Human Health Risks from Exposure to Heavy Metals of Suspended Particulate Matter around the Tongon Gold Mine, Côte d’Ivoire

The Tongon mine, the largest gold mine in C?te d’Ivoire, has been in operation since April 2010. However, to our knowledge to date, no study has been conducted on metallic contamination in suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) where there is a lack of information on the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to human health associated with the exposure of populations in the Tongon area to these pollutants. The general objective of this study is to evaluate the level of contamination of PM10;PM2.5 by heavy metals and their impact on the health of populations exposed to these pollutants in the Tongon gold mine area. The sampling and measurement of suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) were done using a MiniVol TAS passive air sampler. Heavy metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (Nex ION 2000 ICP-MS, USA). The results indicate that the average concentrations of suspended particles (PM2.5 and PM10) obtained are all above the recommended exposure limits. In addition, among the heavy metals contained in the suspended particles, the concentrations of arsenic and nickel are high and all above the standard limit values. The assessment of the health risks related to the inhalation of PM10 particles reveals that their inhalation over a long period could cause a carcinogenic risk.

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and Its Health Effects during the Haze Event in Malaysia

This study aims to assess and compare levels of particulate matter(PM10 and PM2.5)in urban and industrial areas in Malaysia during haze episodes,which typically occur in the south west monsoon season.The high concentrations of atmospheric particles are mainly due to pollution from neighbouring countries.Daily PM concentrations were analysed for urban and industrial areas including Alor Setar,Tasek,Shah Alam,Klang,Bandaraya Melaka,Larkin,Balok Baru,and Kuala Terengganu in 2018 and 2019.The analysis employed spatiotemporal to examine how PM levels were distributed.The data summary revealed that PM levels in all study areas were right-skewed,indicating the occurrence of high particulate events.Significant peaks in PM concentrations during haze events were consistently observed between June and October,encompassing the south west monsoon and inter-monsoon periods.The study on acute respiratory illnesses primarily focused on Selangor.Analysis revealed that Klang had the highest mean number of inpatient cases for acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma(AEBA)and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)with values of 260.500 and 185.170,respectively.Similarly,for outpatient cases of AEBA and AECOPD,Klang had the highest average values of 41.67 and 14.00,respectively.Shah Alam and Sungai Buloh did not show a significant increase in cases during periods of biomass burning.The statistical analysis concluded that higher concentrations of PM were associated with increased hospital admissions,particularly from June to September,as shown in the bar diagram.Haze episodes were associated with more healthcare utilization due to haze-related respiratory illnesses,seen in higher inpatient and outpatient visits(p<0.05).However,seasonal variability had minimal impact on healthcare utilization.These findings offer a comprehensive assessment of PM levels during historic haze episodes,providing valuable insights for authorities to develop policies and guidelines for effective monitoring and mitigation of the negative impacts of haze events.

Impact of Urban 3D Morphology on Particulate Matter 2.5(PM2.5) Concentrations:Case Study of Beijing, China

Urban particulate matter 2.5(PM2.5)pollution and public health are closely related,and concerns regarding PM2.5 are widespread.Of the underlying factors,the urban morphology is the most manageable.Therefore,investigations of the impact of urban three-dimensional(3D)morphology on PM2.5 concentration have important scientific significance.In this paper,39 PM2.5 monitoring sites of Beijing in China were selected with PM2.5 automatic monitoring data that were collected in 2013.This data set was used to analyze the impacts of the meteorological condition and public transportation on PM2.5 concentrations.Based on the elimination of the meteorological conditions and public transportation factors,the relationships between urban 3D morphology and PM2.5 concentrations are highlighted.Ten urban 3D morphology indices were established to explore the spatial-temporal correlations between the indices and PM2.5 concentrations and analyze the impact of urban 3D morphology on the PM2.5 concentrations.Results demonstrated that road length density(RLD),road area density(RAD),construction area density(CAD),construction height density(CHD),construction volume density(CVD),construction otherness(CO),and vegetation area density(VAD)have positive impacts on the PM2.5 concentrations,whereas water area density(WAD),water fragmentation(WF),and vegetation fragmentation(VF)(except for the 500 m buffer)have negative impacts on the PM2.5 concentrations.Moreover,the correlations between the morphology indices and PM2.5 concentrations varied with the buffer scale.The findings could lay a foundation for the high-precision spatial-temporal modelling of PM2.5 concentrations and the scientific planning of urban 3D spaces by authorities responsible for controlling PM2.5 concentrations.

