Azimuthal distributions of final-state particles and fragments and transverse structure of emission source in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions

The azimuthal distributions of final-state particles and fragments produced in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions are described by a modified multisource ideal gas model which contains the expansions and movements of the emission sources. The transverse structures of the sources are given in the transverse plane by momentum components Px and Py, and described by parameters in the model. The results of the azimuthal distributions, calculated by the Monte Carlo method, are in good agreement with the experimental data in nucleus-nucleus collisions at high energies.

The basic blocks of the universe matter: Boltzmann fundamental particle and energy quanta of dark matter and dark energy

Recent astronomical NASA observations indicates that visible matter contributes only to about 4% of the universe total energy density, meanwhile, dark matter and dark energy contributes to 26% and 70% of the universe total energy, respectively, with an average density close to 10–26 kg/m3. This paper proposes an equation of state of dark energy and dark matter as one unified entity. This equation is derived based on the ideal gas equation, Boltzmann constant, Einstein energy-mass principle and based on the assumption that dark energy and dark matter behave as a perfect fluid. This analysis presents what could be the most fundamental particle and quanta of dark matter and dark energy. Considering NASA’s Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer (CMB) which estimated that the sky has an average temperature close to 2.7251 Kelvin, then the equivalent mass and energy of the proposed fundamental particle is determined. It is found that this candidate particle has an equivalent mass of 4.2141 × 10–40 Kg which is equivalent to 3.7674 × 10–23 J. Surprisingly, this value has the same order of Boltzmann constant KB = 1.38 ×10–23 J/K. This candidate particle could be the most fundamental and lightest particle in Nature and serves as the basic block of matter (quarks and gluons). Moreover, assuming a uniform space dark energy/dark matter density, then the critical temperature at which the dark matter has a unity entity per volume is determined as 34.983 × 1012 K. Analytically, it proposes that at this trillion temperature scale, the dark matter particles unified into a new quark-hydron particle. Finally, tentative experimental verification can be con ducted using the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC).

Many-body dissipative particle dynamics with energy conservation:temperature-dependent long-term attractive interaction

Heat and mass transfer during the process of liquid droplet dynamic behaviors has attracted much attention in decades.At mesoscopic scale,numerical simulations of liquid droplets motion,such as impacting,sliding,and coalescence,have been widely studied by using the particle-based method named many-body dissipative particle dynamics(MDPD).However,the detailed information on heat transfer needs further description.This paper develops a modified MDPD with energy conservation(MDPDE)by introducing a temperature-dependent long-term attractive interaction.By fitting or deriving the expressions of the strength of the attractive force,the exponent of the weight function in the dissipative force,and the mesoscopic heat friction coefficient about temperature,we calculate the viscosity,self-diffusivity,thermal conductivity,and surface tension,and obtain the Schmidt number Sc,the Prandtl number P r,and the Ohnesorge number Oh for 273 K to 373 K.The simulation data of MDPDE coincide well with the experimental data of water,indicating that our model can be used to simulate the dynamic behaviors of liquid water.Furthermore,we compare the equilibrium contact angle of droplets wetting on solid surfaces with that calculated from three interfacial tensions by MDPDE simulations.The coincident results not only stand for the validation of Young’s equation at mesoscale,but manifest the reliability of our MDPDE model and applicability to the cases with free surfaces.Our model can be extended to study the multiphase flow withcomplex heat and mass transfer.

