Preoperative albumin-bilirubin score and liver resection percentage determine postoperative liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy

BACKGROUND The success of liver resection relies on the ability of the remnant liver to regenerate.Most of the knowledge regarding the pathophysiological basis of liver regeneration comes from rodent studies,and data on humans are scarce.Additionally,there is limited knowledge about the preoperative factors that influence postoperative regeneration.AIM To quantify postoperative remnant liver volume by the latest volumetric software and investigate perioperative factors that affect posthepatectomy liver regenera-tion.METHODS A total of 268 patients who received partial hepatectomy were enrolled.Patients were grouped into right hepatectomy/trisegmentectomy(RH/Tri),left hepa-tectomy(LH),segmentectomy(Seg),and subsegmentectomy/nonanatomical hepatectomy(Sub/Non)groups.The regeneration index(RI)and late rege-neration rate were defined as(postoperative liver volume)/[total functional liver volume(TFLV)]×100 and(RI at 6-months-RI at 3-months)/RI at 6-months,respectively.The lower 25th percentile of RI and the higher 25th percentile of late regeneration rate in each group were defined as“low regeneration”and“delayed regeneration”.“Restoration to the original size”was defined as regeneration of the liver volume by more than 90%of the TFLV at 12 months postsurgery.RESULTS The numbers of patients in the RH/Tri,LH,Seg,and Sub/Non groups were 41,53,99 and 75,respectively.The RI plateaued at 3 months in the LH,Seg,and Sub/Non groups,whereas the RI increased until 12 months in the RH/Tri group.According to our multivariate analysis,the preoperative albumin-bilirubin(ALBI)score was an independent factor for low regeneration at 3 months[odds ratio(OR)95%CI=2.80(1.17-6.69),P=0.02;per 1.0 up]and 12 months[OR=2.27(1.01-5.09),P=0.04;per 1.0 up].Multivariate analysis revealed that only liver resection percentage[OR=1.03(1.00-1.05),P=0.04]was associated with delayed regeneration.Furthermore,multivariate analysis demonstrated that the preoperative ALBI score[OR=2.63(1.00-1.05),P=0.02;per 1.0 up]and liver resection percentage[OR=1.02(1.00-1.05),P=0.04;per 1.0 up]were found to be independent risk factors associated with volume restoration failure.CONCLUSION Liver regeneration posthepatectomy was determined by the resection percentage and preoperative ALBI score.This knowledge helps surgeons decide the timing and type of rehepatectomy for recurrent cases.

Effects of heat shock on change of HSC70/HSP68,acid and alkaline phosphatases before and after rat partial hepatectomy

INTRODUCTIONOnly the liver has the great capability ofregeneration in mammal.Few hepatocytes are inthe phase of division in the normal liver of an adultmammal (including human beings),but theremaining hepatocytes can be induced to proliferatequickly by partial hepatectomy (PH),and,to somedegree,they stop dividing and re-differentiate intocells functioning as hepatocytes.This shows

Effects of pHGF on Hepatocyte DNA Synthesis after Partial Hepatectomy in Rats

The effects of pHGF on the changes of hepatocyte proliferative cycle and liver regenerative capacity after partial hepatectomized rats were observed by flow cytometry (FCM). The results were as follows:1)S phase fraction (SPF) in group of normal rats (group A) accounted for 9. 89% and increased gradually within 6 h, following a peak at 12th h or 36th h after operation, but in the group of pHGF-treated rats (group B) the peak appeared at 24th h after operation; 2 )Proliferatioll index (PI) of group A was 19. 6 % before partial hepatectomy, increased to 34. 91% within 6 h and reached a peaks at 12th or 36th h after operation, and in group B the peak appeared at 48th h after operation. There were significant differences between two groups in SPF and PI (P<0. 01). The weight of liver began to increase 12 h after operation, and almost reached the preoperative weight 5 days after operation. These findings suggest that PHGF can promote the DNA synthesis and segmentation of hepatocyte.

Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy

AIM:To study the expression of tumor necrosis factor- alpha converting enzyme (TACE) and evaluate its significance in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in vivo. METHODS: Male SD rats underwent 70% partial hepatec- tomy. The remaining liver and spleen tissue samples were collected at indicated time points after hepatectomy. TACE expression was investigated by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and serial section immunostaining. RESULTS: Expression of TACE in liver and spleen tissues after partial hepatectomy was a time-dependent alteration, reaching a maximal level between 24 and 48 h and remaining elevated for more than 168 h. TACE protein was localized to mononuclear cells (MNC), which infiltrated the liver from the spleen after hepatectomy. The kinetics of TACE expression was in accordance with the number of TACE-staining MNCs and synchronized with those of transforming growth factor-α (TGFα). In addition, TACE-staining MNC partially overlapped with CD3+ T lymphocytes. CONCLUSION: TACE may be involved in liver regenera- tion by pathway mediated with TGFα-EGFR in the cell- cycle progressive phase in vivo. TACE production and effect by paracrine may be a pathway of involvement in liver regeneration for the activated CD3+ T lymphocytes.

Effects of pHGF on Renal Cellular DNA Synthesis after Partial Hepatectomy in Rats

Summary: The effects of pro-hepatocyte growth factor (pHGF) on the changes of renal cellular proliferative cycle of partial hepatectomized rats were observed by flow cytometry (FCM). S phase fraction (SPF) of control rats (group A) accounted for 7.58 % and increased gradually within 6 h, following a peak at 12th or 36th h after operation, but in pHGF-treated rats (group B) the peak appeared at 24th h after operation. Proliferation index (PI) of group A was 13. 2 % before partial hepatectomy, increased within 6 h and reached a peak at 12th or 36th h after operation, and in group B the peak appeared at 48th h after operation. There were significant differences in SPF and PI between two groups (P<0. 01 ). These findings suggest that PHGF may nonspecifically promote the DNA synthesis of renal cells.

Phenotypic changes of human cells in human-rat liver during partial hepatectomy-induced regeneration

AIM: To examine the human hepatic parenchymal and stromal components in rat liver and the phenotypic changes of human cells in liver of human-rat chimera (HRC) generated by in utero transplantation of human cells during partial hepatectomy (PHx)-induced liver regeneration. METHODS: Human hepatic parenchymal and stromal components and phenotypic changes of human cellsduring liver regeneration were examined by flow cytometry, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: ISH analysis demonstrated human Alupositive cells in hepatic parenchyma and stroma of recipient liver. Functional human hepatocytes generated in this model potentially constituted human hepatic functional units with the presence of donor-derived human endothelial and biliary duct cells in host liver. Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)+, CD34+ and CD45+ cells were observed in the chimeric liver on day 10 after PHxinduced liver regeneration and then disappeared in PHx group, but not in non-PHx group, suggesting that dynamic phenotypic changes of human cells expressing AFP, CD34 and CD45 cells may occur during the chimeric liver regeneration. Additionally, immunostaining for human proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) showed that the number of PCNA-positive cells in the chimeric liver of PHx group was markedly increased, as compared to that of control group, indicating that donor-derived human cells are actively proliferated during PHx-induced regeneration of HRC liver.CONCLUSION: HRC liver provides a tool for investigating human liver regeneration in a humanized animal model.

Efficacy and Safety of a Continuous Wound Catheter in Open Abdominal Partial Hepatectomy