Short-term exposure to fine particulate matter and hospital admission for stroke:a meta-analysis

Objective Air pollution is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases throughout the world.Fine particulate matter(PM)air pollution alone is responsible for over three million deaths each year.Large and growing literature has explored whether short-term exposure to fine particulate matter is associated with stroke,but results from prior studies have been inconsistent.To fill this gap,we assessed the evidence quantitatively from epidemiological time-series studies published worldwide and determined whether short-term exposure to fine particulate matter(<2.5μm or<10μm)diameter[PM2.5 and PM10]was associated with increased risk of hospital admission for stroke(including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke).

Effect of Varying Temperature and Oxygen on Particulate Matter Formation in Oxy-Biomass Combustion

Offsetting particulate matter emissions has become a critical global aim as there are concerted efforts to deal with environmental and energy poverty challenges.This study consists of investigations of computing emissions of particulate matter from biomass fuels in various atmospheres and temperatures.The laboratory setup included a fixed bed electric reactor and a particulate matter(PM)measuring machine interfaced with the flue gas from the fixed bed reactor combustion chamber.The experiments were conducted at seven different temperatures(600℃-1200℃)and six incremental oxygen concentrations(21%-100%).Five biomass types were studied;A-cornstalk,B-wood,C-wheat straw,D-Rice husk,E-Peanut shell,each pulverized to a size of approximately 75 microns.The study shows that PM emitted during char combustion is consistently higher than that emitted during the de-volatilization.During de-volatilization,increase in temperature leads to linear decrease in PM emission between atmospheres of 21%O_(2)to 50%O_(2),thereafter,between 70%O_(2)to 100%O_(2);increase in temperature leads to a rise in PM emission.The average PM formation from all the five considered biomass is relatively comparable however,with differing atmospheres and temperatures,the fibrous and low-density biomass forms more PM.During char combustion,the study shows that at oxygen levels of 21%,70%,90%and 100%,increase in temperature leads to increased PM emission.The increase in oxygen concentration and temperature increases the rate of combustion hence diminishing the time of combustion.

A Study of the Correlation between the Concentration of Particulate Matter and Green Area Ratio Measured through a Portable Monitoring System: With Particular Focus on the Case of Dalseo-Gu, Daegu Metropolitan City

This study analyzed the relationship between the measured concentration of particulate matter (PM) and green area, which is an important spatial factor affecting urban PM concentration and even more carbon neutral in cities. In order to investigate the effects of green area, the green area ratio (GAR) is used and correlated with particulate matter. As a result of analyzing the correlation between GAR and PM concentration using the measured PM data, it was found that there was a positive correlation between the two variables. Hence, the higher the GAR, the lower the PM concentration. It can be said that the introduction of spatial elements with high GAR scores, such as parks and forests in cities, is effective in reducing PM concentration. In this study, a portable PM monitoring system using a vehicle for PM measurement was also established and operated. As a result, it was found that a PM monitoring system using a light-scattering sensor is an effective PM measurement method that can be used at the local government level. It was also found that a follow-up study is needed in the future to identify the PM mitigation functions of urban green areas according to the detailed characteristics of green areas as well as various environmental factors. This study can be used in air quality improvement activities and efforts as reference data by policy decision makers and in the field of environmental planning associated with the removal of airborne particulate matter pollution in urban areas.

Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure of Rural Interior Alaska Residents

To assess the exposure of residents in rural communities in the Yukon Flats to particulate matter of 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM2.5), both indoor and outdoor concentration observations were carried out from March to September 2019 in Ft. Yukon, Alaska. Indoor concentrations were measured at 0.61 m (breathing level during sleeping) in homes and at 1.52 m heights (breathing level of standing adult) in homes and office/commercial buildings. Air quality was better at both heights in cabins than frame homes both during times with and without surface-based inversions. In frame houses, concentrations were higher at 0.61 m than 1.52 m, while the opposite is true typically for cabins. Differences between shoulder season and summer indoor concentrations in residences were related to changes in heating, subsistence lifestyle and mosquito repellents. In summer, office and commercial buildings, air quality decreased due to increased indoor emissions related to increased use of equipment and mosquito pics as well as more merchandise. During summer indoor concentrations reached unhealthy for sensitive groups to hazardous conditions for extended times that even exceeded the high outdoor concentrations. Due to nearby wildfires, July mean outdoor concentrations were 55.3 μg·m-3 which exceeds the 24-h US National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 35 μg·m-3. Indoor and outdoor concentrations correlated the strongest with each other for office/commercial buildings, followed by frame houses and cabins. Office/commercial buildings with temperature monitors had one to two orders of magnitude lower concentrations than those without.

富马酸二甲酯通过Nrf2/HO-1信号通路缓解细颗粒物对雌性大鼠胎盘的氧化损伤

近年来,已有大量的流行病学调查证实,孕产妇暴露于PM_(2.5)可能导致妊娠并发症和不良妊娠结局的风险增加。本研究旨在探讨孕前PM_(2.5)暴露对大鼠胎盘的损伤及富马酸二甲酯(dimethyl fumarate,DMF)对其调控机制。40只6周龄SPF级雌性SD大鼠,随机分为对照组(生理盐水)、低剂量PM_(2.5)组(1.5 mg/kg PM_(2.5))、高剂量PM_(2.5)组(7.5 mg/kg PM_(2.5))、DMF对照组(生理盐水+50 mg/kg DMF)和DMF干预组(7.5 mg/kg PM_(2.5)+50 mg/kg DMF)。大鼠每2 d染毒1次,共持续40 d。经PM_(2.5)暴露后,高剂量PM_(2.5)组胎鼠数量、胎鼠平均体长、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)含量明显低于对照组(P<0.05);丙二醛(MDA)含量高于对照组(P<0.05);经DMF处理后,DMF干预组的T-AOC含量显著高于高剂量PM_(2.5)组(P<0.01),能够明显缓解PM_(2.5)诱导的氧化损伤作用。H&E染色结果显示,暴露组胎盘组织迷路区血细胞有不同程度的减少,高剂量PM_(2.5)组血管脉络不清晰,DMF干预组胎盘迷路区的血细胞明显增多,血管脉络清晰整齐。Western印迹结果显示,低剂量PM_(2.5)组和高剂量PM_(2.5)组核因子E2相关因子(Nrf2)、血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)蛋白质水平低于对照组(P<0.01),与高剂量PM_(2.5)组相比,DMF干预组的Nrf2、HO-1蛋白质含量明显增高(P<0.05)。综上所述,DMF可能通过Nrf2/HO-1信号通路缓解孕前PM_(2.5)对胎盘造成的氧化损伤,提高机体的抗氧化能力。

基于机器感知与学习的空气颗粒物智能检测、识别与预警方法研究综述

随着空气污染问题的不断加剧,准确检测和及时预警空气颗粒物(particulate matter,PM)的重要性日益突出。传统方法依赖专业设备,不适用于实时检测。与传统方法相比,基于机器感知与学习的方法体现出技术优势,具有可实时检测、准确性高等优点。因此,对近几年的基于机器感知与学习的PM智能检测、识别与预警方法进行详细综述。首先,对PM的标准和来源进行介绍;然后,从检测、识别和预警这3个方面详细总结了各类方法,并对比各方法的特点和性能,其中,基于机器学习和深度学习的方法在各研究中取得了较大进展;最后,总结全文主要内容,并提出当前领域面临的挑战以及未来的重点研究方向。未来的研究应该继续关注技术创新和数据质量,以实现更好的空气质量监测和管理。

