Effectiveness of Participatory Teaching Methods in the Standardized Training of Respiratory Medicine Residents

Objective:To explore and analyze the application effect of participatory teaching method in the standardized training of respiratory medicine residents.Methods:The study period was from May 2022 to May 2023.20 doctors in the standardized training of respiratory medicine residency in our hospital were taken as research subjects and grouped into the participatory group(n=10)and the routine group(n=10)by using the random number lottery method.The participatory group practised participatory teaching methods,and the routine group practised routine teaching methods.The results of discharge assessment,teaching evaluation,and mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise(mini-CEX)assessment were compared between the groups.Results:The theoretical assessment,operational assessment,and total scores of the participatory group were significantly higher than those of the routine group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The teaching evaluation of independent learning,theoretical mastery,teamwork,clinical thinking,communication,and learning interest of the participatory group was significantly higher than that of the routine group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The mini-CEX assessments of history inquiry,organizational effectiveness,professionalism,physical examination,clinical diagnosis,communication skills,and overall clinical competence of the participatory group were significantly better than those of the routine group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The teaching satisfaction of the participatory group was significantly higher than that of the routine group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Participatory teaching methods can improve the overall level of doctors in the respiratory medicine residency standardized training,and the teaching satisfaction is improved.

Assessment of Community Based Climate Change Risk Focusing Agriculture and Fisheries Sector in Haor Areas of Bangladesh

The research paper aims at understanding the level of climate change risk of the Haor areas of Bangladesh. It follows a participatory approach, using Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview (KII) to identify important climate change induced hazards, assess the probability of occurrences of the hazards and level of their consequences. Using geo-spatial techniques, the paper prepares hazard risk maps and risk hotspot maps. Policy documents, previous researches, and Government statistics and reports helped to develop the concepts and planning of the research. The unparalleled hydro-ecological attributes of Haor areas pose both opportunities and constraints for the local population. Poverty, lack of basic infrastructure and amenities, awareness and external support have already put the people in Haor areas in a vulnerable situation while the recurring natural hazards and shifting pattern of climate are making the constraints nearly unmanageable. Excessive rainfall in the monsoon and drought in the dry season is affecting the farming and fishery-based communities the most. The community perceptions on hazards, their occurrences, consequences and relative importance of each hazard for the agriculture or fisheries sector in the study area have been collected from the FGDs and subsequently analyzed to produce individual and multi-hazard risk maps for the area based on scoring. This information is also used to rank the Upazillas in the study area depending on risk level. The community people were also asked to select the important elements or structural facilities at risk in their area needed for their life and livelihood. Based on this selection, risk hotspot map for the study area has been prepared using GIS based weighted overlay methods. The final risk hotspot map identifies about hundred unions in the area as hotspots. This paper might encourage the local government organizations to make choice on the intervention as well as intervention needs for protecting livelihoods in the study area. The results of the study will be helpful in planning adaptation options for future for the study area as well as effectively allocate resources/investments to protect population and livelihoods from possible climate change induced hazards.

Community Soil Resources Management for Sub-Saharan West Africa： Case Study of the Gourma Region in Burkina Faso

A study on community soil fertility management concepts and practices was conducted through rapid and participatory method of research in 15 villages of the Gourma region in Eastern part of Burkina Faso. These investigations aimed at determining farmers＇ knowledge on soil resources： local soil taxonomy and indicators of soil degradation, soil fertility management practices, and capacity for adoption of new technologies in soil fertility management. The results of the study showed that the main parameter for soil classification for all the investigated villages was soil texture composition; soil degradation was evaluated according to crops yield decrease and the development Striga sp. in 100% of the investigated villages; the use of organic manure and long term fellow were the main practices for soil fertility management; concerning the villages where modem technologies of soil fertility management were introduced, the lack of tools and capacity building were the main limiting factors of the adoption of these improved practices at small scale farmers＇ level. Even if discordance between scientific and local soil taxonomy were revealed by our investigations; significant similarities between indigenous and scientific indices of soil degradation were noticed. With regard to the actual magnitude of soil degradation; the local techniques of soil fertility management need to be improved and accessible to a big number of farmers.

