Effects of Particle Matters on Plant: A Review

The particle matter,particularly the suspended particle matter(PM≤2.5)in the air is not only a risk factor for human health,but also affects the survival and physiological features of plants.Plants show advantages in the adsorption of particle matter,while the factors,such as the leaf shape,leaf distribution density and leaf surface microstructure,such as grooves,folds,stomata,flocculent projections,micro-roughness,long fuzz,short pubescence,wax and secretory products,appeared to play an important role determing their absorption capacity.In this paper,the research progress on the capture or adsorption of atmospheric particles was summarized,and the forest vegetation and woody plants were discuessed.In addition,special attentions were paid to the effect of haze-fog weather on greenhouse plant,the different responses of plant leaves to dust particles and suspended particles,as well as the effect of suspended particles on morphological change of plants.In the future,research should focus on the mechanism of the influence of particulate matter on plants.More advanced effective and convenient research methods like spectral detection method also need to be developed.This paper may provide reference for future studies on plants’response to haze and particle matter.

Size Distribution of Particles Emitted from Liquefied Natural Gas Fueled Engine

The results of measurements conducted to determine the number and mass concentration of particles emitted from the liquefied natural gas （LNG） fueled spark ignition engines are presented. Particle size distributions were measured at different speeds, different loads and ESC cycles. The nanoparticles with diameter smaller than 39 nm, measured by the electrical low-pressure impactor （ELPI）, are dominant in number con- centration that is nearly 92.7 % of the total number of the emitted particles at the peak point. As for the mass of emission particle, it is shown that the mass of the particles greater than 1.2μm is more than 65 % that of the emitted particles.

Design and prototyping of the readout electronics for the transition radiation detector in the high energy cosmic radiation detection facility

The high energy cosmic-radiation detection(HERD)facility is planned to launch in 2027 and scheduled to be installed on the China Space Station.It serves as a dark matter particle detector,a cosmic ray instrument,and an observatory for high-energy gamma rays.A transition radiation detector placed on one of its lateral sides serves dual purpose,(ⅰ)calibrating HERD's electromagnetic calorimeter in the TeV energy range,and(ⅱ)serving as an independent detector for high-energy gamma rays.In this paper,the prototype readout electronics design of the transition radiation detector is demonstrated,which aims to accurately measure the charge of the anodes using the SAMPA application specific integrated circuit chip.The electronic performance of the prototype system is evaluated in terms of noise,linearity,and resolution.Through the presented design,each electronic channel can achieve a dynamic range of 0–100 fC,the RMS noise level not exceeding 0.15 fC,and the integral nonlinearity was<0.2%.To further verify the readout electronic performance,a joint test with the detector was carried out,and the results show that the prototype system can satisfy the requirements of the detector's scientific goals.

Decisive Role of Dark Matter in Cosmology

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is an alternative to the prevailing Big Bang Model (BBM). WUM and BBM are principally different Models: 1) Instead of the Initial Singularity with the infinite energy density and the extremely rapid expansion of the space (Inflation) in BBM;in WUM, there was a Fluctuation (4D Nucleus of the World with an extrapolated radius equals to a basic unit of size a) in the Eternal Universe with a finite extrapolated energy density (four orders of magnitude less than the nuclear density) and a finite expansion of the Nucleus in its fourth spatial dimension with speed c that is the gravitodynamic constant;2) Instead of the Infinite Homogeneous and Isotropic Universe around the Initial Singularity in BBM;in WUM, the 3D Finite Boundless World (the Hypersphere of the 4D Nucleus) presents a Patchwork Quilt of different Luminous Superclusters (≳103), which emerged in various places of the World at different Cosmological times. The Medium of the World is Homogeneous and Isotropic. The distribution of Macroobjects in the World is spatially Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic and temporally Non-simultaneous. The Absolute Age of the entire World (determined by the parameters of the Medium) is 14.22 Gyr.

Solar System. Angular Momentum. Dark Matter Reactors

The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is consistent with all Concepts of the World [1]. In WUM, we postulate the principal role of Angular Momentum and Dark Matter in Cosmological theories of the World. The most widely accepted model of Solar System formation, known as the Nebular hypothesis, does not solve the Angular Momentum problem—why is the orbital momentum of Jupiter larger than rotational momentum of the Sun? WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with this Fundamental Law. The Nebular hypothesis does not solve Internal Heating and Diversity problems for all Planets and Moons in Solar system—why the actual mean surface temperature of them is higher than their effective temperature calculated based on the Sun’s heat for them and how could each one be so different if all of them came from the same nebula? The proposed concept of Dark Matter Reactors in Cores of all gravitationally-rounded Macroobjects successfully resolves these problems.

