Ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract attenuates particulate matter-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in keratinocytes and zebrafish

Objective:To evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction derived from Sargassum pallidum extract against particulate matter(PM)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HaCaT cells and zebrafish.Methods:HaCaT cells and zebrafish were used to evaluate the protective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.The production of nitric oxide(NO),intracellular ROS,prostaglandin E_(2)(PGE_(2)),and pro-inflammatory cytokines,and the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB were evaluated in PM-induced HaCaT cells.Furthermore,the levels of ROS,NO,and lipid peroxidation were assessed in the PM-exposed zebrafish model.Results:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract significantly decreased the production of NO,intracellular ROS,and PGE_(2) in PM-induced HaCaT cells.In addition,the fraction markedly suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB.Furthermore,it displayed remarkable protective effects against PM-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress,represented by the reduction of NO,ROS,and lipid peroxidation in zebrafish.Conclusions:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract exhibits a protective effect against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation both in vitro and in vivo and has the potential as a candidate for the development of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products.

Chemical Determination of Base Status Metals in Soil Sediments and Particulate Matter in Wellington Industrial Estate Location

This research study explored the levels of base status metals in soil sediments and particulate matter in the wellington industrial estate location;the main objectives were to: 1) determine sodium and potassium, 2) determine calcium and magnesium, 3) determine available iron. The following hypotheses were put forward;H0a: there is no significant difference in the concentration levels between Ca and Mg in the study area, H1a: there is significant difference in the concentration levels between Ca and Mg in the study area, H0b: there is no significant difference in the concentration levels between Na and K in the study area, H1b: there is significant difference in the concentration levels between Na and K in the study area. Six locations were used to collect samples with the aid of scoop and gravel free auger (at varying depths of 0 - 5 cm and 5 - 10 cm) which are Wellington Industrial Estate Area 1 (WIEL 1), (WIEL 2), (WIEL 3), (WIEL 4), (WIEL 5), (WIEL 6);the samples were given laboratory treatment. Flame photometer, EDTA, and Spectrophotometer were used in the determinations of sodium and potassium, calcium and magnesium, and available iron respectively. The results indicated that levels of potassium were in medium range (moderately high);sodium levels were generally low when compared to Brook’s classification table. Levels of calcium were generally low and those of magnesium were moderate based on Brook’s table of classification. Levels of available iron which fall within the range of Quijano-Guerta (2003) were high;this implies such levels can lead to toxicity. In all locations, there was decrease in the levels of each metal in the samples with (5 - 10 cm) depth.

Modeling and Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter Dynamics in Bujumbura Using Low-Cost Sensors

Air pollution is a result of multiple sources including both natural and anthropogenic activities. The rapid urbanization of the cities such as Bujumbura, economic capital of Burundi, is one of these factors. The very first characterization of the spatio-temporal variability of PM2.5 in Bujumbura and the forecasting of PM2.5 concentration have been conducted in this paper using data collected during a year, from August 2022 to August 2023, by low-cost sensors installed in Bujumbura city. For each commune, an hourly, daily and seasonal analysis was carried out and the results showed that the mass concentrations of PM2.5 in the three municipalities differ from one commune to another. The average hourly and annual PM2.5 concentrations exceed the World Health Organization standards. The range is between 28.3 and 35.0 μg/m3. In order to make a prediction of PM2.5 concentration, an investigation of Recurrent Neural Networks with Long Short-Term Memory has been undertaken.

Particulate flow modelling in a spiral separator by using the Eulerian multi-fluid VOF approach

The Euler-Euler model is less effective in capturing the free surface of flow film in the spiral separator,and thus a Eulerian multi-fluid volume of fluid(VOF)model was first proposed to describe the particulate flow in spiral separators.In order to improve the applicability of the model in the high solid concentration system,the Bagnold effect was incorporated into the modelling framework.The capability of the proposed model in terms of predicting the flow film shape in a LD9 spiral separator was evaluated via comparison with measured flow film thicknesses reported in literature.Results showed that sharp air–water and air-pulp interfaces can be obtained using the proposed model,and the shapes of the predicted flow films before and after particle addition were reasonably consistent with the observations reported in literature.Furthermore,the experimental and numerical simulation of the separation of quartz and hematite were performed in a laboratory-scale spiral separator.When the Bagnold lift force model was considered,predictions of the grade of iron and solid concentration by mass for different trough lengths were more consistent with experimental data.In the initial development stage,the quartz particles at the bottom of the flow layer were more possible to be lifted due to the Bagnold force.Thus,a better predicted vertical stratification between quartz and hematite particles was obtained,which provided favorable conditions for subsequent radial segregation.

