Dynamic soil arching in piled embankment under train load of high-speed railways

Piled embankments have many advantages that have been applied in high-speed railway construction engineering.However,the load transfer mechanism of piled embankments,such as soil arching and tension membranes,is still unclear,especially under dynamic loads.To investigate the soil arching and tension membrane under dynamic train loads on high-speed railways,a large-scale piled embankment model test with X-shaped piles as vertical reinforcement was performed,in which twenty-eight earth pressure cells were installed in the piled embankment and an M-shaped wave was adopted to simulate the high-speed railway train load.The results show that dynamic soil arching only occurs when two bogies of a carriage pass by and disappears at other times.The dynamic soil arching and membrane effect are the most significant under the concrete base.The arching height,stress concentration ratio and pile-soil load sharing ratio have a minimal value at 25 Hz.The dynamic soil arching degrades severely at 25 Hz,whose height at 25 Hz is only 0.35 times that at 5 Hz.The arching height fluctuates over a narrow range with increasing loading amplitude.The stress concentration ratio and the pile-soil load sharing ratio increase monotonically as the loading amplitude increases.

Pile-soil stress ratio in bidirectionally reinforced composite ground by considering soil arching effect

To discuss the soil arching effect on the load transferring model and sharing ratios by the piles and inter-pile subsoil in the bidirectionally reinforced composite ground, the forming mechanism, mechanical behavior and its effect factors were discussed in detail. Then, the unified strength theory was introduced to set up the elastoplastic equilibrium differential equation of the subsoil under the limit equilibrium state. And from the equation, the solutions were derived with the corresponding formulas presented to calculate the earth pressure over and beneath the horizontal reinforced cushion or pillow, the stress of inter-pile subsoil and the pile-soil stress ratio. Based on the obtained solutions and measured data from an engineering project, the influence rules by the soil property parameters (i.e., the cohesion c and internal friction angle φ) and pile spacing on the pile-soil stress ratio n were discussed respectively. The results show that to improve the load sharing ratio by the piles, the more effective means for filling materials with a larger value of φ is to increase the ratio of pile cap size to spacing, while to reduce the pile spacing properly and increase the value of cohesion c is advisable for those filling materials with a smaller value of φ.

Analysis of Soil arching effect for Blind sheet-pile wharf based on ABAQUS

Combined with practical engineering, based on the introduction of soil arching theory, we explore the impact of barrier piles in blind sheet-pile bank connecting structure. Besides, we build a plane strain model by ABAQUS sot＇cware to study the impact of cross section type, the pile spacing and soil properties on soil arching effect. We find that cross section type of the pile has a certain influence on soil stress distribution in front of the barrier piles by comparing circular cross section and rectangular cross section. We also find that clear distance between the barrier piles and cohesive force of the soil have a great influence on that impact. We can increase clear distance between the barrier piles appropriately to improve the efficiency of construction and reduce the proiect cost.

Improved method for determining active earth pressure considering arching effect and actual slip surface

To determine the distribution of active earth pressure on retaining walls, a series of model tests with the horizontally translating rigid walls are designed. Particle image velocimetry is used to study the movement and shear strain during the active failure of soil with height H and friction angle φ. The test results show that there are 3 stages of soil deformation under retaining wall translation: the initial stage, the expansion stage and the stability stage. The stable sliding surface in the model tests can be considered to be composed of two parts. Within the height range of 0.82 H-1.0 H, it is a plane at an angle of π/4+φ/2 to the horizontal plane. In the height range of 0-0.82 H, it is a curve between a logarithmic spiral and a plane at an angle of π/4+φ/2 to the horizontal. A new method applicable to any sliding surface is proposed for active earth pressure with the consideration of arching effect. The active earth pressure is computed with the actual shape of the slip surface and compared with model test data and with predictions obtained by existing methods. The comparison shows that predictions from the newly proposed method are more consistent with the measured data than the predictions from the other methods.

