation control strategies in underground parking garages

Enclosed parking garages require mechanical ventilation fans to dilute concentrations of pollutants emitted from vehicles,which contributes to energy use and peak electricity demand.This study develops and applies a simulation framework combining multi-zone airflow and contaminant transport modeling,fan affinity laws,and realistic assumptions for vehicle traffic patterns and carbon monoxide(CO)emissions to improve our ability to predict the impacts of various ventilation control strategies on indoor air quality and fan energy use in parking garages.The simulation approach is validated using measured data from a parking garage case study and then applied to investigate fan energy use,peak power demand,and resulting CO concentrations for four different ventilation control strategies in a model underground parking garage under a variety of assumptions for model inputs.The four ventilation control strategies evaluated include one simplistic schedule(i.e.,Always-On)and three demand-based strategies in which fan speed is a function of CO concentrations in the spaces,including Linear-Demand Control Ventilation(DCV),Standardized Variable Flow(SVF),and a simple On-Off strategy.The estimated annual average fan energy consumption was consistently lowest with the Linear-DCV strategy,resulting in average(±standard deviation)energy savings across all modeled scenarios of 84.3%±0.4%,72.8%±3.6%,and 97.9%±0.1%compared to SVF,On-Off,and Always-On strategies,respectively.The utility of the framework described herein is that it can be used to model energy and indoor air quality impacts of other parking garage configurations and control scenarios.

考虑用户偏好的停车场共享泊位分配模型

城镇化、机动化的持续快速发展催生了城市停车问题,为缓解日益严峻的停车窘境,共享停车应运而生并受到广泛关注与研究。为弥补经典共享泊位分配模型对用户停车成本刻画及用户效益评价的缺失,基于共享停车既有研究及调研数据,构建共享停车选择意愿结构方程模型以分析用户偏好,标定结果显示:模型识别出停车费用、步行距离、违停罚款、寻停时间四类停车偏好,且路径系数依次降低。将结构方程模型识别结果及路径系数作为用户停车成本建模的依据,以经营平台收益与用户停车成本的差值表示系统效益,将系统效益最大化作为优化目标,综合泊位时空间约束,提出考虑用户偏好的停车场共享泊位分配模型。设计随机生成分配方案的蒙特卡洛算法,定义平台让利程度以评价用户效益。数值算例表明:设计的蒙特卡洛算法能够有效求解模型,在模拟次数约10000次后得到系统效益最大值;考虑用户偏好的停车场共享泊位分配模型能够将用户效益提升约7.5%,为共享经营平台权衡自身收益及用户效益提供一定的理论参考。

基于改进ALARP风险矩阵的危货运输车辆专用停车场安全性评价研究

为评估危货运输车辆专用停车场安全水平,降低危货车辆停放环节风险,提出一种基于改进ALARP风险矩阵的危货运输车辆停车场安全性评价方法。首先,基于事故案例统计数据、在开展致因分析、故障树构建、指标初选、信效度检验的基础上,构建危货运输车辆专用停车场安全风险评级指标体系;其次,结合贝叶斯网络、层次分析法、模糊综合评价法和改进ALARP的风险矩阵法,提出危货运输车辆专用停车场安全风险评价模型;再次,在考虑已知风险可能性、风险损失量化结果的基础上,基于改进ALARP风险矩阵得到专用停车场风险总评价量化值及评价等级;最后,以重庆市某危险货物运输车辆专用停车场为例开展验证分析,验证结果表明,研究所得到的评价结果与实际情况具有较高的一致性。

斜列式机动车库平面柱网设计研究--以60°斜列式停车方式为例

该文以60°斜列式停车方式为例,研究斜列式机动车库的平面柱网设计规律:包括框架柱的截面形状与尺寸、柱网开间尺寸、柱网开间中的停车位数量、进深方向的柱网尺寸、柱网与停车位的关系、无障碍停车位等方面内容。并按照独立式车库和附建式车库两种类型给出不同的设计意见。将60°斜列式停车方式与实际工程项目中普遍采用的垂直式停车方式进行比较,分析其不同适用场所。以期丰富机动车库的设计方法,提高机动车库的设计质量。