The Natural Law of Transition of a Charged Particle into a Compound State under the Action of an Electroscalar Field

This article is the continuation of article [1] where the experimental facts of observation of the electroscalar radiation in the spectrum of the Sun have been presented [2]. This radiation comes into the world having a long wavelength, being longitudinal and extraordinarily penetrating. In accordance with the principle of least action, the Lagrangian of the electroscalar field and the tensor of energy-moment are determined using the variation the potential and coordinates. The equation of motion the charged particle in electroscalar field is determined and the energy of particle has the negative sign with respect to the mechanical energy of particle and the energy of electromagnetic field. So, this is decreasing the electrical potential of particle during the propagation. The electroscalar energy of charged particle and field’s force acting on the particle during their motion change the particle’s electrical status which, in its turn, may trigger the transition of the particle into a compound state during interaction with any object. Due to the continuity this process can lead the particle to the state which enters into a compound state with a negative energy for a different particle’s velocity. This state is the physical vacuum’s state. Analysis of the solar spectrum demonstrates that scattering and absorption of electroscalar wave go on the cavities of solids. The spreading out of electroscalar field obeys to the law of plane wave and the transfer the energy and information can occur in vacuum and any medium.

Numerical Investigation of Penetration in Ceramic/Aluminum Targets Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method and Presenting a Modified Analytical Model

Radius of ceramic cone can largely contribute into final solution of analytic models of penetration into ceramic/metal targets.In the present research,a modified model based on radius of ceramic cone was presented for ceramic/aluminum targets.In order to investigate and evaluate accuracy of the presented analytic model,obtained results were compared against the results of the Florence’s analytic model and also against numerical modeling results.The phenomenon of impact onto ceramic/aluminum composites were modeled using smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)implemented utilizing ABAQUS Software.Results indicated that,with increasing initial velocity and ceramic thickness and decreasing support layer thickness,the radius of ceramic cone decreases;this ends up increasing residual velocity of the projectile and penetration time and extending the area across which the pressure is distributed.These findings indicate enhanced levels of target energy absorption and the required energy for bending and tensioning the target.As such,it can be observed that,at the same thickness and areal density,the ceramic target has its efficiency enhanced with increasing ceramic thickness and decreasing the support layer thickness.Finally,the results revealed that the associated data with SPH confirm the modified analytic model at higher accuracy than the Florence’s analytic model.

Six-Dimensional ab initio Potential Energy Surface and Bound States for He-H2S Complex

We present a new six-dimensional potential energy surface for He-H2S including the intramolecular Q1,Q2,and Q3 normal modes for theν1 symmetric stretching,ν2 bending andν3 asymmetric stretching of H2S.The potential was calculated at the coupled-cluster singles and doubles with noniterative inclusion of connected triples[CCSD(T)]-F12a level with augmented correlation-consistent polarized-valence triple-zeta(aug-cc-p VTZ)basis set plus the midpoint bond function(3s3p2d1f1g).Three vibrationally averaged potentials with H2S at the vibrational ground stateν1 as well as the excited statesν2 andν3 were generated from the integration of the six-dimensional potential over the Q1,Q2 and Q3 coordinates.Each potential has a planar T-shaped global minimum,a planar local minimum,two inplane saddle points as well as an out-plane saddle point.The global minimum is located at R=3.46A,θ=109.9° andφ=0.0° with a well depth of 35.301 cm^-1.The radial discrete variable representation/angular finite basis representation method and the Lanczos algorithm were employed to calculate the rovibrational energy levels.The calculated band origins are blue-shifted(0.025 cm^-1 and 0.031 cm^-1)and(0.041 cm^-1 and 0.060 cm^-1)for He-(paraH2S)and He-(ortho-H2S)in theν2 andν3 region of the H2S molecule,respectively.

Determination of Photon and Elementary Particles Rest Masses Using Maxwell’s Equations and Generalized Potential Dependent Special Relativity

The nature and origin of the photon and elementary rest masses are some of the challeng-ing problems that physics face. The approaches used to solve these problems are complex and time-consuming. Specifically, the photon rest mass pays attention to theoretical physi-cists. Many experimental works show that the photon rest mass is non zero. This problem can be solved using generalized potential dependent special relativity, which has been de-rived using simple arguments, and Maxwell’s equations, besides the conventional Einstein energy-momentum relation. The results obtained show that the rest mass of photons and elementary particles are strongly dependent on the vacuum energy and a universal con-stant. This result conforms with the models that predict time decaying vacuum energy as-sociated with production of smaller rest mass particles followed by larger masses. The two potential dependent mass expressions conform with the cosmological models that suggest the photon is generated first by assuming the universe consisting of total constant vacuum with decaying cosmological part and mass generating part. Using Maxwell’s equations, beside plank and De Broglie hypothesis together with special relativity energy-momentum relation the photon rest mass is estimated. It was shown that the photon rest mass is ex-tremely small compared to the electron mass.