一般通风用空气过滤器标准ISO 16890应用探究

《一般通风用空气过滤器》国际标准ISO16890:2016基于颗粒物对人类健康的影响,提出按|照颗粒物不同粒径范围(PM1PM25,PM10)的过滤效率对空气过滤器进行测试和分级。以及通过和其他一般通风用空气过滤器标准的对比分析,说明ISO16890与其他标准之间的差异。并提出美埃执行ISO16890的实施方案。

Mineralogical characterization of airborne individual particulates in Beijing PM10

This work mainly focuses on the mineralogical study of particulate matter（PM10） in Beijing. Samples were collected on polycarbonate filter from April, 2002 to March, 2003 in Beijing urban area. Scanning electronic microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray（SEM/EDX） was used to investigate individual mineral particles in Beijing PM10. 1454 individual mineral particulates from 48 samples were analysed by SEM/EDX. The results revealed that mineral particulates were complex and heterogeneous. 38 kinds of minerals in PM10 were identified. The clay minerals, of annual average percentage of 30.1%, were the main composition among the identified minerals, and illite/smectite was the main composition in clay minerals, reaching up to 35%. Annual average percentage of quartz, calcite, compound particulates, carbonates were 13.5%, 10.9%, 11.95%, 10.31%, respectively. Annual average percentage less than 10% were gypsum, feldspar, dolomite, and so on. Fluorite, apatite, halite, barite and chloridize zinc（ZnCl2） were firstly identified in Beijing PM10. Sulfurization was found on surface of mineral particles, suggested extensive atmospheric reaction in air during summer.

山柰酚改善细颗粒物PM2.5诱导的老龄大鼠肺损伤的作用和机制研究

目的细颗粒物(PM2.5)被认为与多种呼吸系统问题有关,在老年人群中尤为显著。本研究旨在探索山柰酚是否可以治疗PM2.5诱导的老龄大鼠肺损伤,并探讨其潜在的作用机制。方法30只雄性Wistar大鼠(16个月龄)被随机分为5组:对照组、PM2.5暴露组和PM2.5暴露+山柰酚低剂量、中剂量和高剂量组。PM2.5暴露持续时间2周后,检测各组大鼠的肺功能、肺形态、炎症程度以及Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路相关蛋白的表达水平。结果与对照组相比,PM2.5暴露导致老龄大鼠发生显著的肺损伤,表现为明显的肺功能受损和组织病理学改变,支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的炎性因子TNF-α和IL-6浓度增加,血液中炎性细胞比例改变,肺组织中TLR4的表达和核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)磷酸化水平增加。山柰酚的治疗则呈剂量依赖性地改善了PM2.5所致肺功能损伤和组织病理学改变,抑制炎性因子分泌和炎症细胞比例失衡,抑制了TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的激活。结论山柰酚能够对PM2.5暴露引起的老龄大鼠肺损伤产生保护作用,抑制炎症反应和结构损伤,其作用机制可能与抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的激活相关。

甘新城市大气挥发性有机物和颗粒物的污染特征及健康风险评估

基于质子转移反应质谱仪(PTR-MS)和颗粒物(PM)采集和分析技术,对我国西北甘肃省和新疆维吾尔自治区(甘新地区)十三个城市大气中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)、PM(PM10、PM2.5和PM1)及其组分(水溶性无机离子、碳质气溶胶和无机元素)进行了采样分析,阐明了甘新地区城市大气中VOCs和PM的污染特征和健康风险。研究表明:污染特征分析表明平均总VOCs(TVOCs)浓度为(41.84±7.56) ppbv(ppbv为十亿分之一的体积混合比),氧化性VOCs(OVOCs)是VOCs的重要组分,VOCs组分总浓度高于国内外其他城市,主要为甲醇的浓度较高,而芳香烃则低于其他城市。PM10、PM2.5和PM1的平均浓度分别为(139.39±32.63)μg·m-3、(77.66±25.39)μg·m-3和(44.76±17.59)μg·m-3,水溶性无机离子(WSIIs)是该地区PM的重要组分。健康风险评估表明该地区VOCs的非致癌风险显著,致癌风险处于可接受水平;PM中重金属的非致癌风险和致癌风险均显著。乙醛的非致癌风险和萘的致癌风险较高,Mn的非致癌风险和As的致癌风险较高,因此应加强乙醛、萘、Mn和As元素的管控,以减少大气污染对人体健康的危害。

