The Substructure of Elementary Particles Demonstrated by the I-Theory

Present studies in physics assume that elementary particles are the building blocks of all matter, and that they are zero-dimensional objects which do not occupy space. The new I-Theory predicts that elementary particles do indeed have a substructure, three dimensions, and occupy space, being composed of fundamental particles called I-particles. In this article we identify the substructural pattern of elementary particles and define the quanta of energy that form each elementary particle. We demonstrate that the substructure comprises two classes of quanta which we call “attraction quanta” and “repulsion quanta”. We create a model that defines the rest-mass energy of each elementary particle and can predict new particles. Lastly, in order to incorporate this knowledge into the contemporary models of science, a revised periodic table is proposed.

Completing the Standard Model with Gravity by General Relativizing Quantum Physics (RQP) (Coupling Spin-2 Gravitons with Spin-0 Particles to Generate Higgs Mass)

After a straightforward general relativistic calculation on a modified flat-spacetime metric (developed from the fluctuating vacuum energy interacting with a graviton field), a pair of n-valued covariant and contravariant energy momentum tensors emerged analogous to quantized raising and lower operators. Detaching these operators from the general relativistic field equations, and then transporting them to act on extreme spacetimes, these operators were able to generate fundamental particle boson masses. In particular, the operators precisely generated Higgs mass. Then by applying a consistency approach to the gravitational field equations—similar to how Maxwell applied to the electromagnetic ones—it allowed for the coupling of spin-to-mass, further restricting the particle mass to be in precise agreement with CODATA experimental values. Since this is a massless field approach integrated discretely with a massive one, it overcomes various renormalizing difficulties;moreover it solves the mass hierarchal problem of the Standard Model of particle physics, and generates its spin and therefore shows quantum physics to be a subset of General Relativity, just as Einstein had first imagined.

On The Hardening of The Spectrum of High-Energy Particles Formed in Heavy-Ion Collisions Considered within The Framework of The Hydrodynamic Approach

The emission of high-energy particles in 16O + 197Au collisions at energy 20 MeV / nucleon is considered within the framework of the time evolution of a hot spot taking into account the hydrodynamic compression and expansion stages. In addition, the evaporation of the particles that are formed in the early (hot) stage of the evolution of the hot spot is included in the calculation of the spectrum. This leads to a hardening of the particle spectrum in its high-energy part, which is in agreement with experimental data.

Dirac’s “Holes” Are the True Antielectrons and Real Particles of Antimatter

Experimental and theoretical studies performed by the author showed that electric and magnetic spinor particles as spinors, i.e. particles of Matter so and Antispinors, particles of Antimatter, are structural components of atoms and substance. Together with electric spinors, for example, electrons in the structures of atoms and substances in same quantities, there are real electric anti-spinors, i.e. the true antielectrons, which are not to be confused with electronic vacancies or positrons. Atomic-shaped electromagnetic structures, consisting of electric and magnetic spinor particles, such as nucleons and atoms, represent a Physical Mass. A characteristic property of all varieties of Physical Mass is the ability to emit a gravitational field which is a vortex electromagnetic field. Sources of the gravitational field are joint orbital currents of electric and magnetic charges in the compositions of atomic or nucleon shells. The main reason that the real antielectrons turned out in the Physical sciences under the guise of Dirac’s “holes” or vacancies of electrons, is the Physics of the confinement of these particles in atoms and a substance that is fundamentally different from the confinement of electrons. So, namely Physics confinement of the magnetic spinor particles and electric antispinors in atoms is the main “culprit” creating a fallacious concept of purely electronic atomic shells. The main contributions to the formation of the above-mentioned misconceptions did as J. C. Maxwell with its primitive-surface electromagnetic concept so and P. Dirac, with his erroneous theory of electronic vacancies or “holes”.

Mathematical Wave Functions and 3D Finite Element Modelling of the Electron and Positron

The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.