Analytical model of vertical load acting on jacked pipe considering soil arching effect in cohesionless soil

For the project of pipe jacking in cohesionless soil,it is key to determine the vertical load on jacked pipe so as to predict the jacking force accurately.In this paper,a new parabolic soil arching model was proposed to calculate the vertical load on jacked pipe.This proposed analytical model was composed of parabolic soil arching zone,parabola-typed collapse zone and friction arch zone.Combined with existing literature,the key parameters(i.e.,height of parabolic soil arching,horizontal pressure coefficient and width and height of friction arch)were determined.In addition,considering that the trajectory of major stress is parabola,the formula of horizontal pressure coefficient was deduced in the friction arch.The parabolic soil arching zone is assumed as a three-hinged arch with reasonable arch axis,and the formula of load transfer was derived considering the transition effect of parabolic soil arching.The results of experiment,theoretical models and numerical model were adopted to verify the proposed analytical model.Finally,the influence of the key parameters on the vertical load on jacked pipe were also discussed in detail.This work provides a meaningful reference for evaluating the vertical load on jacked pipe for design of pipe jacking.

Influence of cutterhead opening ratio on soil arching effect and face stability during tunnelling through non-uniform soils

Tunnelling has increasingly become an essential tool in the exploration of underground space.A typical construction problem is the face instability during tunnelling,posing a great threat to associated infrastructures.Tunnel face instability often occurs with the soil arching collapse.This study investigates the combined effect of cutterhead opening ratio and soil non-uniformity on soil arching effect and face stability,via conducting random finite-element analysis coupled with Monte–Carlo simulations.The results underscore that the face stability is strongly associated with the evolution of stress arch.The obtained stability factors in the uniform soils can serve as a reference for the design of support pressure in practical tunnelling engineering.In addition,non-uniform soils exhibit a lower stability factor than uniform soils,which implies that the latter likely yields an underestimated probability of face failure.The tunnel face is found to have a probability of failure more than 50%if the spatial non-uniformity of soil is ignored.In the end,a practical framework is established to determine factor of safety(FOS)corresponding to different levels of probability of face failure considering various opening ratios in non-uniform soils.The required FOS is 1.70 to limit the probability of face instability no more than 0.1%.Our findings can facilitate the prediction of probability of instability in the conventionally deterministic design of face pressure.

Effect of seepage on soil arching effect in deep shield tunnel

Shield tunneling and post-tunneling steady seepage are accompanied by stress and displacement variations,which could induce and influence the soil arching effect.Although there are many studies on the tunneling-induced soil arching effect,the research about the effect of seepage on soil arching effect is extremely lacking.In this study,a numerical model is firstly established and verified by field data.Then,a series of numerical models,whose simulation method of steady seepage is verified by adopting the conformal mapping technique,are established to study the soil arching evolution of deep-buried tunneling and post-construction steady seepage.The results indicate that seepage leads to an increase in effective vertical stress,which is consistent with the existing theory.The seepage weakens the soil arching effect resulting in the height of the arch zone reducing from 2.38D(D is the tunnel diameter)to 1.25D.The seepage leads to the further development of ground consolidation settlement,but the differential displacement in the soil mass decreases.The ground reaction curve in the steady seepage condition shows a bigger value than that after excavation.It is reasonable to control the ground loss ratio in the range of 0.5–1.0%,which can minimize overburden pressure with moderate ground deformation.

深覆土梯形拱明洞静力特性及卸荷效果

为研究深覆土条件下梯形拱结构–填土相互作用对周围土压力的影响机制和卸荷机理,明确梯形拱明洞相较于传统矩形明洞的优势,采用室内模型试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,对深覆土梯形拱明洞静力特性及卸荷效果进行分析。结果表明:无减载时,梯形拱明洞两侧回填土沉降大于上方回填土沉降,两侧回填土土压力向明洞上方转移,土压力随着填土高度的增大而增大,基本呈线性变化趋势;减载时,明洞上方回填土沉降大于两侧回填土沉降,回填土内部产生土拱效应,明洞上方回填土土压力向两侧转移,铺设减载层不会改变深覆土明洞结构受力分布,但会极大地减小其内力及变形,并提高结构安全系数;减载后,梯形拱明洞的最大轴力、最大正弯矩和最大负弯矩分别减少17.5%、34.1%、29.9%,最大变形减小32.9%。矩形和梯形两种截面形式下明洞的最大轴力均出现在中隔墙底部,最大正弯矩、最小安全系数和最大变形均出现在顶板中央位置;铺设减载层后两种截面形式拱明洞最小安全系数分别增大42.6%和100.0%,梯形拱明洞安全系数提高的比例更大,效果更显著。该研究可为深覆土梯形拱明洞结构的设计和施工提供理论指导和技术支持。