柴油机颗粒物-氮氧化物减排系统贵金属催化剂研究进展

汽车排放的氮氧化物(NOx)和碳烟颗粒物(PM)会对环境和人类健康造成严重的危害,但是现有的技术仅能对NOx或PM的排放实现单独净化。与其他尾气净化技术相比,柴油机颗粒物-氮氧化物减排系统(DPNR)兼具NOx和PM净化效果,成为下一代NOx和PM协同净化的首选催化系统。本文综述了DPNR催化反应机理以及系统中NOx和PM系统净化用的贵金属催化剂的研究进展;总结了Pt基催化剂在不同条件下同时消除NOx和PM的催化活性,系统地讨论了Ba、K、Mn等元素掺杂对Pt基催化剂的影响。同时归纳比较Ag基、Ru基与Pt基催化剂在PM氧化和NOx消除方面的区别,为研究开发同时消除NOx和PM的高效催化剂提供参考。

山西省大气污染特征及对公众健康的空间影响

利用山西省11个地级市大气环境监测站的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_(3)浓度数据,分析了2015—2020年山西省PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_(3)浓度时空变化特征,采用空间计量模型和岭回归方法,分析了空气污染对公众健康的空间影响。结果表明:PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)年均质量浓度总体下降,两者在2017年最高,2020年最低;O_(3)年均浓度总体增加。在季节尺度上,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度在冬季的12月和1月最高,夏季的8月最低;O_(3)浓度在6月最高。空间上,相较2015年,2020年山西省各地级市PM_(2.5)污染程度均有改善,其中长治改善效果最好;2020年山西各地级市PM_(10)污染兼有加重和减轻的情形,所有地级市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)污染水平均超过国家二级污染浓度限值;2020年山西多数地级市O_(3)浓度升高。山西公众健康水平具有明显的空间离散特征,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度的局部空间自相关特征高度一致,呈现“南高北低”的格局,O_(3)浓度分布呈“南部高,中北部低”的格局。大气环境质量和经济发展水平均对医疗机构诊疗人数和健康体检人数的变化有正向影响,每万人卫生技术人员数量和公共财政支出比例对公众健康均有负向影响,其中经济发展水平和大气环境质量的影响最显著。山西省PM_(2.5)治理取得一定成效,但大部分城市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)达标率较低,O_(3)浓度有持续升高的趋势,PM_(10)和O_(3)污染改善缓慢,深度减排仍面临挑战。PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)是危害山西公众健康的主要大气污染物,未来需要加强PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_(3)的精细化管理及协同治理。

上海东滩大气颗粒物长期变化及影响源区分析

根据2008—2015年上海崇明东滩大气成分观测站(以下简称东滩站)大气颗粒物(PM)观测数据,分析其浓度水平、变化趋势、影响气团和潜在源区。结果表明,2008—2015年东滩站PM质量浓度的长期变化趋势不显著,但细粒子(PM_(2.5))比例不断升高。PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)从0.84上升至0.92,表明二次气溶胶占比趋于增加。对8年大样本数据进行后向轨迹聚类,发现东滩站主要受大陆型、海洋型、大陆/海洋混合型气团影响,三者所占比率分别为32.0%、38.8%、29.3%。海洋型气团中PM_(2.5)本底质量浓度为11~15μg·m^(-3),而大陆型气团中PM_(2.5)本底质量浓度的季节差异显著,在29~56μg·m^(-3)波动,对东滩站具有明显的输入效应。东滩站PM_(2.5)的潜在源区随季节变化,秋季和冬季主要受华北、黄淮、苏皖影响,春季收缩至苏皖和浙江北部,夏季则转换至长三角南部的浙江及浙闵沿海。总体而言,上海及周边的苏锡常、杭嘉湖对东滩PM_(2.5)浓度贡献最显著,来自渤海、黄海近海污染回流的贡献也不可忽视。

