The author estimated and analyzed China's urban and rural economically active,employed and unemployed populations as well as the labor-force participation ratio and employment and unemployment rates from 2000-2008...The author estimated and analyzed China's urban and rural economically active,employed and unemployed populations as well as the labor-force participation ratio and employment and unemployment rates from 2000-2008 by referring to population census data and establishing estimation models in this paper.The research results indicate changing trends in China's urban and rural economically active population from 2000-2008.展开更多
The relationship between participation and gender is rather more fraught with tensions and contradictions.These points of tension between participatory and“gender aware”approaches to development arise from-and produ...The relationship between participation and gender is rather more fraught with tensions and contradictions.These points of tension between participatory and“gender aware”approaches to development arise from-and produce rather different ways of engaging with issues of gendered power.This paper aims to list the dimensions of“participation”and“gender”in development,highlighting paradoxes of“gender-aware”and participatory development interventions.From that part it raises a question,despite the continuous efforts that have been exerted in the past and up to present to minimize the gap of gender inequality,coupled with the fact that the percentage of females to males in the workplace is increasing rapidly;yet the sam problems exist,in particular,the lack of employment opportunities and rights.Thus,raising issues such as is gender awareness necessary and sufficient for effective participation of women in gender and development practices?And what are the requirements for this effective participation?Does the effective participation of women overcome gender differences?展开更多
It is of crucial importance for professional women to strike a balance between childcare and work.Help from family can effectively reduce women's time spent on childcare.Based on relevant survey,this paper success...It is of crucial importance for professional women to strike a balance between childcare and work.Help from family can effectively reduce women's time spent on childcare.Based on relevant survey,this paper successively analyzes the time of mother,father and grandparents invested in childcare and explores how women are supported by their family in this duty.Infant and childcare can be as time-consuming as a full-time job.Mothers have always played a primary role in infant and childcare,while grandparents,offering a helping hand to effectively alleviate the mother's workload,can play an alternative role,which is of great significance.This is particularly true in early childhood,when more than 40% of Chinese children are under the care of grandparents,with relatively limited participation of their fathers.Childcare gap between mothers and fathers is even larger in rural China.It is quite common for a family to turn to nursery services when their child are three years old to significantly alleviate the mother's childcare burden.When it comes to the design of relevant public policies and projects,consideration should be given to the role of each family member in taking care of infants and children in different growth stages to explore more options for childcare.More specifically,in addition to motherhood,grandparents' support should be valued,and fatherhood should be enhanced.展开更多
文摘The author estimated and analyzed China's urban and rural economically active,employed and unemployed populations as well as the labor-force participation ratio and employment and unemployment rates from 2000-2008 by referring to population census data and establishing estimation models in this paper.The research results indicate changing trends in China's urban and rural economically active population from 2000-2008.
文摘The relationship between participation and gender is rather more fraught with tensions and contradictions.These points of tension between participatory and“gender aware”approaches to development arise from-and produce rather different ways of engaging with issues of gendered power.This paper aims to list the dimensions of“participation”and“gender”in development,highlighting paradoxes of“gender-aware”and participatory development interventions.From that part it raises a question,despite the continuous efforts that have been exerted in the past and up to present to minimize the gap of gender inequality,coupled with the fact that the percentage of females to males in the workplace is increasing rapidly;yet the sam problems exist,in particular,the lack of employment opportunities and rights.Thus,raising issues such as is gender awareness necessary and sufficient for effective participation of women in gender and development practices?And what are the requirements for this effective participation?Does the effective participation of women overcome gender differences?
文摘It is of crucial importance for professional women to strike a balance between childcare and work.Help from family can effectively reduce women's time spent on childcare.Based on relevant survey,this paper successively analyzes the time of mother,father and grandparents invested in childcare and explores how women are supported by their family in this duty.Infant and childcare can be as time-consuming as a full-time job.Mothers have always played a primary role in infant and childcare,while grandparents,offering a helping hand to effectively alleviate the mother's workload,can play an alternative role,which is of great significance.This is particularly true in early childhood,when more than 40% of Chinese children are under the care of grandparents,with relatively limited participation of their fathers.Childcare gap between mothers and fathers is even larger in rural China.It is quite common for a family to turn to nursery services when their child are three years old to significantly alleviate the mother's childcare burden.When it comes to the design of relevant public policies and projects,consideration should be given to the role of each family member in taking care of infants and children in different growth stages to explore more options for childcare.More specifically,in addition to motherhood,grandparents' support should be valued,and fatherhood should be enhanced.
