Fabrication and sintering behavior of high-nitrogen nickel-free stainless steels by metal injection molding

High-nitrogen nickel-free stainless steels were fabricated by the metal injection molding technique using high nitrogen alloying powders and a mixture of three polymers as binders.Mixtures of metal powders and binders with various proportions were also investigated, and an optimum powder loading capacity was determined as 64vol%.Intact injection molded compacts were successfully obtained by regulating the processing parameters.The debinding process for molded compacts was optimized with a combination of thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry analysis.An optimum relative density and nitrogen content of the specimens are obtained at 1360℃,which are 97.8%and 0.79wt%,respectively.

Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Cemented Carbide

WC-Co nanocrystalline nitrogen-containing cemented carbides were prepared by vacuum sintering and low pressure sintering.The sintering processes of Cr_(2)(C,N)doped nano WC-Co powders were studied by using thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).The effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline cemented carbide was studied by scanning electron microscope(SEM),high resolution transmission electron microscope(HRTEM)and mechanical property test.The results showed that the nano WC grains began to grow in the solid phase sintering stage.A high-performance nano-nitrogen-containing cemented carbide with uniform microstructure and good interfacial bonding can be obtained by increasing the sintering temperature to 1380℃.It has a transverse rupture strength(TRS)of 5057 MPa and a hardness of 1956 HV30.

NO_x reduction in the sintering process

A new process, NOx reduction with recycling flue gas and modifying coke breeze, was proposed. The effects of modified coke breeze and recycled flue gas on NOx reduction were investigated by sinter pot tests. The results show that the NOx reduction rate is over 10wt% in the sintering of modified coke breeze, the effects of the additives on NOx reduction are： CeO2〉CaO〉K2CO3. The NOx reduction rate increases with the amount of recycled flue gas, and is 22.35wt% in the sintering with recycling 30vol% of the flue gas. When 30vol% of the flue gas is recycled into the sintering of CeO2, CaO, and K2CO3 modified coke breeze, the NOx reduction rates are 36.10wt%, 32.56wt%, and 32.17wt%, respectively.

NO_x reduction by coupling combustion with recycling flue gas in iron ore sintering process

A new process called＇NOx reduction by coupling combustion with recycling flue gas（RCCRF）＇was proposed to decrease NOx emission during the iron ore sintering process.The simulation test of NOx reduction was performed over sintered ore and in the process of coke combustion.Experimentally,NOx reduction was also carried out by sintering pot test.For sintered ore,the amount of NOx emission is reduced by 15wt%-25wt% at 400-550oC using 2.0vol% H2 or 2.0vol% CO,or reduced by 10wt%-30wt% at 560-720oC using 0.15vol% NH3.NOx reduction is around 10wt% by coupling combustion of pyrolysis gas and coke,or around 16wt% by recycling flue gas into coke combustion.By RCCRF,the maximum NOx reduction ratio is about 23wt% in coke combustion experiment and over 40wt% in sintering pot test.

Process control technology of low NO_x sintering based on coke pretreatment

Process control is an effective approach to reduce the NOx emission from sintering flue gas.The effects of different materials adhered on coke breeze on NOx emission characteristics and sintering performance were studied.Results showed that the coke breeze adhered with the mixture of CaO and Fe2O3 or calcium ferrite significantly lowers the NOx emission concentration and conversion ratio of fuel-N to NOx.Pretreating the coke with the mixture of lime slurry and iron ore fines helped to improve the granulation effect,and optimize the carbon distribution in granules.When the mass ratio of coke breeze,quick lime,water and iron ore fines was 2:1:1:1,the average NOx emission concentration was decreased from 220 mg/m3 to 166 mg/m3,and the conversion ratio of fuel-N was reduced from 54.2%to 40.9%.