双层地下连续墙土压力的现场实测研究

南京某超深基坑工程采用异形围护结构双层地下连续墙进行施工,双墙间土体处于非极限平衡状态,土压力分布演变形式及墙土间相互作用机制并不明确。为探明深基坑开挖施工引起的双墙间有限土体的土压力变化规律及墙外侧土拱效应对土压力分布的影响,采用现场实测分析结合物理模型计算的方法开展研究。首先,通过现场试验在土层中布设土压力监测点,获取基坑开挖过程中墙间土压力演变规律;其后,建立考虑土体分层的曲面锥形土拱模型,计算侧土拱发展引起的墙外土压力变化量,并结合试验数据的参数反演和误差分析对模型计算结果的准确性展开讨论。研究结果表明:基坑开挖施工对双墙间土体的影响总体呈现为挤压变形,有限土体受到的侧向约束作用有助于进一步发挥土体的抗剪强度;基坑开挖各工序中土方开挖过程对地层扰动最为显著;侧土拱效应进一步增大了浅层土体挡土墙侧土压力,而中深层土体中几乎没有侧土拱发展;考虑侧土拱效应的土压力计算结果较传统水土分算的Coulomb理论计算方法与现场实测结果更加吻合。本研究可为异型围护结构的深基坑工程设计及施工提供思路与建议。

考虑拱效应的复合地层盾构隧道开挖失稳分析

根据盾构隧道开挖面的特点,考虑不同地层、不同隧道埋深条件下土体成拱效应,基于Paik圆弧拱理论建立失稳土体三维极限平衡理论分析模型。将经典三维楔形体模型改进为垂直面水平面均考虑拱效应的失稳土体三维模型,模拟盾构隧道开挖时前方土体的影响范围和影响大小,将上覆土压力计算方法扩展为三维形式,并采用土体条分法给出失稳土体极限平衡公式。最后利用MATLAB编程将模型计算结果与离心试验及其他理论模型进行了对比验证。结果表明:本文力学模型结果与离心试验结论更接近,可更准确地应用于开挖面最小支护压力参数的确定。

桩承式加筋垫层路堤荷载分担改进计算模型

桩承式加筋垫层路堤中的关键荷载传递机制是多种现象的组合,包括路堤填土中的土拱效应、加筋垫层的张拉膜效应和地基土的支撑作用,然而,目前针对此方面的研究尚不完善。本文首先以考虑土体被动土压力发挥程度及桩间土应力非均匀分布改进的Hewlett土拱模型为改进载体;其次,假定加筋垫层为上、下部受均布荷载作用的简支梁,截面拉应力完全由加筋体承担,压应力完全由垫层材料承担,同时考虑地基土反力与梁最大挠度相关,引入地基反应系数,从而建立改进的桩承式加筋垫层路堤荷载分担计算模型;最后,通过工程实例与模型参数分析,验证本文计算模型的可靠性与准确性。研究结果表明:在路堤填筑过程中,土拱效应逐渐完全发挥,促进路堤荷载向桩体转移;随着地基土固结,桩体承担的路堤荷载也在逐渐增大;路堤填土高度、填土内摩擦角、桩间距对桩体荷载分担影响较大,加筋体抗拉模量对其影响较小。

砂土边坡桩间水平土拱机理与演变规律离散元分析

抗滑桩等非连续支挡结构在边坡工程中依靠土拱效应安全经济地发挥支护功能。鉴于不同类型砂土的力学性质差异较大,为揭示密砂与松砂土质边坡抗滑桩桩间水平土拱机理与演变规律,采用离散元方法(DEM)模拟支挡砂土水平土拱的成拱过程。在传统力链分析的基础上,提出通过筛选高应力颗粒来研究土拱的形成过程,进一步从细观角度对不同工况土拱效应进行分析,以揭示“应力拱”和“位移拱”的演化过程。研究表明:密砂和松砂中的水平土拱的动态演变过程均表现为3个演化阶段,分别对应于密砂和松砂的剪切性状,即应变软化和应变硬化现象,揭示了砂土边坡桩间土拱效应的演变规律。此外,讨论了宏-微观DEM模拟参数对土拱形成过程与土拱效应性能的影响,结果表明拱跨对于荷载传递效率的影响最大。