Solar-stellar astrophysics and dark matter

In this review, we recall how stars contribute to the search for dark matter and the specific role of the Sun. We describe a more complete picture of the solar interior that emerges from neutrino detections, gravity and acoustic mode measurements of the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory （SOHO） satellite, becoming a reference for the most common stars in the Universe. The Sun is a unique star in that we can observe directly the effect of dark matter. The absence of a signature related to Weakly Interacting Massive Particles （WIMPs） in its core disfavors a WIMP mass range below 12 GeV. We give arguments to continue this search on the Sun and other promising cases. We also examine another dark matter candidate, the sterile neutrino, and infer the limitations of the classical structural equations. Open questions on the young Sun, when planets formed, and on its present internal dynamics are finally dis- cussed. Future directions are proposed for the next decade： a better description of the solar core, a generalization to stars coming from seismic missions and a better under- standing of the dynamics of our galaxy which are all crucial keys for understanding dark matter.

A Philosophical Approach toward Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

This paper explains the absorption of an electromagnetic wave within a physical body. We provide a description of how an elementary physical particle absorbs electromagnetic waves within its structure and, after absorption, how this particle keeps it in memory and emits it. This absorption is like the eating of cosmological food by physical entities. This paper proposes that the universe is comprised of cosmological, physical, biological, psychological, and intellectual worlds that all follow parallel laws within their referred science. The paper creates a model of the elementary physical particle (EPP) using the parallel logic of the biological DNA model. This model is capable of explaining the emission, absorption, and memorization of physical signals. Several cosmological mysteries, like the interconvertibility of electric and magnetic fields, attraction, repulsion, space fabric, etc., unfold while disclosing the absorption and emission processes. The philosophical correctness of this paper is validated through the unification of multidisciplinary aspects, and its scientific correctness is validated by its logical consistency with the results of well-known experiments. The theory clarifies the “cause” within nature, and by analyzing the “effects”, we can reach new realities of the cosmological world.

Relationship between biogeochemical features of biogenic elements and flocculation in the Changjiang Estuary

This paper reports the relationship between the biogeochemical characteristics of C. N. P and flocculation and settling of suspended materials in the Changjiang Estuary. Regional activities of bacteria and the plankton and biogeochemical processes at the water-particle interface under some environmental conditions are quite variable. This leads to the transition of material phase with speciation variation of elements C. N. P. in the transfer processes. Therefore, the composition and reactivity of particle surface and dissolved constituent are modified, affecting the stability of the particulate dispersion system. In summer, the concentration of NO3 and PO4 are positively correlated with turbidity, while the weight percentage of PON, POC and PP are negatively correlated with turbidity. When particles in the river move seaward, two zones can be distinguished: i) zone with maximum flocculation speed, in salinity 0. 1～2. 0 ;ii) zone with huge coagulating particles netting and high turbidity at the bottom, in salinity 2～11.The highest values of C/N in particles (or the low valley of C. E. C.of particle surface) appear in the two zones. These results demonstrate that the biogeochemical action is one of the major factors and mechanisms to dominate the flocculation of particles in the Changjiang Estuary.

Can Air Quality be Influenced in Coastal Areas by Shipping?

The problem of pollution is a topical issue at global,regional but also at the local level.Starting from this idea,the question arises whether the coastal region in the North-East of the Black Sea is affected by the emissions resulting from the combustion of marine fuels in large ship engines,which manage to set in motion floating buildings intended for the transport of goods and passengers.This paper wants to evaluate the variation of the air quality indicators in the coastal area of Romania,taking into account the contribution that the ships by their number,size and destination can have on these qualitative factors.Such an approach is needed from the perspective of the more than 500,000 inhabitants possibly affected by the effects with which this industry is accompanied.As the Black Sea active fleet is already old,as its ages year by year,the premises for the need for this study can be set up.As in other regions,drastic measures are taken in order to reduce the effects of pollution due to such economic activity,the assessment of the effects that this industry produces in inhabited areas becomes necessary.In order to carry out this study,air quality data from the database provided by the National Air Quality Monitoring Network of the Workshop on the calitateaer.ro site were evaluated.