Mineral Particles Found on the Hairs of Holy Maria-Magdalena Studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Elemental Analysis

The presumed hairs of Holy Maria-Magdalena are studied here for mineral particles found on their surfaces, by the techniques of scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray. Exploration by these techniques of the hair surfaces allows us to observe and study some marble fragments that can originate from the walls of the sarcophagus in which Maria-Magdalena’s remains were kept. These new findings support the authenticity of the hair as traditionally reported in the French “tradition des Saints de Provence”.

Gravitational Space-Time Curve Generation via Accelerated Charged Particles

A force with an acceleration that is equal to multiples greater than the speed of light per unit time is exerted on a cloud of charged particles. The particles are resultantly accelerated to within an infinitesimal fraction of the speed of light. As the force or acceleration increases, the particles’ velocity asymptotically approaches but never achieves the speed of light obeying relativity. The asymptotic increase in the particles’ velocity toward the speed of light as acceleration increasingly surpasses the speed of light per unit time does not compensate for the momentum value produced on the particles at sub-light velocities. Hence, the particles’ inertial mass value must increase as acceleration increases. This increase in the particles’ inertial mass as the particles are accelerated produce a gravitational field which is believed to occur in the oscillation of quarks achieving velocities close to the speed of light. The increased inertial mass of the density of accelerated charged particles becomes the source mass (or Big “M”) in Newton’s equation for gravitational force. This implies that a space-time curve is generated by the accelerated particles. Thus, it is shown that the acceleration number (or multiple of the speed of light greater than 1 per unit of time) and the number of charged particles in the cloud density are surjectively mapped to points on a differential manifold or space-time curved surface. Two aspects of Einstein’s field equations are used to describe the correspondence between the gravitational field produced by the accelerated particles and the resultant space-time curve. The two aspects are the Schwarzchild metric and the stress energy tensor. Lastly, the possibility of producing a sufficient acceleration or electromagnetic force on the charged particles to produce a gravitational field is shown through the Lorentz force equation. Moreover, it is shown that a sufficient voltage can be generated to produce an acceleration/force on the particles that is multiples greater than the speed of light per unit time thereby generating gravity.

Absolute Internal Energy of the Real Gas

The internal energy U of the real, neutral-gas particles of total mass M in the volume V can have positive and negative values, whose regions are identified in the state chart of the gas. Depending on the relations among gas temperature T, pressure p and mass-specific volume v=V/M, the mass exists as a uniform gas of freely-moving particles having positive values U or as more or less structured matter with negative values U. In the regions U>0?above the critical point [Tc , pc , vc] it holds that p(T,v)>pc and v>vc, and below the critical point it holds that p(T,v)c and v>vv , where vv is the mass-specific volume of saturated vapor. In the adjacent regions with negative internal energy values Uc is the line of equal positive and negative energy contributions and thus represents a line of vanishing internal energy ?U=0. At this level along the critical isochor the ever present microscopic fluctuations in energy and density become macroscopic fluctuations as the pressure decreases on approaching the critical point;these are to be observed in experiments on the critical opalescence. Crossing the isochor vc from U>0 to UΔU>0 happens without any discontinuity. The saturation line vv also separates the regions between U>0 and U , but does not represent a line U=0. The internal-energy values of saturated vapor Uv and condensate Ui can be determined absolutely as functions of vapor pressure p and densities (M/V)v and (M/V)i , repectively, yielding the results Uiv, U=Ui+Uvc and U=Ui=Uv=0 at the critical point. Crossing the line Vv from U=Uv>0 to U=Uv+UiΔU=-Ui>0 to be removed from the particle system. The thermodynamic and quantum-mechanical formulations of the internal energy of a particle system only agree if both the macroscopic and microscopic energy scales have the same absolute energy reference value 0. Arguments for the energy reference value in the state of transition from bound to freely- moving particles in macroscopic classical and microscopic quantum particle systems are discussed.