调查连续局部麻醉的功效和安全的目的弯屈跟随我们执行了的开的腹的部分 hepatectomy.Methods 的渗入未来的、非使随机化的、并发、控制的研究。根据他们的心甘情愿，经历开的腹的部分 hepatectomy 的病人为手术后的疼痛接受了下列管理之一：连续创伤导管(CWC ) 渗入，控制病人的硬膜上的痛觉缺失(PCEA ) ，吗啡(PCIAM ) 的控制病人的静脉内的痛觉缺失，和 patientcontrolled sufentanil (PCIAS ) 的静脉内的痛觉缺失。主要结果是在休息并且在运动上的手术后的视觉类似物规模(管) 分数。第二等的结果包括了从 2013 年 8 月与手术后的疼痛 management.Results 联系到 2013 年 12 月的营救药，副作用，和复杂并发症的消费， 80 个病人被分配收到 CWC (n=10 ) ， PCEA (n=22 ) ， PCIAM (n=29 ) ，或 PCIAS (n=19 ) 。在好久调整以后，性，身体团索引， resected 肝的百分比，操作时间，和阿姆斯特丹外科手术前的焦虑和信息可伸缩，在在休息或在在组 CWC 和另外的组之间的运动上的管分数没有重要差别，也就是 PCEA ， PCIAM ，并且 PCIAS 在 4 点， 12 ， 48 ，和 72 个小时手术后地(所有 P > 0.05 )。对营救药的需要不手术后地在 48 和 72 个小时在组 CWC 和另外的三个组之间是显著地不同的(所有 P > 0.05 ) 。在手术后的恶心的发生没有重要差别并且呕吐或在组 CWC 和另外的三个组之间的肛门呼出时间(所有 P > 0.05 ) 。与连续创伤渗入联系的严重不利效果都没在 period.Conclusions CWC 有的学习期间被观察与传统的痛觉缺失方法相比，至多，时间手术后地削尖的可比较的止痛效果。CWC 是为开的肝外科的手术后的止痛管理的一种安全选择。

GITR阳性的效应T淋巴细胞参与AAF/PH小鼠肝脏再生调控

目的 分析2-乙酰氨基芴联合部分肝切除(AAF/PH)小鼠肝脏再生模型肝组织中浸润的效应T淋巴细胞的变化情况。方法 C57BL/6J小鼠每天应用AAF连续灌胃5 d后切除1/3肝组织,术后继续每天应用AAF灌胃至术后7 d、14 d。利用免疫荧光染色、蛋白免疫印迹检测肝脏前体细胞活化情况;采用多色免疫荧光染色与流式细胞术检测肝组织中效应T淋巴细胞及其活化标志物GITR阳性细胞比例。结果 AAF/PH组小鼠术后7 d肝组织重量即可恢复至对照小鼠水平。肝组织中炎症细胞浸润和纤维化不明显,但术后14 d时,肝脏汇管区中出现明显的炎症细胞浸润与细胞外基质沉积。随着术后时间延长,肝组织中Sox9+肝脏前体细胞数量逐渐增多,肝组织Sox9蛋白表达水平亦显著增加。流式细胞分析结果显示,随着术后时间延长肝组织中浸润的CD8+T淋巴细胞的比例显著增加,术后14 d为对照组的1.47倍(P=0.0289),而糖皮质激素诱导的肿瘤坏死因子受体(GITR)阳性的CD8+T淋巴细胞比例呈先升高再降低的变化趋势,术后7 d、14 d分别为对照组的1.5倍(P=0.0098)、0.65倍(P=0.0427)。尽管术后CD4+T淋巴细胞比例无明显变化,但术后14 d时GITR阳性的CD4+T淋巴细胞比例显著降低,为对照组的0.85倍(P=0.0225)。结论 AAF/PH小鼠肝再生模型中伴随肝脏前体细胞的活化,效应T淋巴细胞参与了小鼠的肝脏再生过程。

ZBTB20 is involved in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mouse

BACKGROUND: A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms in liver regeneration holds promise for exploring the new potential therapy for liver failure. The present study was to investigate the role of zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 20(ZBTB20), a potential factor associated with liver regeneration, in a model of 70% hepatectomy in mice. METHODS: Parameters for liver proliferation such as liver/body ratio and BrdU positivity were obtained via direct measurement and immunohistochemistry. The levels of zinc fingers and homeoboxes 2(ZHX2), ZBTB20, alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) and glypican 3(GPC3) transcripts in the regenerating liver tissue of a 70% hepatectomy rodent model were monitored by real-time PCR analysis at different time points. Knockdown of ZBTB20 was performed to characterize its regulatory function. RESULTS: A negatively regulating relationship between ZHX2, ZBTB20 and AFP, GPC3 was revealed from 24 to 72 hours after 70% hepatectomy. ZBTB20 appears to negatively regulate AFP and GPC3 transcription since the knockdown of ZBTB20 promoted the proliferation of hepatocytes and the expression of AFP and GPC3. CONCLUSION: In addition to AFP, GPC3 and ZHX2, ZBTB20 is a new regulator in liver regeneration and the decrease of ZBTB20 expression following 70% hepatectomy promotes AFP and GPC3 expression.