Pseudoscalar Top-Bottom Quark-Antiquark Composite as the Resonance with 28 GeV at the LHC: Hadron Masses and Higgs Boson Masses Based on the Periodic Table of Elementary Particles

This paper posits that the observed resonance with 28 GeV at the LHC is the pseudoscalar top-bottom quark-antiquark composite which has the calculated mass of 27.9 GeV derived from the periodic table of elementary particles. The calculated mass is for the mass of?. In the periodic table of elementary particles, t quark (13.2 GeV) in the pseudoscalar top-bottom quark-antiquark composite is only a part of full t quark (175.4 GeV), so pseudoscalar?(26.4 GeV) cannot exist independently, and can exist only in the top-bottom quark-antiquark composite. As shown in the observation at the LHC, the resonance with 28 GeV weakens significantly at the higher energy collision (13 TeV), because at the higher collision energy, low-mass pseudoscalar? in the composite likely becomes independent full high-mass vector? moving out of the composite. The periodic table of elementary particles is based on the seven mass dimensional orbitals derived from the seven extra dimensions of 11 spacetime dimensional membrane. The calculated masses of hadrons are in excellent agreement with the observed masses of hadrons by using only five known constants. For examples, the calculated masses of proton, neutron, pion (π±), and pion (±0) are 938.261, 939.425, 139.540, and 134.982 MeV in excellent agreement with the observed 938.272, 939.565, 139.570, and 134.977MeV, respectively with 0.0006%, 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.004%, respectively for the difference between the calculated and observed mass. The calculated masses of the Higgs bosons as the intermediate vector boson composites are in excellent agreements with the observed masses. In conclusion, the calculated masses of the top-bottom quark-antiquark composite (27.9 GeV), hadrons, and the Higgs bosons by the periodic table of elementary particles are in excellent agreement with the observed masses of resonance with 28 GeV at the LHC, hadrons, and the Higgs bosons, respectively.

The Periodic Table of Elementary Particles for Baryonic Matter and Dark Matter: Upward-Going ANITA Events

This paper posits that the upward-going ANITA events are derived from the cosmic ray of the baryonic-dark matter (BDM) Higgs boson. In the extended standard model (ESM) for baryonic matter and dark matter, the spontaneous symmetry breaking through the Higgs mechanism for the symmetrical massless baryonic matter left-handed neutrinos and massless dark matter right-handed neutrinos produced massless baryonic matter left-handed neutrinos, sterile massive dark matter neutrinos, and the BDM Higgs boson. The BDM Higgs boson is the composite of the high-mass tau neutrino and the high-mass dark matter neutrino. During the passage through the high-density part of the Earth, the BDM Higgs boson is transformed into the oscillating BDM Higgs boson between the composite of the high-mass tau neutrino and the high-mass dark matter neutrino and the composite of the high-mass tau neutrino and the low-mass dark matter neutrino. The oscillating BDM Higgs boson decays into the high-mass tau neutrino with the extra energy and the low-mass dark matter neutrino (27 eV) in the low-density water-ice layer of the Earth. The high-mass tau neutrino is converted into ultra-high-energy tau neutrino which decays into tau lepton through the charged-current interactions, and tau lepton emerges from the surface of ice. Based on the periodic table of elementary particles, the calculated value for the high-mass tau neutrino with the extra energy is 0.47 EeV in good agreement with the observed 0.56 and 0.6 EeV. The periodic table of elementary particles for baryonic matter, dark matter, and gravity is based on the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals for stable baryonic matter leptons (electron and left-handed neutrinos), gauge bosons, gravity, and dark matter and the seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals for unstable leptons (muon and tau) and quarks, and calculates accurately the masses of all elementary particles and the cosmic rays by using only five known constants.

The Third Kind Of Particles

There are two kinds of spin particles in nature, the Boson and the Fermion.(For more information, please refere to the PDF.)

Quickly obtaining densely dispersed coherent particles in steel matrix and its related mechanical property

Densely distributed coherent nanoparticles(DCN)in steel matrix can enhance the work-hardening ability and ductility of steel simultaneously.All the routes to this end can be generally classified into the liquid-solid route and the solid-solid route.However,the formation of DCN structures in steel requires long processes and complex steps.So far,obtaining steel with coherent particle enhancement in a short time remains a bottleneck,and some necessary steps remain unavoidable.Here,we show a high-efficiency liquid-phase refining process reinforced by a dynamic magnetic field.Ti-Y-Mn-O particles had an average size of around(3.53±1.21)nm and can be obtained in just around 180 s.These small nanoparticles were coherent with the matrix,implying no accumulated dislocations between the particles and the steel matrix.Our findings have a potential application for improving material machining capacity,creep resistance,and radiation resistance.