Morphology,Nanostructure,and Oxidation Reactivity of Particulate Matter Emitted by Diesel Blending with Various Aromatics

This study aims to analyze the influence of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)content in diesel on the physical and chemical properties of diesel soot particles.Four diesel fuels with different PAH content were tested on a 11.6 L direct-injection diesel engine.The raw particulate matter(PM)before the after-treatment devices was collected using the thermophoresis sampling system and the filter sampling system.A transmission electron microscope and Raman spectrometer are used to analyze the physical properties of the soot particles,including morphology,primary particle size distribution,and graphitization degree.A Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and thermogravimetric analyzer are used to characterize the surface chemical composition and oxidation reactivity of soot particles,respectively.The results show that as the PAH content in the fuel decreases,the size of the primary soot particles decreases from 29.58 to 26.70 nm.The graphitization degree of soot particles first increases and then decreases,and the relative content of the aliphatic hydrocarbon functional groups of soot particles first decreases and then increases.The T_(10),T_(50),and T_(90) of soot from high-PAH fuel are 505.3,589.3,and 623.5℃,while those from low-PAH fuel are 480.1,557.5,and 599.2℃,respectively.This indicates that exhaust PM generated by the low-PAH fuel has poor oxidation reactivity.However,as the PAH content in fuel is further decreased,the excessively high cetane number may cause uneven mixing and incomplete combustion,leading to enhanced oxidation reactivity.

Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Blood Pressure:Evidence from a Large Chinese Multiple Follow-Up Study

Objective This study aimed to investigate the association of ambient PM_(2.5)exposure with blood pressure(BP)at the population level in China.Methods A total of 14,080 participants who had at least two valid blood pressure records were selected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey during 2011–2015.Their long-term PM_(2.5)exposure was assessed at the geographical level,on the basis of a regular 0.1°×0.1°grid over China.A mixed-effects regression model was used to assess associations.Results Each decrease of 10μg/m^(3)in the 1 year-mean PM_(2.5)concentration(FPM1Y)was associated with a decrease of 1.24[95%confidence interval(CI):0.84–1.64]mmHg systolic BP(SBP)and 0.50(95%CI:0.25–0.75)mmHg diastolic BP(DBP),respectively.A robust association was observed between the long-term decrease in PM_(2.5)and decreased BP in the middle-aged and older population.Using a generalized additive mixed model,we further found that SBP increased nonlinearly overall with FPM1Y but in an approximately linear range when the FPM1Y concentration was<70μg/m^(3);In contrast,DBP increased approximately linearly without a clear threshold.Conclusion Efficient control of PM_(2.5)air pollution may promote vascular health in China.Our study provides robust scientific support for making the related air pollution control policies.

Forest management causes soil carbon loss by reducing particulate organic carbon in Guangxi, Southern China

Background: The loss of soil organic carbon(SOC) following conversion of natural forests to managed plantations has been widely reported. However, how different SOC fractions and microbial necromass C(MNC) respond to forest management practices remains unclear.Methods: We sampled 0–10 cm mineral soil from three different management plantations and one protected forest in Guangxi, Southern China, to explore how forest management practices affect SOC through changing mineralassociated C(MAOC) and particulate organic C(POC), as well as fungal and bacterial necromass C.Results: Compared with the protected forest, SOC and POC in the abandoned, mixed and Eucalyptus plantations significantly decreased, but MAOC showed no significant change, indicating that the loss of SOC was mainly from decreased POC under forest management. Forest management also significantly reduced root biomass, soil extractable organic C, MNC, and total microbial biomass(measured by phospholipid fatty acid), but increased fungi-to-bacteria ratio(F:B) and soil peroxidase activity. Moreover, POC was positively correlated with root biomass, total microbial biomass and MNC, and negatively with F:B and peroxidase activity. These results suggested that root input and microbial properties together regulated soil POC dynamics during forest management.Conclusion: Overall, this study indicates that forest management intervention significantly decreases SOC by reducing POC in Guangxi, Southern China, and suggests that forest protection can help to sequester more soil C in forest ecosystems.