Complete or partial split in associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy(ALPPS)has been adopted by liver surgeons in recent years.However,high morbidity and mortality rates have limited the promotion of this technique.Some recent studies have suggested that ALPPS with a partial split can effectively induce the growth of future liver remnant(FLR)similar to a complete split with better postoperative safety profiles.However,some others have suggested that ALPPS can induce more rapid and adequate FLR growth,but with the same postoperative morbidity and mortality rates as in partial split of the liver parenchyma in ALPPS(p-ALPPS).AIM To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on ALPPS and p-ALPPS.METHODS A systematic literature search of PubMed,Embase,the Cochrane Library,and ClinicalTrials.gov was performed for articles published until June 2019.Studies comparing the outcomes of p-ALPPS and ALPPS for a small FLR in consecutive patients were included.Our main endpoints were the morbidity,mortality,and FLR hypertrophy rates.We performed a subgroup analysis to evaluate patients with and without liver cirrhosis.We assessed pooled data using a random-effects model.RESULTS Four studies met the inclusion criteria.Four studies reported data on morbidity and mortality,and two studies reported the FLR hypertrophy rate and one study involved patients with cirrhosis.In the non-cirrhotic group,p-ALPPS-treated patients had significantly lower morbidity and mortality rates than ALPPStreated patients[odds ratio(OR)=0.2;95%confidence interval(CI):0.07–0.57;P=0.003 and OR=0.16;95%CI:0.03-0.9;P=0.04].No significant difference in the FLR hypertrophy rate was observed between the two groups(P>0.05).The total effects indicated no difference in the FLR hypertrophy rate or perioperative morbidity and mortality rates between the ALPPS and p-ALPPS groups.In contrast,ALPPS seemed to have a better outcome in the cirrhotic group.CONCLUSION The findings of our study suggest that p-ALPPS is safer than ALPPS in patients without cirrhosis and exhibits the same rate of FLR hypertrophy.

Effect of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy and ischemia-reperfusion on expression of growth factor receptors

瞄准：在肝新生在四不同生长因素受体的表示的时间功课上调查试验性的部分肝切除术和 normothermic ischemia-reperfusion 损坏的效果。这由于在刺激肝新生的生长因素的潜在的治疗学的使用是相关的。方法：为部分肝切除术(PH ) ， 80% 肝质量是在 Sprague Dawley 老鼠的 resected。局部缺血和灌注(I/R ) 被门静脉和肝的动脉的吸藏为 15 min 导致。表皮的生长因素受体，肝的生长因素受体，成纤维细胞生长因素受体和瘤坏死因素 receptor-1 被免疫组织化学在损害以后分析直到 72 h。量的 RT-PCR 在最小的受体表示(24 h ) 的时间点被执行。结果：在免疫组织化学， EGFR， HGFR， FGFR 和 TNFR1 与一座山峰在部分肝切除术以后给双性人看了局面的动力学直到 12 h，在 24 h 以后的一个天底和另一弱增加直到 72 h。在肝新生期间，在局部缺血和灌注以后，受体表示更低；在在灌注以后的 24 h 的天底是一样。评估这个天底是否被 mRNA 抄写的缺乏引起，或由于一根柱子翻译规定， RT-PCR 在 24 h 并且与放松肝相比被执行。在每根探针，为受体有特定的 mRNA。EGFR， FGFR 和 TNFR1 mRNA 表示比在放松肝相等或低，在 I/R 以后的 HGFR 表示比在控制强壮。结论：部分至少由于 post-transcriptional 处理，在分析受体的表达式有一个天底在肝损伤以后的 24 h。因此，到在损坏以后的 stimulate 肝新生 24 h 的生长因素的治疗学的使用可能不是成功的。