Controlling fine particles in flue gas from lead-zinc smelting by plasma technology

With the aim of controlling the problem of fine particles in the flue gas of lead-zinc smelting,a low-temperature plasma-electrocoagulation and electric bag composite dedusting experimental platform was designed by combining electrocoagulation and electric bag composite dust removal technology based on the research of low-temperature plasma technology.Firstly,the properties of fine particles in flue gas from lead-zinc smelting were analyzed,and the effects of input voltage,filter wind speed,dust concentration,and pulse-jet ash-cleaning cycle on the dust collection efficiency of the integrated device were studied.Then,the energy efficiency of the integrated technology was analyzed,and the control mechanism of the fine particles was revealed.The experimental results show that the integrated technology of low-temperature plasma-electrocoagulation and electric bag composite dust removal achieves a fine particle removal efficiency of more than 99.99%and the energy consumption per unit mass of the dust is only 0.008 k W·h/g.The integrated technology has broad application prospects and farreaching practical significance for the lead-zinc smelting industry to achieve ultra-low emission targets for flue gas and achieve energy-saving and emission reduction effects.

A Study of Sediments and Radioactive Particles of the Yenisei River Using a Variety of Analytical Methods

The Yenisei River, one of the largest rivers in the world, is contaminated with artificial radionuclides released by a Russian nuclear facility producing weapon-grade plutonium, which has been in operation for many years. Examination of Yenisei River sediment samples revealed the presence of artificial radionuclides typical of radioactive discharge from the Mining-and-Chemical- Combine (MCC) nuclear facility: isotopes of europium (152Eu, 154Eu, and 155Eu), cesium (137Cs and 134Cs), 60Co, 90Sr, and transuranium elements. The MCC is also a source of radioactive particles in the Yenisei. New data on radionuclide concentrations in sediments and radioactive particles in the Yenisei River were obtained using a wide range of analytical methods. Sequential extraction performed on samples of sediment cores showed different degrees of potential environmental availability of artificial radionuclides and uranium. In a few samples, 241Am was present in the unextractable form, which may be accounted for by the presence of microparticles of the reactor fuel. These microparticles were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, and their reactor origin was confirmed.

The Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis: Prime Number Factor Patterns and Their Relationship to the Hierarchy of the Fundamental Particles and Bosons

The Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis, HNH, has demonstrated that many of the fundamental physical constants including particles and bosons are associated with specific quantum integers, n. These integers define partial harmonic fractional exponents, 1 ± (1/n), of a fundamental frequency, Vf. The goal is to evaluate the prime and composite factors associated with the neutron n0, the quarks, the kinetic energy of neutron beta decay, the Rydberg constant, R, e, a0, H0, h, α, W, Z, the muon, and the neutron gluon. Their pure number characteristics correspond and explain the hierarchy of the particles and bosons. The elements and black body radiation represent consecutive integer series. The relative scale of the constants cluster in a partial harmonic fraction pattern around the neutron. The global numerical organization is related to the only possible prime factor partial fractions of 2/3, or 3/2, as pairs of 3 physical entities with a total of 6 in each group. Many other progressively resonant prime number factor patterns are identified with increasing numbers of smaller factors, higher primes, or larger partial fractions associated with higher order particles or bosons.

Properties of coarse particles in suspended particulate matter of the North Yellow Sea during summer