Human Health Risks from Exposure to Heavy Metals of Suspended Particulate Matter around the Tongon Gold Mine, Côte d’Ivoire

The Tongon mine, the largest gold mine in C?te d’Ivoire, has been in operation since April 2010. However, to our knowledge to date, no study has been conducted on metallic contamination in suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) where there is a lack of information on the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to human health associated with the exposure of populations in the Tongon area to these pollutants. The general objective of this study is to evaluate the level of contamination of PM10;PM2.5 by heavy metals and their impact on the health of populations exposed to these pollutants in the Tongon gold mine area. The sampling and measurement of suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) were done using a MiniVol TAS passive air sampler. Heavy metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (Nex ION 2000 ICP-MS, USA). The results indicate that the average concentrations of suspended particles (PM2.5 and PM10) obtained are all above the recommended exposure limits. In addition, among the heavy metals contained in the suspended particles, the concentrations of arsenic and nickel are high and all above the standard limit values. The assessment of the health risks related to the inhalation of PM10 particles reveals that their inhalation over a long period could cause a carcinogenic risk.

Spatial Analysis of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in South St. Boniface and Mission Industrial Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) stays airborne for long periods and can enter the lungs, increasing respiratory and cardiovascular risks. Metal shredders are known sources of PM2.5, lead and other heavy metals. Winnipeg residents of South Saint Boniface (SSB) in Manitoba, Canada, live downwind of the Mission Industrial Area (MIA), which includes a metal shredder, train tracks and other industries. Residents are concerned about the MIA air and noise pollution and wanted ambient air quality monitoring in their mixed land-use area to understand its impact on their health. We measured and mapped the daytime PM2.5, from the MIA and South St. Boniface (SSB) neighborhoods using the Dylos DC 1700 PM over seven months. The Dylos air quality data for PM2.5 was validated by the two federal reference monitors in the city, finding a moderate to very strong correlation (r = 0.52 to 0.83;p-value 0.001), confirming good accuracy. A spatial analysis of the emission data showed that the highest pollution concentration was downwind of the scrap metal shredder in MIA. One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis revealed significantly higher levels of PM2.5 at MIA and SSB than at the reference sites, which are away from pollution sources. The PM2.5 Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standard (CAAQS) of 27 μg/m3 was exceeded downwind of the property line of the scrap metal shredder in the MIA for five of the 35 monitoring days averaging between 28.9 μg/m3 to 38.1 μg/m3 over eight hours. The standard was not exceeded in the residential area, although PM2.5 levels higher than background levels increased SSB residents exposure levels. This exceedance of regulatory standards requires action to reduce emissions.

Physicochemical Characterization of Settling Particulate Matter and Sediments

The thrust of this research study was to ascertain the physicochemical characteristic in settling particulate matter and sediments of samples collected from the wellington industrial estate flood plains;the main of objectives are as follows: to determine the hydrogen ion index (pH) of the samples collected in the study area, to determine the electrical conductivity (EC) of the samples collected from the same location. Samples were collected from six locations (at varying depths of 0 - 5 cm and 5 - 10 cm) sample area 1 (Wellington Industrial Estate Area 1) WIEA1 WIEA 2, WIEA 3, WIEA 4, WIEA 5 and WIEA 6 and were given laboratory treatment. A laboratory thermometer was used to determine temperature of the samples when collected;(Dakton model) pH meter equipment and a Toledo electrical conductivity meter were used to determine the pH and EC respectively. The results indicated that the samples were acidic (low pH) and the conductivity of the samples was of medium and low range. This therefore expressed low levels of soluble metal ions in the environment that have effect on plants, animals and other organisms, agricultural and domestic activities in the environment under investigation. Hence bioconcentration and biomagnification are highly likely in these locations.