Expression patterns of cytokine,growth factor and cell cycle-related genes after partial hepatectomy in rats with thioacetamide-induced cirrhosis

瞄准：在与影响肝新生的因素的关系在对部分肝切除术的正常和硬变肝的回答检验差别。方法：肝硬化被 thioacetamide 的管理在老鼠导致。未经治疗的老鼠被用作控制。象肝脏硬化症的老鼠一样的控制老鼠受到 70% 部分肝切除术。在在肝切除术以后的不同时间点，肝被收集， cytokines，生长因素和房间周期蛋白质的层次被分析。结果：在肝切除术以后，当与直到 72 的控制相比 h 张贴肝切除术，肝脏硬化症的残余显著地表示了 cyclin D1，它的激酶搭挡， cdk4，和 cyclin E 的底层。当时，显著地， cyclin A 和 cdk2 的底层也被观察 cdk 禁止者， p27 显著地更高。另外，有的更低的 IL-6 比控制铺平的肝脏硬化症的组根本组织时间点直到 72 h 追随者切除术。结论：从我们的学习的数据证明在肝脏硬化症的残余的那个损害的肝新生与 cyclins 和 cdks 的低表示被联系。这可能是在将接着影响调整在新生过程期间涉及房间增长和新陈代谢的动态平衡的基因的抄写因素的行动的硬变肝残余的低 IL-6 层次的后果。

Effects of terlipressin versus splenectomy on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats: What we know so far?

To the editor:We read with great interest the article entitled "Comparative study of the effects of terlipressin versus splenectomy on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats" by Ulmer et al.[1].The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of terlipressin ver-

Expressed genes in regenerating rat liver after partial hepatectomy

AIM: To reveal the liver regeneration (LR) and its controlas well as the occurrence of liver disease and to study the gene expression profiles of 551 genes after partial hepatectomy (PH) in regenerating rat livers.METHODS: Five hundred and fifty-one expressed sequence tags screened by suppression subtractive hybridization were made into an in-house cDNA microarray, and the expressive genes and their expressive profiles in regenerating rat livers were analyzed by microarray and bioinformatics. RESULTS: Three hundred of the analyzed 551 genes were up- or downregulated more than twofolds at one or more time points during LR. Most of the genes were up- or downregulated 2-5 folds, but the highest reached 90 folds of the control. One hundred and thirty-nine of themshowed upregulation, 135 displayed downregulation, and up or down expression of 26 genes revealed a dependence on regenerating livers. The genes expressedin 24-h regenerating livers were much more than those in the others. Cluster analysis and generalization analysis showed that there were at least six distinct temporal patterns of gene expression in the regenerating livers, that is, genes were expressed in the immediate early phase, early phase, intermediate phase, early-late phase, late phase, terminal phase. CONCLUSION: In LR, the number of down-regulated genes was almost similar to that of the upregulated genes; the successively altered genes were more than the rapidly transient genes. The temporal patterns of gene expression were similar 2 and 4 h, 12 and 16 h, 48 and 96 h, 72 and 144 h after PH. Microarray combined with suppressive subtractive hybridization can effectively identify the genes related to LR.

Value of partial hepatectomy for the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a Meta-analysis study