Effects of Nitrogen Atmosphere on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti(C_(0.5)N_(0.5))-based Cermets

The traditional low-pressure sintering was optimized for the preparation of Ti(C_(0.5)N_(0.5))-WC-Mo_2 C-TaC-Co-Ni cermets. Nitrogen was introduced into sintering system during different stages and with different pressures. The morphology and mechanical properties of cermets were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and measurements of transverse rupture strength(TRS), Vickers-hardness(HV) and fracture toughness(K_(IC)). The degree of denitrification is directly related to the amount of η phase. When nitrogen is introduced into the sintering system, the amount of observed η phase decreases. When nitrogen is introduced during solid-state sintering with appropriate pressure, the core-rim structure is well developed. And TRS and hardness get enhanced while toughness tends to be deteriorated with the nitrogen pressure increasing. When nitrogen is introduced after the sintering temperature reaches 1 350 ℃ or at higher pressures, the volume fraction of η phase increases. Sintered with a nitrogen pressure of 1.0 kPa during 1 200-1 350 ℃, the bulk materials possess enhanced mechanical properties, in which the TRS, HV, and K_(IC) are 1 966 MPa, 1 583 MPa, and 9.08 MPa·m^(1/2), respectively.

Effect of nitrogen introduction methods on the microstructure and properties of gradient cemented carbides

Gradient cemented carbides with the surface depleted in cubic phases were prepared following normal powder metallurgical pro-cedures.Gradient zone formation and the influence of nitrogen introduction methods on the microstructure and performance of the alloys were investigated.The results show that the simple one-step vacuum sintering technique is doable for producing gradient cemented carbides.Gradient structure formation is attributed to the gradient in nitrogen activity during sintering,but is independent from nitrogen introduced methods.A uniform carbon distribution is found throughout the materials.Moreover,the transverse rupture strength of the cemented carbides can be increased by a gradient layer.Different nitrogen carriers give the alloys distinguishing microstructure and mechanical properties,and a gradient alloy with ultrafine-TiC0.5N0.5 is found optimal.

Variation in pore distribution along sample length in sintered 7xxx aluminum alloy

An experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical study of the sintering of an Al?7Zn?2.5Mg?1Cu alloy in flowing nitrogen was presented. Three rectangular bars with dimensions of 56 mm × 10 mm × 4.5 mm each, equally spaced 2 or 10 mm apart, were sintered in one batch at 620 °C for 40 min in a tube furnace. The pore distribution in the selected cross section of sintered samples was found to be dependent on the sample separation distance and the distance from the cross section examined to the sample end. A three-dimensional (3D) CFD model was developed to investigate the nitrogen gas behavior near each sintering surface of the three samples during isothermal sintering. The variation in porosity in the cross section of each sintered sample along sample length was found to be closely related to the nitrogen gas flow field near the sintering surfaces.

烧结气压对氮化硅陶瓷力学性能的影响

在氮化硅陶瓷气压烧结制备过程中,除烧结加热制度外,氮气压力对其性能影响也很大,为了制备出性能更为优异的氮化硅陶瓷,本文采用气压烧结法在不同压力下制备氮化硅陶瓷材料,研究氮气压力对氮化硅陶瓷材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:当氮气压力达到4 MPa左右时,获得的氮化硅陶瓷材料综合性能最佳,α相几乎全部转变为β相,β-Si_(3)N_(4)晶粒长径比约为5.5,相对密度约为97.9%,抗弯强度约为(671.83±30.00)MPa、维氏硬度(HV)约为1670.25±50.00、断裂韧性约为(7.83±0.3.0)MPa·m1/2;通过分析氮化硅陶瓷材料腐蚀面和压痕裂纹的微观结构,发现适当的氮气压力能促使裂纹在扩展路径上更易发生偏转、分叉等增韧机制,消耗裂纹扩散能量,从而提高氮化硅陶瓷材料的断裂韧性,本研究对氮化硅陶瓷材料的增韧具有一定的指导意义。

Development of calcium stabilized nitrogen rich α-sialon ceramics along the Si_(3)N_(4):1/2Ca_(3)N_(2):3AlN line using spark plasma sintering

Calcium stabilized nitrogen rich sialon ceramics having a general formula of Ca_(x)Si_(12-2x)Al_(2x)N_(16) with x value(x is the solubility of cation Ca in α-sialon structure)in the range of 0.2-2.2 for compositions lying along the Si_(3)N_(4):1/2Ca_(3)N_(2):3AlN line were synthesized using nano/submicron size starting powder precursors and spark plasma sintering(SPS)technique.The development of calcium stabilized nitrogen rich sialon ceramics at a significantly low sintering temperature of 1500℃(typically reported a temperature of 1700℃ or greater)remains to be the highlight of the present study.The SPS processed sialons were characterized for their microstructure,phase and compositional analysis,and physical and mechanical properties.Furthermore,a correlation was developed between the lattice parameters and the content(x)of the alkaline metal cation in the α-sialon phase.Well-densified single-phase nitrogen rich α-sialon ceramics were achieved in the range of 0.53(3)≤x≤1.27(3).A nitrogen richα-sialon sample possessing a maximum hardness of 22.4 GPa and fracture toughness of 6.1 MPa·m^(1/2) was developed.