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and Its Health Effects during the Haze Event in Malaysia

This study aims to assess and compare levels of particulate matter(PM10 and PM2.5)in urban and industrial areas in Malaysia during haze episodes,which typically occur in the south west monsoon season.The high concentrations of atmospheric particles are mainly due to pollution from neighbouring countries.Daily PM concentrations were analysed for urban and industrial areas including Alor Setar,Tasek,Shah Alam,Klang,Bandaraya Melaka,Larkin,Balok Baru,and Kuala Terengganu in 2018 and 2019.The analysis employed spatiotemporal to examine how PM levels were distributed.The data summary revealed that PM levels in all study areas were right-skewed,indicating the occurrence of high particulate events.Significant peaks in PM concentrations during haze events were consistently observed between June and October,encompassing the south west monsoon and inter-monsoon periods.The study on acute respiratory illnesses primarily focused on Selangor.Analysis revealed that Klang had the highest mean number of inpatient cases for acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma(AEBA)and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)with values of 260.500 and 185.170,respectively.Similarly,for outpatient cases of AEBA and AECOPD,Klang had the highest average values of 41.67 and 14.00,respectively.Shah Alam and Sungai Buloh did not show a significant increase in cases during periods of biomass burning.The statistical analysis concluded that higher concentrations of PM were associated with increased hospital admissions,particularly from June to September,as shown in the bar diagram.Haze episodes were associated with more healthcare utilization due to haze-related respiratory illnesses,seen in higher inpatient and outpatient visits(p<0.05).However,seasonal variability had minimal impact on healthcare utilization.These findings offer a comprehensive assessment of PM levels during historic haze episodes,providing valuable insights for authorities to develop policies and guidelines for effective monitoring and mitigation of the negative impacts of haze events.

我国6个典型城市大气能见度及其影响因素研究

采用线性相关性分析、分类变量分析等统计学方法,分析了巴彦淖尔、石家庄、廊坊、郑州、武汉、广州六市2019—2020年的PM_(2.5)与气象观测数据,研究了PM_(2.5)浓度与大气相对湿度对大气能见度的影响。结果表明:六市大气能见度年变化规律虽存在较大差异,但最低值均出现于每年12月—次年2月,且年变化规律基本一致;气象条件、相对湿度、PM_(2.5)浓度对能见度的影响明显,其中相对湿度通过改变PM_(2.5)物化性质间接影响能见度,与能见度相关程度相对较弱。PM_(2.5)浓度与能见度的线性相关性良好,以幂函数为主;整体上,相对湿度与PM_(2.5)浓度对大气能见度影响呈协同作用,相对湿度越大的城市对PM_(2.5)的控制要求越高。此外,PM_(2.5)浓度高于平台点时,大气能见度基本不随PM_(2.5)浓度增加而继续降低,只有PM_(2.5)浓度低于突变点时,大气能见度才会随PM_(2.5)浓度降低而显著提升,各市能见度突变点与平台期点所对应PM_(2.5)浓度差异较大。

基于毒理基因组学的工业废气颗粒物毒性分析方法及应用

为了解决现有颗粒物毒性检测方法存在的成本高、周期长、过程复杂等问题,引入毒理基因组学分析方法,提出工业废气颗粒物样品预处理方法,基于酶标仪开展毒性测试,利用基因热图分析、应激模式反应和毒性终点深入探究颗粒物的毒性作用机制,验证了方法的可行性,并将该方法应用于某烧结机头电除尘器内4个电场(1号、2号、3号、4号)中颗粒物的毒性变化规律分析.结果表明:①对于有机组分,其主要诱导大肠杆菌细胞发生氧化应激反应和潜在的蛋白应激反应,颗粒物有机组分毒性呈4号电场>3号电场>1号电场>2号电场的特征,4号电场的颗粒物毒性终点最小,为3.01×10^(−10) mg/mL.②对于无机组分,4个电场(1号、2号、3号、4号)主要诱导大肠杆菌细胞分别发生普遍应激、DNA应激、氧化应激和蛋白应激,颗粒物无机组分毒性大小呈4号电场>2号电场>1号电场>3号电场的特征,4号电场的颗粒物毒性终点最小,为8.44×10^(−6) mg/mL.研究显示,基于毒理基因组学的工业废气颗粒物毒性分析方法不仅具有准确性,还能更加全面地阐述潜在的毒性模式,实现了工业废气颗粒物毒性的快捷可靠分析,可为后续相关研究提供理论支撑.