Objective To discuss the value of partial hepatectomy in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma.Methods English articles related to hilar cholangiocarcinoma were screened from January 1,1990 to May 12,2019 in the Pub Med,MEDLINE,EMBASE,and Cochrane Library databases.Information on postoperative radical cure,survival,morbidity,and mortality after surgery were extracted from articles that met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis.Results Twenty-two articles that met the inclusion criteria were classified into 4 study groups: the hepatectomy radical cure group(19 articles),the hepatectomy survival group(16 articles),the hepatectomy morbidity group(9 articles),and the hepatectomy mortality group(17 articles).We found that the rate of radical cure after partial hepatectomy(odds ratio [OR] 0.32,95% confidence interval [CI] 0.20-0.51) and the survival rate(hazard ratio [HR] 0.67,95% CI 0.58-0.79) were significantly higher than after simple bile duct resection,but that morbidity(OR 1.99,95% CI 1.37-2.90) and mortality(OR 2.71,95% CI 1.47-4.98) in patients within the partial hepatectomy group were also higher than in the simple bile duct resection group,taking into account the significant heterogeneity in the articles pertaining to the hepatectomy radical cure group(I^2=68.3%,P=0.000),a sub-group analysis was subsequently conducted.Its results showed that when the branches of the secondary bile ducts were not involved during hilar cholangiocarcinoma,then a bile duct resection had a similar radical cure outcome as combined partial hepatectomy(OR 0.94,95% CI 0.54-1.65).Conclusion Partial hepatectomy can increase the proportion of radical cure in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma and extend the survival time after surgery.However,the morbidity and mortality after surgery are higher than those in simple bile duct resections.Therefore,simple bile duct resection is still a relevant and efficient tool in the treatment of Bismuth-Corlette Type Ⅰ and Ⅱ hilar cholangiocarcinomas.

Metabolomics Analysis of the Responses to Partial Hepatectomy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients

In this study, liquid chromatography/quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOFMS) was employed for investigating the metabolome of the sera collected from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients before and 3 to 5 months after partial hepatectomy. To investigate the changes in metabolic phenotypes after the hepatic resection, principal components analysis (PCA) and support vector machine (SVM) were performed for the data grouping and classification. Based on the obtained SVM model, mass spectrometry spectra, database searching as well as the confirmation from authentic standards, several differentiating metabolites were tentatively identified. To improve visualization, z-score plot and heat map display were performed, which exhibited the changes in concentration of the metabolites. As a result, depletion of circulating carnitine, reduced amino acid biosynthesis and increased rate of lipid peroxidation were observed. Meanwhile, up-regulation of hypoxanthine indicated that purine metabolism might serve as the salvage pathway. Collectively, the results reflected metabolic responses to surgical operation in HCC patients, suggesting perturbation of energy metabolism may occur in 3 to 5 months after the partial hepatectomy.

Overexpression of NK2 inhibits liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice

AIM: To investigate the in vivo effects of NK2 on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH). METHODS: Survival after PH was observed with 21 NK2 transgenic mice and 23 wild-type (WT) mice over 10 d. Liver regeneration was analyzed using histology and immunohistochemistry. Expressions of genes were analyzed using Northern blot analysis, immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. KaplanMeier method and the log-rank test were used for ahalyzing the survival after PH. Differences in the resultsof immunohistochemistry and percentage of liver regeneration was determined by the Student's t-test. RESULTS: More than half of NK2 transgenic mice died within 48 h after PH. After PH, increased deposition of small lipid droplets in hepatocytes was evident and hepatic proliferation was inhibited in NK2 transgenic mice. The hepatic expression and kinase activity of HGF receptor, c-Met, were unchanged among WT mice and NK2 transgenic mice after PH. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in liver tissues were prolonged in NK2 transgenic mice that died after PH.CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that overexpression of NK2 inhibits liver regeneration after PH.

Disrupted NF-κB activation after partial hepatectomy does not impair hepatocyte proliferation in rats

AIM: To analyze the effects of NF-κB inhibition by antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) or TNF inhibitor pentoxifylline (PTX) on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH). METHODS: Saline, PDTC or PTX were injected 1 h before PH and rats were killed at 0.5 and 24 h after PH. Several control groups were used for comparison (injection control groups). RESULTS: Compared to saline injected controls, NF-κB activation was absent 0.5 h after PH in rats treated with PDTC or PTX. At 24 h after PH, DNA synthesis and PCNA expression were identical in treated and control rats and thus occurred irrespectively of the status of NF-κB activation at 0.5 h. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) activation was observed already 0.5 h after PH in saline, PDTC or PTX group and was similar to Stat3 activation in response to injection without PH. CONCLUSION: These data strongly suggest that (1) NF-κB p65/p50 DNA binding produced in response to PH is not a signal necessary to initiate the liver regeneration, (2) Stat3 activation is a stress response unrelated to the activation of NF-κB. In conclusion, NF-κB activation is not critically required for the process of liver regeneration after PH.