N_(2)分压烧结时间对超细晶粒Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷组织和力学性能的影响

针对真空烧结制备超细晶粒Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷时,烧结体的易脱氮和N的分解问题,通过在液相保温阶段1450℃通入130 Pa氮气,采用分压烧结制备了超细晶粒Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷,研究了氮气分压烧结时间对金属陶瓷显微组织和力学性能的影响。实验结果表明,氮气分压烧结能提升试样内部组织均匀性。在氮气氛的影响下,试样最外层会形成富Ni层,材料的近表层形成TiN层。分压刚开始,试样最外层只有富Ni层,随分压时间的增加,近表层组织中黑芯相在氮气氛影响下发生溶解,黑芯相尺寸减小,环形相尺寸增加,直至黑芯相逐渐消失,形成富Ti的(Ti,W)(C,N)固溶体,固溶体通过合并长大的方式形成固溶体层,随分压时间增加,富钛的固溶体与N反应在试样近表层形成TiN层。分压烧结时间达40 min时试样的综合力学性能最佳,其抗弯强度增加了20%,达到2350 MPa;维氏硬度增加了13.9%,达到1635HV30;断裂韧性提升不明显。

添加MgO对铁铝尖晶石合成和烧结的影响

以氧化铁粉、α-Al2O3粉、石墨粉为主要原料,分别外加质量分数为0、2%、5%和8%的氧化镁粉,以亚硫酸纸浆废液为结合剂混练均匀后,压制成型为50 mm×50 mm的试样,于100℃干燥24 h,在氮气气氛中分别于1 400、1 450、1 500和1 550℃保温4 h煅烧,然后检测烧后试样的体积密度,并分析其物相组成和显微结构。结果表明:在氮气气氛下,添加氧化镁粉可明显降低铁铝尖晶石的合成温度,并促进铁铝尖晶石的烧结;在1 450℃,Fe2O3与α-Al2O3可完全反应生成铁铝尖晶石;氧化镁粉的适宜外加量(质量分数)为5%,过多会生成难被还原的MgFe2O4尖晶石相。

Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷功能梯度材料的制备

介绍了Ti(C ,N)基金属陶瓷功能梯度材料的主要制备技术 ,即真空烧结后表面氮化处理和直接在N2 气氛中烧结 ;对两种技术所制得的金属陶瓷的成分分布、表层及过渡层的组织和性能特点进行了总结 ;并结合热力学计算结果 ,论述了其显微组织的形成机理 ;

粉末锻造制备含氮奥氏体不锈钢

介绍粉末包套烧结—自由锻造法制备含氮钢的过程。它包括含氮粉末准备→装粉→烧结→包套焊封→自由锻造等技术措施。本工艺比较简单 ,易于操作 ,对相应设备要求低。通过本技术制备的含氮奥氏体不锈钢材料相对密度达 99%以上 ,且氮含量能满足含氮钢要求 ,其拉伸性能与粉末注射成形、高压熔炼等工艺制得的含氮奥氏体材料相当。

钢铁烧结烟气多污染物排放及协同控制概述

统计分析了数十台钢铁烧结烟气多污染物排放特征。结果表明,经电除尘器和布袋除尘器处理后,满足粉尘出口浓度≤50 mg/m3的分别占75%和100%。SO2排放浓度≤4 000 mg/m3的占92%,要求装置的脱硫效率〉95%;〉4 000 mg/m3的占8%,要求装置的脱硫效率〉97%。NOx排放浓度〉300 mg/m3的占16%,需装置脱硝效率〉50%以满足排放标准。二英排放浓度为1~5 ng-TEQ/m3,需效率〉80%的专门脱除装置或〉50%的协同脱除装置。概述了钢铁烧结烟气4种多污染物协同控制技术路线,并论述了4种路线的技术和经济特点,技术路线一和技术路线二分别将湿法和半干法脱硫装置与除尘和喷吹活性炭结合脱除粉尘、SO2和二英,技术路线三活性炭法及技术路线四将SCR法与除尘和脱硫装置结合,协同脱除粉尘、SO2、NOx和二英等。