DPF和CDPF主动再生排放特性对比分析

基于外加热源再生台架和颗粒物加载装置,探究了不同再生温度和碳载量下柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)和催化型DPF(CDPF)主动再生时出口气体和颗粒物排放特性.结果表明:催化剂铂(Pt)的涂敷有利于碳黑(PU)的氧化,在相同碳载量条件下,CDPF更易产生温度波峰,且再生效率略高于DPF;DPF再生过程中伴随着较高体积分数的CO排放,且升温阶段会出现一个低浓度的核模态颗粒排放窗口,后续再生阶段几乎无颗粒物释放;CDPF再生过程中几乎没有CO生成,但在再生阶段会伴随着大量的30 nm以下的小颗粒释放,且随着再生温度和碳载量的升高,CDPF出口颗粒物浓度逐渐升高.DPF和CDPF再生时分别具有不同优化窗口,既有利于减少颗粒物排放同时又保持较高的再生效率.

唐山市大气颗粒物和O_(3)多尺度变化及影响因素

采用KZ滤波法、多元逐步回归法和小波相干性分析法,从不同时间尺度探究了唐山市2015~2022年间PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_(3)的演变特征,并有效区分和定量估算了污染源排放和气象因素对污染物浓度的贡献,揭示了气象因素对污染物不同尺度的影响,以及颗粒物和O_(3)之间的协同作用机制.结果表明:研究期间唐山市颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的浓度长期分量均呈现显著下降趋势,季节分量和短期分量均呈现不同程度的周期波动.O_(3)浓度长期分量变化幅度较小,其季节分量和短期分量均在每年5~7月之间有明显变化趋势.颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度的长期分量变化主要由源排放因素控制,且源排放贡献占90%以上,而O_(3)浓度的长期分量变化则由源排放和气象因素共同控制,且其贡献比例约为2:3.气象因素温度、相对湿度、地表垂直风速和降水量对PM_(2.5)主要表现为小时间尺度的正向作用和大时间尺度的负向作用.温度和短波辐射强度对O_(3)主要呈正向影响,而PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_(3)之间存在小时间尺度的正向影响和大时间尺度的负向作用.

纳米纤维素在造纸法再造烟叶基片中的应用

为提高再造烟叶的物理性能,使用2种纳米纤维素(纤维素纳米晶须CNC和纤维素纳米纤丝CNF)替代部分木桨纤维,比较其对再造烟叶松厚度、抗张强度的影响,选择添加效果较好的纤维素纤丝,然后考察其不同添加量对再造烟叶松厚度、抗张强度、热解性能的影响,最后研究纳米纤维素的添加对再造烟叶主流烟气粒相物成分的影响。结果表明,在同一木浆纤维添加量下,添加CNF对再造烟叶抗张强度的提升效果强于CNC,且两者的添加对再造烟叶松厚度均无显著影响;在烟草浆料中添加CNF可以有效提高再造烟叶基片的抗张强度,随着CNF添加量的增加,造纸法再造烟叶基片的抗张强度随之增大;再造烟叶的热稳定性随CNF添加量的增加而增强,质量损失达到5%时温度(T-5%)、质量损失达到50%的温度(T-50%)和最终残渣量逐渐增加,而质量损失最大时温度(Tmax)未发生明显变化;添加少量CNF对再造烟叶主流烟气粒相物成分没有显著影响。CNF的添加可有效替代部分木浆纤维,从而降低木浆纤维的添加量,在提升再造烟叶抗张强度的同时,还提高了烟草薄片的热稳定性,为开发一种满足加工工艺需求的新型再造烟叶提供新思路。