Fine particles in seawater commonly form large porous aggregates. Aggregate density and settling velocity determine the behavior of this suspended particulate matter(SPM) within the water column.However, few studies of aggregate particles over a continental shelf have been undertaken. In our case study, properties of aggregate particles, including size and composition, over the continental shelf of the North Yellow Sea were investigated. During a scienti?c cruise in July 2016, in situ ef fective particle size distributions of SPM at 10 stations were measured, while temperature and turbidity measurements and samples of water were obtained from surface, middle, and bottom layers. Dispersed and inorganic particle size distributions were determined in the laboratory. The in situ SPM was divided into(1) small particles(<32 μm),(2) medium particles(32–256 μm) and(3) large particles(>256 μm). Large particles and medium particles dominated the total volume concentrations(VCs) of in situ SPM. After dispersion, the VCs of medium particles decreased to low values(<0.1 μL/L). The VCs of large particles in the surface and middle layers also decreased markedly, although they had higher peak values(0.1–1 μL/L). This suggests that almost all in situ medium particles and some large particles were aggregated, while other large particles were single particles. Correlation analysis showed that primary particles <32 μm in?uenced the formation of these aggregates. Microscopic examination revealed that these aggregates consisted of both organic and inorganic ?ne particles, while large particles were mucus-bound organic aggregates or individual plankton.The vertical distribution of coarser particles was clearly related to water strati?cation. Generally, medium aggregate particles were dominant in SPM of the bottom layer. A thermocline blocked resuspension of?ne material into upper layers, yielding low VCs of medium-sized aggregate particles in the surface layer.Abundant large biogenic particles were present in both surface and middle layers.

Investigation of the performance of a pilot-scale barrel atmospheric plasma system for plasma activation of polymer particles

This study reports the development and performance of a pilot-scale barrel atmospheric plasma reactor for the atmospheric plasma activation treatment of polymer particles. The polymer particles treated included acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(ABS) and polypropylene(PP). These particles had diameters in the range of 3–5 mm. The initial studies were carried out using a laboratory-scale barrel reactor designed to treat polymer particle batch sizes of 20 g. A pilot-scale reactor that could treat 500 g particle batch sizes was then developed to facilitate pre-industrial-scale treatments. The effect of operating pulse density modulation(PDM) in the range 10%–100% and plasma treatment time on the level of activation of the treated polymers were then investigated. ABS revealed a larger decrease in water contact angle compared with PP after plasma treatment under the same conditions. The optimal treatment time of ABS(400 g of polymer particles) in the pilot-scale reactor was 15 min. The plasma-activated polymer particles were used to fabricate dog-bone polymer parts through injection molding.Mechanical testing of the resulting dog-bone polymer parts revealed a 10.5% increase in tensile strength compared with those fabricated using non-activated polymer particles.

Dark Matter Cosmology and Astrophysics

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) envisions Matter carried from Universe into World from fourth spatial dimension by Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). Luminous Matter is byproduct of Dark Matter (DM) annihilation. WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from Beginning of World for 0.4 billion years) when only DMPs existed, and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.8 billion years). Big Bang discussed in standard cosmological model is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning DM Supercluster’s Cores and annihilation of DMPs. WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems—how do they obtain it;Fermi Bubbles—two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center;Mysterious Star KIC 8462852 with irregular dimmings;Coronal Heating problem in solar physics—temperature of Sun’s corona exceeding that of photosphere by millions of degrees;Cores of Sun and Earth rotating faster than their surfaces;Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded Objects in Solar system and their Internal Heat;Lightning Initiation problem—electric fields observed inside thunderstorms are not sufficient to initiate sparks;Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes—bursts of high energy X-rays and gamma rays emanating from Earth. Model makes predictions pertaining to Masses of DMPs, proposes New Types of their Interactions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.

Uterine artery embolization in residual arterio-venous fistula due to invasive mole using glue and polyvinyl alcohol particles: Case report

Gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTD) are one of the rare complications of pregnancy, which include partial and complete moles with their more aggressive counterparts termed as Gestational trophoblastic neoplasias (GTN). Their association with uterine vascular malformations is well recognised and should be suspected in appropriate clinical settings. Selective uterine artery embolization is a safe and effective alternative method of treatment in a patient with severe per vaginal bleeding from residual uterine vascular malformations due to GTN which has relative lower morbidity and mortality than surgical procedures. Here, we report a case of residual uterine arterio-venous malformation due to invasive mole detected by ultrasonography (US) and contrast enhancedMRI & referred to Interventional Radiology for Transcathetor arterial embolization.