Modeling of Surface Tension and Viscosity for Non-electrolyte Systems by Means of the Equation of State for Square-well Chain Fluids with Variable Interaction Range

The equation of state(EOS)for square-well chain fluid with variable range(SWCF-VR) developed in our previous work based on statistical mechanical theory for chemical association is employed for the correlations of surface tension and viscosity of common fluids and ionic liquids(ILs).A model of surface tension for multi-component mixtures is presented by combining the SWCF-VR EOS and the scaled particle theory and used to produce the surface tension of binary and ternary mixtures.The predicted surface tensions are in excellent agreement with the experimental data with an overall average absolute relative deviation(AAD)of 0.36%.A method for the calculation of dynamic viscosity of common fluids and ILs at high pressure is presented by combining Eyring’s rate theory of viscosity and the SWCF-VR EOS.The calculated viscosities are in good agreement with the experimental data with the overall AAD of 1.44% for 14 fluids in 84 cases.The salient feature is that the molecular parameters used in these models are self-consistent and can be applied to calculate different thermodynamic properties such as pVT,vapor-liquid equilibrium,caloric properties,surface tension,and viscosity.

Nash Embedding of Witten’s M-Theory and the Hawking-Hartle Quantum Wave of Dark Energy

Euclidean embedding of the 11-dimensional M-theory turned out to require a very large space leaving lavish amounts of 242 dimensional pseudo truly empty “regions” devoid of space and time and consequently of anything resembling ordinary physical energy density. It is shown here using Nash embedding that the ratio of “solid” M-theory spacetime to its required embedding “non-spacetime” is 1/22 for a classical theory and 1/22.18033989 for an analogous fractal theory. This then leads to a maximal ordinary energy density equation equal to that of Einstein’s famous formula E=mc2 but multiplied with in full agreement with previous results obtained using relatively more conventional methods including running the electromagnetic fine structure constant in the exact solution of the hydrogen atom. Consequently, the new equation corresponds to a quantum relativity theory which unlike Einstein’s original equation gives quantitative predictions which agree perfectly with the cosmological measurements of WMAP and the analysis of certain supernova events. Never the less in our view dark energy also exists being the energy of the quantum wave amounting to 95.5 present of the total Einstein theoretical energy which is blind to any distinction between ordinary energy of the quantum particle and the dark energy of the quantum wave. However, since measurement leads to the collapse of the Hawking-Hartle quantum wave, dark energy being a quantum wave non-ordinary energy could not possibly be measured in the usual way unless highly refined quantum wave non-demolition technology is developed if possible. It is a further reason that dark energy having a different sign to ordinary energy is the cause behind the anti gravity force which is pushing the universe apart and accelerating cosmic expansion. Consequently it can be seen as the result of anticlastic Cartan-like curvature caused by extra compactified dimensions of spacetime. A simple toy model demonstration of the effect of curvature in a “material” space is briefly discussed.

Dark Energy Explained via the Hawking-Hartle Quantum Wave and the Topology of Cosmic Crystallography