Application of Participatory Method to Selection of Project Demonstration Area

The Sino-Japan cooperation project of "Vegetation Rehabilitation Demonstration and Planning in Sandstorm Jeopardized Area around Beijing" introduced participatory method to select the project area. Through investigating the socioeconomic indicators of 9 villages in Beijing and Hebei Province as well as the farmers’ willingness to participate in forestry operation activities, the vegetation restoration demonstration areas were selected, including Hantai Village, Baicaowa Village and Xiabachi Village, respectively representing mountain area, hilly area and plain area. Based on analysis of investigation results, this study pointed out that future forestry projects should be implemented with the focus on improving the education level and labor skills of farmers to realize rural sustainable development, giving priority to poor households and women in terms of funds, projects, and technical training to improve their livelihood and enhancing policy support to improve the technology and information service delivery capacity of grass-root units. Moreover, the construction and improvement of irrigation infrastructure should also be stressed.

TRANSLATING THE MULTI-ACTOR APPROACH TO RESEARCH INTO PRACTICE USING A WORKSHOP APPROACH FOCUSING ON SPECIES MIXTURES

The EIP-Agri multiactor approach was exemplified during a 3-day workshop with 63 project participants from the EU H2020 funded project“Redesigning European cropping systems based on species MIXtures”.The objective was to share firsthand experience of participatory research among researchers who were mostly not familiar with this approach.Workshop participants were divided into smaller multidisciplinary groups and given the opportunity to interact with representatives from eight actor positions in the value chain of the agrifood cooperative Terrena located in Western France.The four stages of the workshop were:(1)key actor interviews,(2)sharing proposed solutions for overcoming barriers,and(3)developing possible interdisciplinary concepts.Expressions of frustration were recorded serving both as a motivation for group members to become more aware of the scientific concerns and practices of their colleagues,as well as a recognition that some researchers have better skills integrating qualitative approaches than others.Nevertheless,the workshop format was an effective way to gain a common understanding of the pertinent issues that need to be addressed to meet overall multiactorapproach objectives.Working with the actor networks was identified and emphasized as a means to overcome existing barriers between academia and practice in order to coproduce a shared vision of the benefits of species mixture benefits.

Impact of Life Skills Training to Improve Cognition on Risk of Sexual Behavior and Contraceptive Use among Vocational School Students in Shanghai,China

Objective To evaluate the impact of life skills training that uses participatory teaching method on improving reproductive health cognition of vocational school students of metropolitan, China.Methods Three vocational schools of an urban district in Shanghai were selected as the research sites, with two schools as the intervention groups（group A and group B） and the other as the control（group C）. Group A was provided life skills training with core of reproductive health plus peer education, while group B only provided life skills training. All the second grade students were recruited as the subjects. Baseline surveys were conducted in three schools before the implementation of the intervention, and similar surveys were conducted after two terms of the intervention to test the effectiveness of the intervention. In total, 1 612 subjects, including 810 males and 802 females, were recruited. The effects of the intervention on subjects＇ cognitions on sexual behavior and condom/contraceptive use were analyzed using mixed model with repeated measures.Results From pretest to posttest, there were significant increase of the proportions of perceiving risks in getting pregnant, infecting STDs and HIV, benefits by learning and using condom, and self-efficacy in contraceptive use, and decrease of the proportions of perceiving barriers for condom use in two intervention groups; while few similar changes in the control group. In mixed modeling analysis, interaction effects of group A × time and group B × time were found on the scores of perceived risks （P〈0.000 1）, perceived benefits （P〈0.000 1）, perceived barriers （P=0.001 2for group A and P=0.003 4 for group B）,and perceived self-efficacy （P〈0.000 1）. The significant difference of the effects between two interventions was only observed on perceived benefits （P 〈0.000 1）.Conclusion Life skills training using participatory approaches is effective in improving students＇ reproductive health cognition and could be used as an important method in educating young people about sex-related issues.