基于离散元模拟的不同挡土墙位移模式下非极限主动土压力

针对刚性挡土墙主动位移过程中砂土非极限主动土压力问题,利用PFC 2D分别对挡土墙绕墙顶转动(RB)模式、绕墙顶转动(RT)模式和平动(T)模式下砂土主动破坏过程进行模拟分析。分析结果表明,不同位移模式下土体内摩擦角及墙土摩擦角调动规律存在差异。挡土墙主动位移过程中,RB模式下土体破坏从墙顶开始,向墙脚发展,土楔体内部只有靠近墙背侧区域出现主应力偏转现象,并且土楔体中内摩擦角调动值均能达到极限值。RT模式下,土体破坏沿着墙背和滑裂面从墙脚开始,向土体表面发展,墙后土楔体中上部区域主应力偏转角度较大,形成了大主应力拱,与此对应的是该区域内摩擦角调动值相对初始内摩擦角减小。T模式下,土体破坏分别沿着墙背从墙顶向墙脚发展以及沿着滑裂面从墙脚向土体表面发展,墙后土楔体内部会出现小主应力拱,且内摩擦角调动值从初始内摩擦角增加,但达不到极限值。

基于倾斜滑裂面假设的浅埋盾构隧道松动土压力研究

随着地铁建设的快速发展,隧道上方松动土压力的计算成了隧道工程领域的研究热点,而隧道松动区的确定对松动土压力的计算至关重要。为简便而准确地确定松动区的范围,首先假设松动区的边界为倾斜直线,然后基于Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则并考虑隧道尺寸、埋深等因素的影响推导滑裂角计算式,进而确定隧道周围地层的松动区范围。最后结合松动区土体主应力轴旋转理论以及倾斜滑裂面的假设,推导出滑裂面上的侧压力系数以及隧道松动土压力的计算式。结果表明:滑裂角随土体内摩擦角的增大而增大,随隧道埋深比的增大先减小然后趋于稳定;大主应力轨迹线为圆弧时计算更为简便、更易推广,可采用圆弧形大主应力轨迹的假设计算隧道松动土压力;松动土压力计算式所得结果和实际的试验结果吻合较好,因此该计算式可应用于砂土地质条件下浅埋盾构隧道上方的松动土压力计算。

Soil-structure interaction of unsymmetrical trench installation culvert

The computation of the design load on culverts in the current Chinese General Code for Design of Highway Bridges and Culverts （CGCDHBC）is primarily based on the linear earth pressure theory, which cannot accurately reflect the changes in vertical loads on trench installation culverts. So the changes in vertical earth pressure and soil arching effect in the backfill for an unsymmetrical trench installation culvert are studied based on a full scale experiment and finite element （FE） simulation. The variation laws of foundation pressure and settlement are also analyzed. Meanwhile, the influence of eccentric load induced by an unsymmetrical trench installation on the interaction of a soil- structure system is discussed. Results show that soil arch is formed when the backfill on the culvert reaches a certain height. It can relieve the earth pressure concentration on the crest of the culvert, but it is instable. The earth pressures obtained by full scale experiment and numerical simulation are greater than those calculated by the current CGCDHBC method. The eccentric load effect on the culvert has a significant influence on the stress states and deformation of the soil-structure system.