A Novel Therapeutic Strategy Combining Use of Intracellular Magnetic Nanoparticles under an Alternating Magnetic Field and Bleomycin

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to present a novel therapeutic strategy combining use of intracellular magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) under an alternating magnetic field (AMF) and bleomycin (BLM), and to evaluate its therapeutic effect using tumor-bearing mice. Materials and Methods: MNPs (Resovist?, 1.05 mg iron) were incorporated into the hemagglutinating virus of Japan-envelope (HVJ-E) vector (~5 × 109 particles) (HVJ-E/MNPs) by centrifugation at 10,000 × g for 5 min at 4°C. Tumor-bearing mice were prepared by inoculating Colon-26 cells subcutaneously into the backs of BALB/c mice. When the tumor volume reached ~100 mm3, HVJ-E/MNPs and/or BLM were injected directly into the tumor. The AMF was applied to the mice one hour after the injection of agents (AMF treatment). The mice injected with HVJ-E/MNPs were imaged using our magnetic particle imaging (MPI) scanner immediately (13 min) before, immediately (22 min) after, and 3, 7, and 14 days after the injection of agents, and the temporal changes of the average and maximum MPI pixel values in the tumor were quantitatively evaluated. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by calculating the relative tumor volume growth (RTVG) from the tumor volumes measured each day. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observation of resected tumors was also performed to confirm the intracellular distribution of MNPs. Results: The AMF treatment combined with BLM significantly decreased the RTVG value compared with AMF treatment alone at 9 to 14 days, and BLM alone at 3 to 5 days after AMF treatment. The average and maximum MPI pixel values in the tumor were almost constant for 14 days. TEM observation confirmed that most of the HVJ-E/MNPs were internalized into tumor cells within one hour after injection. Conclusion: A novel therapeutic strategy with use of AMF treatment and BLM was presented, and the time-dependent change of MNPs in tumors was evaluated using MPI. The present results suggest that this novel strategy can suppress tumor volume growth over AMF treatment or BLM alone, and can be performed repeatedly with a single injection of HVJ-E/MNPs. They also suggest that HVJ-E is effective for internalizing MNPs into cancer cells and that MPI allows for longitudinal monitoring of the distribution of MNPs in tumors.

STUDY ON THE ISOTHERMS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN SUSPENDED PARTICLES AND Cu (Ⅱ) IN THE HUANGHE RIVER

The isotherms of the interaction between the suspended particles and Cu 2+ ,and the effects of lysine and asparaginic acid on the isotherms in the Huanghe (Yellow) River were studied by applying the theory and method of interfacial stepwise ion/coordination particle exchange. We obtained a new stepped river isotherm, formed by two curves joined together with a “plateau” in the middle. The adsorption equilibrium constants K 1 and K 2 were calculated by using the isothermal equation of surface stepwise ion exchange. Amino acid in small amount promotes exchange adsorption of the suspended particles with Cu 2+ . The degree of promotive action relates to the isoelectric point of amino acid. The promotive effect of lysine is bigger than that of asparaginic acid.

Functional Organo-Nano Particles by RAFT Copolymerisation

A significant impact of this work on the use of polymers is expected because the developed organo-nano particles (ONP) mixed into standard polymers will make them unique and traceable. The doping of polymers with non migrating ONP was demonstrated and applications for the recycling of plastics were discussed. Thus, perylene derivatives were linked to polymerisable vinyl groups and copolymerized under RAFT conditions (Reversible Addition Fragmentation chain Transfer) with styrene and methylmethacrylate, respectively, to obtain fluorescent ONP with sizes of 40 nm or even less and narrow distributions of molecular weight in most cases with polydispersities PD of 1.1 and lower.

Effects of geometrical and physical factors on light particles dispersion by agitation characteristic curve

In this study,the effects of geometrical and physical factors on light particles dispersion in stirred tank were investigated by agitation characteristic curve.The experiments and CFD simulations with discrete phase model(DPM)and volume of fluid model(VOF)were conducted in this paper.Five factors,which include four geometrical factors(submergence,impeller-to-tank ratio,number of impeller blades and baffling mode)and a physical factor(liquid viscosity)were considered.For each factor,the power consumption curve and agitation characteristic curve were drawn to compare the power consumption and mixing results in the stirred tank.Characteristics of the agitation characteristic curves were compared with the previous published literatures and theories.It is found that the agitation characteristic curves reflect the tendency of power consumption and particles distribution well in stirred tank.The good agreement indicates the applicability of the agitation characteristic curves for the study of light particles distribution in stirred tank.