Partial least square modeling of hydrolysis: analyzing the impacts of pH and acetate

pH and volatile fatty acids both might affect the further hydrolysis of particulate solid waste, which is the limiting-step of anaerobic digestion. To clarify the individual effects of pH and volatile fatty acids, batch experiments were conducted at fixed pH value （pH 5-9） with or without acetate （20 g/L）. The hydrolysis efficiencies of carbohydrate and protein were evaluated by carbon and nitrogen content of solids, amylase activity and proteinase activity. The trend of carbohydrate hydrolysis with pH was not affected by the addition of acetate, following the sequence ofpH 7〉pH 8〉pH 9〉pH 6〉pH 5; but the inhibition of acetate （20 g/L） was obvious by 10%-60 %. The evolution of residual nitrogen showed that the effect of pH on protein hydrolysis was minor, while the acetate was seriously inhibitory especially at alkali condition by 45%-100 %. The relationship between the factors （pH and acetate） and the response variables was evaluated by partial least square modeling （PLS）. The PLS analysis demonstrated that the hydrolysis of carbohydrate was both affected by pH and acetate, with pH the more important factor. Therefore, the inhibition by acetate on carbohydrate hydrolysis was mainly due to the corresponding decline of pH, but the presence of acetate species, while the acetate species was the absolutely important factor for the hydrolysis of protein.

Liver structural transformation after partial hepatectomy and repeated partial hepatectomy in rats: A renewed view on liver regeneration

BACKGROUND The phenomenon of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy(PH)is still a subject of considerable interest due to the increasing frequency of half liver transplantation on the one hand,and on the other hand,new surgical approaches which allow removal of massive space-occupying hepatic tumors,which earlier was considered as inoperable.Interestingly,the mechanisms of liver regeneration are extensively studied after PH but less attention is paid to the architectonics of the regenerated organ.Because of this,the question“How does the structure of regenerated liver differ from normal,regular liver?”has not been fully answered yet.Furthermore,almost without any attention is left the liver's structural transformation after repeated hepatectomy(of the re-regenereted liver).ATM To compare the architectonics of the lobules and circulatory bed of normal,regenerated and re-regenerated livers.METHODS The livers of 40 adult,male,albino Wistar rats were studied.14 rats were subjected to PH-the 1st study group(SG1);10 rats underwent repeated PH–the 2nd study group(SG2);16 rats were subjected to sham operation-control group(CG);The livers were studied after 9 months from PH,and after 6 months from repeated PH.Cytological(Schiff reaction for the determination of DNA concentration),histological(H&E,Masson trichrome,CK8 Immunohistochemical marker,transparent slides after Indian Ink injection,),morphometrical(hepatocytes areas,perimeters and ploidy)and Electron Microscopical(Scanning Electron Microscopy of corrosion casts)methods were used.RESULTS In the SG1 and SG2,the area of hepatocytes and their perimeter are increased compared to the CG(P<0.05).However,the areas and perimeters of the hepatocytes of the SG1 and SG2 groups reveal a lesser difference.In regenerated(SG1)and re-regenerated(SG2)livers,the hepatocytes form the remodeled lobules,which size(300-1200μm)exceeds the sizes of the lobules from CG(300-600μm).The remodeled lobules(especially the“mega-lobules”with the sizes 1000-1200μm)contain the transformed meshworks of the sinusoids,the part of which is dilated asymmetrically.This meshwork might have originated from the several portal venules(interlobular and/or inlet).The boundaries between the adjacent lobules(including mega-lobules)are widened and filled by connective tissue fibers,which gives the liver parenchyma a nodular look.In SG2 the unevenness of sinusoid diameters,as well as the boundaries between the lobules(including the mega-lobules)are more vividly expressed in comparison with SG1.The liver tissue of both SG1 and SG2 is featured by the slightly expressed ductular reaction.CONCLUSION Regenerated and re-regenerated livers in comparison with normal liver contain hypertrophied hepatocytes with increased ploidy which together with transformed sinusoidal and biliary meshworks form the remodeled lobulli.