表层富立方相功能梯度硬质合金的烧结工艺

本文对表层富立方相功能梯度硬质合金的三套烧结工艺进行了分析和对比。结果表明:烧结工艺的主要影响因素包括烧结温度、烧结时间及充气方式。在满足梯度层组织结构要求的前提下,应尽量降低烧结温度、缩短烧结时间,以防止晶粒粗化。气体在液相出现后充入,可加快反应速率且有利于消除孔隙。所制备的样品表面均生成了梯度层,其主要成分为富含Ti元素的立方相组织。根据分析结果,笔者对烧结工艺进行了重新设计。在液相温度进行气氛烧结后,控制降温曲线,在固相阶段进行保温烧结,以进一步增加梯度层厚度,同时对梯度层进行均匀化处理,消除内应力。

高氮不锈钢粉末冶金制备技术的研究进展

高氮不锈钢作为一种重要新型工程材料,具有优异的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能,受到国内外广泛重视。介绍了粉末冶金制备高氮不锈钢的原理和特点;论述了高氮不锈钢粉末的制备与成形技术;指出了利用粉末冶金制备高氮不锈钢所具有的技术优势,其中注射成形——氮化烧结工艺更具发展潜力。

添加TiO_2对铁铝尖晶石合成和烧结的影响

以氧化铁粉、α-Al2O3粉、石墨为主要原料,分别外加质量分数为0、2%、5%和8%的钛白粉,以亚硫酸纸浆废液为结合剂混练均匀后,压制成型为50 mm×50 mm的试样,于100℃干燥24 h,在氮气气氛中分别于1400、1450、1500和1550℃保温4 h煅烧,然后检测烧后试样的体积密度,并分析其物相组成和显微结构。结果表明:在氮气气氛下,TiO2的引入能降低铁铝尖晶石的合成温度,1450℃煅烧后铁源几乎完全转化为铁铝尖晶石;TiO2的引入能明显促进铁铝尖晶石的烧结,引入2%质量分数的钛白粉的试样体积密度最高,物相组成最好;引入多于2%质量分数的钛白粉的试样中有一定量的Fe2TiO5-Al2TiO5固溶相生成,试样体积密度下降,而且随着温度升高,Ti4+更容易被还原而抑制Fe3+还原,从而阻碍铁铝尖晶石的合成。

烧结加湿燃烧对NOx排放影响的研究

为了减少烧结过程中NOx排放,研究了燃料工艺参数与烧结加湿燃烧对NOx排放的影响。结果表明,烧结烟气中NOx主要由燃料带入,燃料氮元素含量决定了烟气中NOx浓度高低,燃料配比从6%降至4%,NOx浓度平均值从424 mg/m^3降至339 mg/m^3;燃料中碳元素能促进NOx还原反应,同时提供更多热量,促进铁酸钙生成,缩短烧结时间。相对常规烧结,加湿燃烧烧结可以增强料层还原性气氛,增强NO异相还原反应,降低NOx浓度;并提高燃料完全燃烧程度,加快垂直烧结速度,提升烧结矿成品率与转鼓指数;在蒸汽流量0.024 kg/min的工况下进行烧结加湿燃烧,NOx浓度平均值从357 mg/m^3降至338 mg/m^3,转鼓指数提高约1个百分点。

烧结烟气中NO_(x)和二英的减排现状及发展趋势

烧结工序是钢铁工业生产链的重要环节,同时也是大气中二氧化硫(SO_(2))、氮氧化物(NO_(x))和二英的主要排放源。随着烧结烟气脱硫技术日趋成熟,氮氧化物和二英的减排成为烟气污染物减排的重中之重。本文介绍了钢铁工业烧结烟气超低排放的新法规和相关标准,并从源头控制、过程减排和末端治理三个方面综述了国内外关于烧结烟气中NO_(x)和二英减排的最新研究进展及相关技术工业应用现状,提出了采用全流程多技术耦合方式是实现烧结烟气多污染物低成本减排的发展方向。结合钢铁工业“碳减排”新发展要求,指出烧结烟气低温脱硝/二英催化剂的研究挑战,并对其抗水、抗硫性能提升研究进行了展望。