The aim of the present paper is to explain and accurately calculate the missing dark energy density of the cosmos by scaling the Planck scale and using the methodology of the relatively novel discipline of cosmic crystallography and Hawking-Hartle quantum wave solution of Wheeler-DeWitt equation. Following this road we arrive at a modified version of Einstein’s energy mass relation E = mc2 which predicts a cosmological energy density in astonishing accord with the WMAP and supernova measurements and analysis. We develop non-constructively what may be termed super symmetric Penrose fractal tiling and find that the isomorphic length of this tiling is equal to the self affinity radius of a universe which resembles an 11 dimensional Hilbert cube or a fractal M-theory with a Hausdorff dimension where. It then turns out that the correct maximal quantum relativity energy-mass equation for intergalactic scales is a simple relativistic scaling, in the sense of Weyl-Nottale, of Einstein’s classical equation, namely EQR = (1/2)(1/) moc2 = 0.0450849 mc2 and that this energy is the ordinary measurable energy density of the quantum particle. This means that almost 95.5% of the energy of the cosmos is dark energy which by quantum particle-wave duality is the absolute value of the energy of the quantum wave and is proportional to the square of the curvature of the curled dimension of spacetime namely where and is Hardy’s probability of quantum entanglement. Because of the quantum wave collapse on measurement this energy cannot be measured using our current technologies. The same result is obtained by involving all the 17 Stein spaces corresponding to 17 types of the wallpaper groups as well as the 230-11=219 three dimensional crystallographic group which gives the number of the first level of massless particle-like states in Heterotic string theory. All these diverse subjects find here a unified view point leading to the same result regarding the missing dark energy of the universe, which turned out to by synonymous with the absolute value of the energy of the Hawking-Hartle quantum wave solution of Wheeler-DeWitt equation while ordinary energy is the energy of the quantum particle into which the Hawking-Hartle wave collapse at cosmic energy measurement. In other words it is in the very act of measurement which causes our inability to measure the “Dark energy of the quantum wave” in any direct way. The only hope if any to detect dark energy and utilize it in nuclear reactors is future development of sophisticated quantum wave non-demolition measurement instruments.

Energy-Efficient Routing Using Novel Optimization with Tabu Techniques for Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)consists of a group of limited energy source sensors that are installed in a particular region to collect data from the environment.Designing the energy-efficient data collection methods in largescale wireless sensor networks is considered to be a difficult area in the research.Sensor node clustering is a popular approach for WSN.Moreover,the sensor nodes are grouped to form clusters in a cluster-based WSN environment.The battery performance of the sensor nodes is likewise constrained.As a result,the energy efficiency of WSNs is critical.In specific,the energy usage is influenced by the loads on the sensor node as well as it ranges from the Base Station(BS).Therefore,energy efficiency and load balancing are very essential in WSN.In the proposed method,a novel Grey Wolf Improved Particle Swarm Optimization with Tabu Search Techniques(GW-IPSO-TS)was used.The selection of Cluster Heads(CHs)and routing path of every CH from the base station is enhanced by the proposed method.It provides the best routing path and increases the lifetime and energy efficiency of the network.End-to-end delay and packet loss rate have also been improved.The proposed GW-IPSO-TS method enhances the evaluation of alive nodes,dead nodes,network survival index,convergence rate,and standard deviation of sensor nodes.Compared to the existing algorithms,the proposed method outperforms better and improves the lifetime of the network.

Quantum Entanglement: Where Dark Energy and Negative Gravity plus Accelerated Expansion of the Universe Comes from

Dark energy is shown to be the absolute value of the negative kinetic energy of the halo-like quantum wave modeled mathematically by the empty set in a five dimensional Kaluza-Klein (K-K) spacetime. Ordinary or position energy of the particle on the other hand is the dual of dark energy and is contained in the dynamic of the quantum particle modeled by the zero set in the same five dimensional K-K spacetime. The sum of both dark energy of the wave and the ordinary energy of the particle is exactly equal to the energy given by the well known formula of Einstein E=mc2 which is set in a four dimensional spacetime. Various interpretations of the results are presented and discussed based on the three fundamental energy density equations developed. In particular where E is the energy, m is the mass and c is the speed of light, is Hardy’s quantum entanglement and gives results in complete agreement with the cosmological measurements of WMAP and Supernova. On the other hand gives an intuitive explanation of negative gravity and the observed increased rate of cosmic expansion. Adding E (ordinary) to E (dark) one finds which as we mentioned above is Einstein’s famous relativity formula. We conclude that similar to the fact that the quantum wave interpreted generally as probability wave which is devoid of ordinary energy decides upon the location of a quantum particle, it also exerts a negative gravity effect on the cosmic scale of our clopen, i.e. closed and open universe. Analysis and conclusions are framed in a reader friendly manner in Figures 1-14 with detailed commentary.