Overview of Hypersphere World-Universe Model

This paper provides an overview of the Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM). WUM unifies and simplifies existing cosmological models and results into a single coherent picture, and proceeds to discuss the origin, evolution, structure, ultimate fate, and primary parameters of the World. WUM explains the experimental data accumulated in the field of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics over the last decades: the age of the world and critical energy density;the gravitational parameter and Hubble’s parameter;temperatures of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the peak of the far-infrared background radiation;gamma-ray background and cosmic neutrino background;macrostructure of the world and macroobjects structure. Additionally, the model makes predictions pertaining to masses of dark matter particles, photons, and neutrinos, proposes new types of particle interactions (Super Weak and Extremely Weak), and shows inter-connectivity of primary cosmological parameters of the world and the rise of the solar luminosity during the last 4.6 Byr. The model proposes to introduce a new fundamental parameter Q in the CODATA internationally recommended values.

Strange star candidates revised within a quark model with chiral mass scaling

We calculate the properties of static strange stars using a quark model with chiral mass scaling. The results are characterized by a large maximum mass （-1.6 M⊙） and radius （-10km）. Together with a broad collection of modern neutron star models, we discuss some recent astrophysical observational data that could shed new light on the possible presence of strange quark matter in compact stars. We conclude that none of the present astrophysical observations can prove or confute the existence of strange stars.

K-ε-T MODEL OF DENSE LIQUID-SOLID TWO-PHASE TURBULENT FLOW AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE PIPE FLOW

To predict the characteristics of dense liquid-solid two-phase flow, K-Ε-T model is established, in which the turbulent flow of fluid phase was described with fluid turbulent kinetic energy Kf and its dissipation rate Εf, and the particles random motion was described with particle turbulent energy Kp and its dissipation rate Εp and pseudothermal temperature Tp. The governing equations were also derived. With K-Ε-T model, numerical study of dense liquid-solid two-phase turbulent up-flow in a pipe is performed. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental data of Alajbegovic et al. (1994), and some flow features are captured.

Unidentified Infrared Discrete Emission Bands

Unidentified Infrared emission bands (UIBs) are infrared discrete emissions from circumstellar regions, interstellar media (ISM), star-forming regions, and extragalactic objects for which the identity of the emitting materials is unknown. The main infrared features occur around peaks at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.2, and 12.7 μm with the photon’s rest energy at the peaks 0.376, 0.200, 0.161, 0.144, 0.111, and 0.098 eV, respectively. The UIB emission phenomenon has been studied for about forty five years. The prevailing hypothesis is that the materials responsible for UIB are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules. PAHs are thought to be one of the main forms in which carbon exists in space. And yet, not a single member of this group of compounds had been identified in space definitively until now [1]. In frames of Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM), we introduced Dark Matter (DM) particles, named DIONs, with the rest energy 0.199 eV and an energy density of 68.8% of the total energy density of the World. DIONs compose Outer shells of DM Supercluster’s Cores—the main objects of the World [2]. In this paper, we give an explanation of UIB emission based on the self-annihilation of DM particles DIONs and biDIONs (DIONs pairs) with a rest energy about 0.38 eV that depends on the binding energy. To the best of our knowledge, WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with UIB emission phenomenon.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model

Dirac’s themes were the unity and beauty of Nature. He identified three revolutions in modern physics: Relativity, Quantum Mechanics and Cosmology. In his opinion: “The new cosmology will probably turn out to be philosophically even more revolutionary than relativity or the quantum theory, perhaps looking forward to the current bonanza in cosmology, where precise observations on some of the most distant objects in the universe are shedding light on the nature of reality, on the nature of matter and on the most advanced quantum theories” [Farmelo, G. (2009) The Strangest Man. The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom. Basic Books, Britain, 661 p]. In 1937, Paul Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of the variable gravitational “constant”;and later added the notion of continuous creation of Matter in the World. The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing a different mechanism of matter creation. In this paper, we show that WUM is a natural continuation of Classical Physics and it can already serve as a basis for a New Cosmology proposed by Paul Dirac.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Basic Ideas