智能室内停车场定位导航系统设计

如今,各大商场的地下停车场日趋普遍化和复杂化。随着汽车持有量的急剧增长,车主在庞大的地下停车场中泊车寻车成为了难题。为此,提出了一种实现智能导航和停车管理的解决方案。依据室内定位及导航技术的应用需求,利用光敏模块、环形线圈检测及红外循迹技术,对停车场地形进行红外扫描,通过STM32单片机将数据传输到接收端。用户只需按照主控制器返回给终端的信息,即可快速实现点对点的定位服务。这一方案旨在提高人们出行的便捷性,并为加强城市停车规范管理提供可行性方案。

基于区块链的校园智能停车能源交易平台的设计

提出一个基于区块链的智能校园停车场电动汽车能源交易平台。智能停车场是能够同时支持电动汽车停车和充电服务的智能场所,该系统架构由物理和网络基础设施层组成,区块链技术是促进参与者之间能源交易的有效途径。定义了参与者、资产、交易以及相互之间的智能链接,研究了两种场景,一个场景是电动汽车作为卖方和控制器作为买方之间的能源交易,第二个场景是电动汽车作为买方和控制器作为卖方之间的能源交易。这种平台既为参与者提供了利润,又平衡了大学校园高峰时期的能源负载需求。

防坠型升降横移式立体车库的设计

随着家用汽车的不断增加,城市停车难,停车累问题日益凸显,立体车库的出现能解决此问题。立体车库的出现能有效解决停车难的问题,但是现有技术的立体车库对于车辆的调节限制性较差,通常只是采用升降式后车梁对车轮进行限位,然而升降式局限性极高,难以适应不同长度的车辆,也难以适应不同轮胎大小的限位,对车轮的阻挡性能较差,停车时较为不便,适用性较低。本文设计一种防坠型升降横移式立体车库采用PLC控制,能解决上述问题。

基于彩色点云的地库多车位精确测量算法研究

针对规划条件核实测量中,地下空间多车位线测量时效率低的问题,提出一种基于彩色点云的地下空间多车位线精确测量方法。首先,通过手持激光扫描仪获取地库点云数据,将地库的地面点云转为正射影像;然后,使用HSV颜色空间对车位线进行提取,结合霍夫变换和车位设计尺寸初步提取车位角点位置;最后,根据本文提出的点云特征对角点初步位置邻域内所有点云进行判定,得到角点最终位置。实验结果表明,本文方法能够满足规划条件核实测量的要求,相比于传统作业方法,在效率上具有显著优势。

大型综合交通枢纽智能绿色立体车库可行性研究

随着我国经济快速发展,特大型、大型客运综合交通枢纽相继建成,基于机场GTC、高铁TOD、城市轨道TOD等功能高度融合的综合性项目快速迭代。为枢纽配套的停车位数量巨大,多数枢纽配建的停车库为常规自走式平面车库,单车面积大、库内行走距离长、人车混流、空间品质差等问题突显。为此结合大型综合交通枢纽智能停车的特点、现状及优势,以工程实践中存在的问题为出发点,探索在综合交通枢纽内设置智能立体车库的意义与机会,并依托成都锦城广场P+R地下停车场及地下空间项目和南宁国际空港综合交通枢纽项目方案的研究成果,提出2种可行的智能停车系统空间布局模式。

货运停车场出口与信号交叉口合理间距计算及拥堵改善措施

货运停车场出口与相邻信号交叉口距离过短容易造成主路的交通堵塞与货车的出行困难,该问题在物流园区出入口等货车占比较大的接入口也十分常见。为探究并减小货运停车场出口出行车辆对主路交通的影响,运用排队理论,参考无信号T型交叉口交通特征,建立货运停车场出入口与相邻信号交叉口合理距离计算模型,模型考虑货车车身长度、转弯半径等货车特征,对货车占比较大的接入口有更好的适用性。在实际场景中评价出入口与相邻信号交叉口距离的合理性,并对模型有效性进行验证,结果表明:构建模型的评价结果与场景实际情况均较为吻合,且能够较好地计算出货运停车场出口与相邻信号交叉口合理距离,实际场景中不能满足合理距离要求的货运停车场出口常出现货车出行困难,主路交通拥堵等不良交通状况。研究针对实际场景中出现的不良交通状况提出了相应改善措施。研究成果可为货运停车场出口接入管理提供理论指导。