A Combined Heterotic String and Kähler Manifold Elucidation of Ordinary Energy,Dark Matter,Olbers’s Paradox and Pure Dark Energy Density of the Cosmos

We utilize the topological-geometrical structure imposed by the Heterotic superstring theory on spacetime in conjunction with the K3 Kähler manifold to explain the mysterious nature of dark matter and its coupling to the pure dark energy density of the cosmos. The analogous situations in the case of a Kerr black hole as well as the redundant components of the Riemannian tensor are pointed out and the final result was found to be in complete agreement with all previous theoretical ones as well as all recent accurate measurements and cosmic observations. We conclude by commenting briefly on the Cantorian model of Zitterbewegung and the connection between Olbers’s paradox and dark energy.

PSt/(SiO_2-PBA)复合粒子的设计与合成

采用Winzor提出的界面自由能计算方法对核壳型聚苯乙烯/聚丙烯酸丁酯复合粒子的四种常见形态进行了计算,计算结果表明形成正向核壳复合粒子的界面自由能变化最小。定性地分析了硅溶胶粒子吸附在聚苯乙烯乳胶粒表面的可能性。采用种子半连续乳液聚合法制备了聚苯乙烯/(二氧化硅-聚丙烯酸丁酯)复合粒子,利用扫描电镜和透射电镜证实了最终合成的粒子形态,燃烧实验结果表明:该复合乳液具有较好的阻燃性。

WS_2超细粉体的固相法合成

以W粉和S粉为原料，混合压片后，在保护气氛中加热反应合成WS2粉体，考察了反应温度、过硫系数等对反应的影响。同时研究了W-S混合粉末高能球磨处理对合成反应和产物性能的影响。X射线衍射分析（XRD）结果表明，在适当的反应温度（650℃）和过硫系数（2．0）下，通过固相法可合成出具有六方结构的WS，粉体。透射电镜观测表明，以经过高能球磨的W—S混合粉为原料，控制反应温度650℃，过硫系数1．5，所制得的WS，粉末粒度细小均匀，尺寸在0．1～0．4μm，与激光粒度仪测得粒径相一致。实验结果表明，高能球磨处理可以细化原料粒度，提高反应物粉体的活性，有利于WS2的形成。对固相法制备WS2的反应机理讲行了初步探讨。

基于S变换和PSO-GRNN的柔性直流输电线路故障测距方法

针对现有柔性直流输电线路接地故障的神经网络故障测距算法中,训练样本过多、训练时间较长、且未对鲁棒性提出有效验证的问题,提出一种基于S变换和粒子群(PSO)算法优化广义神经网络(GRNN)的线路故障测距算法。从故障行波能量谱的角度出发,采用S变换提取故障暂态电压信号能量谱,然后对表征各频率区间的能量进行求和,以实现对能量特征样本的准确提取;再将归一化处理后的能量样本输入神经网络进行训练,并采用PSO算法对GRNN的光滑因子进行优化,以提高网络收敛速度和训练精度。最后,通过电磁暂态仿真证明该方法定位精度高,不易受过渡电阻影响,在输入样本存在测量误差以及外界噪声干扰的情况下,最大误差仍低于1.5%,具有一定的工程运用价值。

基于B/S架构的全钒液流电池远程状态监测系统

设计了一种基于B/S架构的全钒液流电池远程状态监测系统,给出了系统的总体架构、数据库结构和软件架构。系统应用于125 kW·h VRB储能模组中,结果表明:通过工业互联网,实现了储能系统设备运行数据与Web数据库的管理,具有运行数据实时远程上报、系统监测和控制功能,界面动态交互实现了对全钒液流电池储能系统的实时状态监测。