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) envisions Matter carried from the Universe into the World from the fourth spatial dimension by Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). Luminous Matter is a byproduct of Dark Matter (DM) self-annihilation. WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.45 billion years) and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.77 billion years). Big Bang discussed in Standard Cosmology (SC) is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning DM Supercluster’s Cores and self-annihilation of DMPs. WUM solves a number of physical problems in SC and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems;Fermi Bubbles—two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center;Coronal Heating problem in solar physics—temperature of Sun’s corona exceeding that of photosphere by millions of degrees;Cores of Sun and Earth rotating faster than their surfaces;Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded objects in Solar system and their Internal Heating. Model makes predictions pertaining to Rest Energies of DMPs, proposes New Type of their Interactions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.

PASSAGE OF PARTICLES THROUGH MATTER

Revised September 2013 by H. Bichsel （University of Washington）, D.E. Groom （LBNL）, and S.R. Klein （LBNL）.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Evolution of the World

The main objective of this paper is to discuss the Evolution of a 3D Finite World (that is a Hypersphere of a 4D Nucleus of the World) from the Beginning up to the present Epoch in frames of World-Universe Model (WUM). WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. To be consistent with this Fundamental Law, WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.45 billion years) when only Dark Matter (DM) Macroobjects (MOs) existed, and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.77 billion years) when Luminous MOs emerged due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning DM Superclusters’ Cores and self-annihilation of Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). WUM envisions that DM is created by the Universe in the 4D Nucleus of the World. Dark Matter Particles (DMPs) carry new DM into the 3D Hypersphere World. Luminous Matter is a byproduct of DMPs self-annihilation. By analogy with 3D ball, which has two-dimensional sphere surface (that has surface energy), we can imagine that the 3D Hypersphere World has a “Surface Energy” of the 4D Nucleus. WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems—how do they obtain it;Fermi Bubbles—two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center;Missing Baryon problem related to the fact that the observed amount of baryonic matter did not match theoretical predictions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements. In 2013, WUM predicted the values of the following Cosmological parameters: gravitational, concentration of intergalactic plasma, and the minimum energy of photons, which were experimentally confirmed in 2015-2018. “The Discovery of a Supermassive Compact Object at the Centre of Our Galaxy” (Nobel Prize in Physics 2020) made by Prof. R. Genzel and A. Ghez is a confirmation of one of the most important predictions of WUM in 2013: “Macroobjects of the World have cores made up of the discussed DM particles. Other particles, including DM and baryonic matter, form shells surrounding the cores”.

From the Beginning of the World to the Beginning of Life on Earth

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]. In this paper, we provide seven Pillars of WUM: Medium of the World;Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters;Creation of Matter;Multicomponent Dark Matter;Macroobjects;Volcanic Rotational Fission;Dark Matter Reactors. We describe the evolution of the World from the Beginning up to the birth of the Solar System and discuss the condition of the Early Earth before the beginning of life on it.

Strange Stars: Can Their Crust Reach the Neutron Drip Density?

The electrostatic potential of electrons near the surface of static strange stars at zero temperature is studied within the frame of the MIT bag model. We find that for QCD parameters within rather wide ranges, if the nuclear crust on the strange star is at a density leading to neutron drip, then the electrostatic potential will be insufficient to establish an outwardly directed electric field, which is crucial for the survival of such a crust. If a minimum gap width of 200 fm is brought in as a more stringent constraint, then our calculations will completely rule out the possibility of such crusts. Therefore, our results argue against the existence of neutron-drip crusts in nature.

A note on the discovery of a 2M_⊙ pulsar

It is conventionally thought that the state equation of dense matter softens and thus cannot result in high maximum mass if pulsars are quark stars and that a recently discovered 2M⊙ pulsar （PSR J1614–2230） may make pulsars unlikely to be quark stars. However, this standard point of view would be revisited and updated if quark clustering could occur in cold quark matter because of the strong coupling be- tween quarks at realistic baryon densities in compact stars. It can be argued that the state equation of clustered quark matter stiffens to support compact stars with maxi- mum mass Mmax 2M⊙. In this brief note, it is demonstrated that large parameter space ranges are allowed for Mmax 2M⊙ in a Lennard-Jones model of clustered quark matter and the newly measured highest mass of PSR J1614–2230 would be meaningful for constraining the number of quarks inside a single quark-cluster to be Nq ≤ 103.