考虑土拱效应的超大断面隧道上覆土影响因素分析

超大断面隧道上覆荷载是隧道支护结构设计的关键参数。依托某超大断面隧道工程,建立数值模型分析不同覆土厚度与洞径之比下土层黏聚力、内摩擦角和剪胀角对隧道上覆土竖向应力的影响。结果表明:随着覆土厚度与洞径之比增加,土拱效应逐渐显现;各地层参数对隧道上覆土竖向应力的影响程度由大到小依次为内摩擦角、黏聚力、剪胀角。

考虑土拱效应的多层土体墙后主动土压力模式研究

土拱效应已经被广泛证明存在于岩土工程中,然而关于土拱效应的土压力研究目前常局限于单层土体,对于多层土体墙后主动土压力的分布规律尚不清楚。基于土拱效应理论,提出了多层土体挡土墙后非线性主动土压力求解公式,并通过两种典型地层研究了土体内摩擦角和墙土摩擦角对主动土压力分布规律的影响。结果表明:所提出的计算公式能够很好地描述多层土体墙后主动土压力分布规律,计算结果与数值模拟结果基本一致;当上、下土层参数一致时,该公式可以退化成单一土层土压力计算模型;当墙土摩擦角充分发挥时,上层土体墙后土压力受土体内摩擦角影响明显,而当墙土摩擦角部分发挥时,下层土体墙后土压力受墙土摩擦角影响更大。

L型抗滑桩加固土坡特性的离心模型试验与有限元模拟研究

L型抗滑桩在传统等截面抗滑桩的基础上加入横段,有效提高桩的稳定性和加固边坡效果。本文采用离心模型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了L型抗滑桩加固土坡的变形特征与桩土相互作用。基于离心模型试验得到了L型抗滑桩加固土坡的位移场,并采用有限元软件对离心模型试验过程进行了数值模拟,数值与试验结果得出的土坡荷载位移曲线吻合程度较高,水平位移分布趋势基本一致。模拟结果表明,L型抗滑桩的加固效果明显优于传统等截面抗滑桩,土坡位移减小约25%,桩转角减小约70%。通过对比、融合离心模型试验观测与数值模拟结果,分析了L型抗滑桩对土坡的加固效果及桩-土相互作用。横段上下侧的土压力分布相差很大,差距最大时上侧土压力仅为下侧土压力的20%左右。L型抗滑桩横段与土的摩擦力分布存在极小值,竖直段抗滑桩可以改变土坡位移场,使得内侧位移分布存在极大值。坡体受力变形分析结果表明,抗滑桩导致土坡出现土拱效应,L型抗滑桩的横段会进一步增强土拱效应,形成应力重分布,使横段所受土压力增大,提高抗滑桩的稳定性。

内河航道板桩-浆砌块石结构共同护岸机理研究

在内河高等级航道建设中,新建板桩-原有浆砌块石共同护岸成为一种新型的护岸结构。通过对该护岸结构的离心模型试验研究,分析了板桩与原有结构之间无连接(J1)、刚性连接(J2)时,原有护岸结构位移、板桩桩侧土压力及桩身弯矩。试验结果表明,刚性连接时,原有结构后倾、下沉位移远小于无连接情况,板桩稳定性大幅度提升;开挖过程中J1,J2条件下板桩除了产生平移位移、还有转动位移,J1以转动为主,J2以平移为主;受U型板桩形状影响,开挖过程中板桩两侧土体形成土拱,同一深度不同位置板桩土压力有较大区别,土压力变化也有较大差异;开挖过程中,J2条件下桩身范围内土压力变化较一致,J1条件下随桩身深度增加,桩侧土压力变化幅度增加;J1条件下最大弯矩位于桩身下部、J2条件下位于桩身上部,且J2最大弯矩大于J1最大弯矩。

桩网结构路基动静承载性状分析

为研究桩网结构路基在静动荷载作用下的承载性状,采用有限元分析方法对桩网结构路基在静动两种荷载下的承载特性、荷载传递机理、土拱形成及发展规律进行了数值计算。通过分析静动两种工况下桩土应力、桩周土压力分布、桩土应力比及土拱效应,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:静载作用下基桩轴向应力约为400 kPa,最大土压力出现在路基中部,且沿路基横向向外逐渐减小;动载作用下沿路基横向布置的桩体的动应力在埋深方向呈先增大后减小趋势,其竖向应力最大值约为静载下的160%;动载下路基内部土拱效应较静载有大幅削弱,其中削弱最大的为四桩中心处的空间土拱效应,其桩土应力比约为静载的29.3%。