城市生活垃圾焚烧过程中颗粒物排放与控制研究进展

随着我国经济的快速发展、城市化和工业化进程的快速推进,我国城市生活垃圾(MSW)清运总量急剧增加,生活垃圾焚烧发电技术快速发展。垃圾焚烧过程中会不可避免地产生大气污染物,其中,颗粒物易富集重金属、多环芳烃等对人体有致癌致突变作用的污染物,危害巨大。尽管我国对固定源颗粒物排放实施了严格的监管限制,但颗粒物(PM)排放仍然是大多数工业发达城市地区空气污染的主要原因。针对城市垃圾焚烧过程中颗粒物的排放问题,系统地综述了颗粒物的采样分析方法、形成机理和排放特征,介绍了垃圾焚烧颗粒物排放强化控制技术。最后,提出一些针对垃圾焚烧过程中颗粒物排放的防治建议,以提高我国未来的城市生活垃圾无害化处置能力。

Design and performance of a novel miniaturized electrostatic sampler for efficient airborne particulate matter sampling

Considering that people spend more than 80%of their time indoors,ambient particulate matter(PM)in the built environment could pose severe environmental health risks to public health.PM sampling,a technique for the enrichment of PM in the air,is essential for ambient PM composition analysis to understand its environmental and health effect.The filtering method that is widely used features a complex post-processing and carries the risk of pore clogging.It is a great challenge to sample airborne PM efficiently for subsequent analysis.Here,we proposed a novel miniaturized electrostatic sampler based on corona discharge and a modified vertically focused electric field for efficient PM sampling.Four intercoupling physical fields in the developed sampler were analyzed,including corona discharge,airflow,particle charging and particle deposition.The collection efficiencies for particles with various sizes(0.01–10μm)were conducted by simulation and the lowest efficiency occurs at about 0.3–0.5μm.With an increase in discharging voltage from−6 kV to−9 kV,the lowest efficiency rises from 88.2%to 96.6%.An electrostatic sampler entity was manufactured to test the collection efficiency of PM and the results are in good agreement with the simulation.The induced ring plate can significantly improve the total collection efficiency from 35%to 90%under−6 kV discharging voltage in the experiment.The novel electrostatic sampler exhibits potential and enlightenment for efficient and convenient PM sampling.

Coupling outdoor air quality with thermal comfort in the presence of street trees:a pilot investigation in Shenyang,Northeast China

Together,the heat island eff ect and air pollution pose a threat to human health and well-being in urban settings.Nature-based solutions such as planting trees are a mitigation strategy to improve outdoor temperatures(thermal comfort)and enhance air quality in urban areas.In this study,outdoor thermal comfort,and particulate matter levels were compared between treeless and treed areas to provide a better understanding of how street trees improve thermal comfort and air quality.Street trees decreased the physiological equivalent temperature from 46.3 to 44.2℃in summer but increased it from 36.4 to 37.5℃in autumn.Air temperature and relative humidity contributed more in summer while wind speed contributed more in autumn.Particulate matter concentrations were negatively correlated with physiological equivalent temperature in summer but not in autumn.The presence of trees decreased concentrations of fi ne particulate matter in hot summer conditions but increased in hot autumn conditions.The presence of trees increased coarse particulate matter in very hot summer conditions in summer and in hot autumn conditions.Overall,the layout of trees in urban street canyons should consider the trade-off between outdoor thermal comfort and air quality improvement.

轻型汽车Ⅰ型试验颗粒物PM测量结果的不确定度评定

针对轻型汽车常温下冷启动后污染物排放试验(Ⅰ型试验)中颗粒物质量排放量PM测量结果的多种影响因素进行了分析和评估。结合排放标准和实际测量过程建立测量数学模型和不确定度计算数学模型,通过对各不确定度分量的评估及合成计算,最终得到了颗粒物质量排放量PM的测量不确定度评定结果。结果表明,测试系统误差引入的B类不确定度分量为1.1%,但测量重复性因素引入的不确定度分量占比非常大,对结果有较大影响。