济南市柴油型移动源排放颗粒物中碳组分特征和排放量估算

为了识别济南市柴油型移动源排放颗粒物中碳组分特征,采用稀释通道采样器于2021年采集了柴油货车和工程机械尾气排放颗粒物,并对汽油车尾气一并采集对比,分析了尾气排放颗粒物质量浓度和其中的碳组分。结果表明,柴油型移动源排放颗粒物质量浓度明显高于汽油车,且以细颗粒物为主,PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)数值几乎接近于1.0,其中柴油货车排放颗粒物质量浓度高于工程机械,且随车型增大排放颗粒物质量浓度增大,重型柴油载货车排放PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度最大,分别为4.56×10~4μg·m^(-3)和4.71×10~4μg·m^(-3)。柴油货车PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)排放因子范围分别为8.90-21.8 mg·km^(-1)和9.40-22.5 mg·km^(-1),工程机械中破碎机颗粒物排放因子略大于挖掘机,破碎机PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)排放因子分别为0.12 g·kW^(-1)·h^(-1)和0.14 g·kW^(-1)·h^(-1),挖掘机排放因子分别为0.10 g·kW^(-1)·h^(-1)和0.11 g·kW^(-1)·h^(-1)。碳组分为柴油型移动源排放颗粒物的主要成分,其中工程机械排放总碳(TC)在颗粒物中占比约为66.0%,大于柴油货车的占比41.5%(PM_(2.5))和45.5%(PM_(10))。根据有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)在尾气排放颗粒物占比分析可知,柴油货车排放以OC为主,而工程机械排放EC高且为柴油货车2倍多。汽油车与柴油货车OC中占比最高的碳组分相同,均为OC2,而工程机械为OC1。EC2为柴油型移动源排放EC的主要组分,车型最大的重型柴油载货车排放EC2占比最大,分别为20.7%(PM_(2.5))和21.8%(PM_(10)),但汽油车跟柴油货车不同,EC1为汽油车排放主要碳组分。基于2021年济南市柴油货车和工程机械保有量,对城市柴油型移动源碳组分排放量进行了估算,发现柴油型移动源尾气排放PM_(10)中碳组分排放量高于PM_(2.5),工程机械尾气中碳组分排放量高于柴油货车,因此应加快推进机动车新能源化的发展以及工程机械的清洁化发展。

应用计算流体动力学方法估测医院急诊大厅颗粒物分布特征的研究

目的基于室内场所的空间几何构型、风速、颗粒物浓度和环境温度测量值,阐述空气中颗粒物浓度、悬浮时间等分布规律。方法现场测量医院急诊大厅的空间及其中大型设施的尺寸,测量环境中颗粒物数量浓度、温度、风速,场所空间尺寸用于构建模型,环境检测参数用于确定模型的边界条件和验证模型的正确性。基于格子波尔曼方法(Lattice Boltzmann Method,LBM)计算颗粒物运动,应用对流扩散方程计算空调送风系统出风口处颗粒物浓度的变化,离散相模型(discrete phase model,DPM)用于计算颗粒物在流场的运动情况。结果环境检测表明空调送风系统出口风速与室内颗粒物数量浓度呈负相关,人群聚集的候诊区颗粒物数量浓度高于诊室(P值均<0.05)。通过建立的数学模型进行仿真计算,仿真相对浓度未超过实测相对浓度的x±s范围,候诊人群使局部颗粒物浓度升高,候诊区人员咳嗽呼出气中的颗粒物可以在15 s内传播给周围的人,呼出气中60%的颗粒物悬浮时间可持续几分钟或更长时间。结论改变模型中的空间几何尺寸和环境检测参数可以用于计算不同室内场所中颗粒物的分布情况,仿真结果与实测结果具有可比性,数学计算结果可支持环境呼吸危害防控管理措施的制定。

多孔介质微观结构对柴油机颗粒捕集器性能影响的模拟探究

为了优化柴油机颗粒捕集器的捕集、压降性能,本文基于孔径概率密度函数和孔隙率分布函数建立了二维柴油机颗粒捕集器孔道微观结构模型,考虑了拦截机理和扩散机理用以计算颗粒在过滤器中的沉积分布情况和捕集效率。计算结果表明:多孔介质微观结构和入口速度对颗粒捕集效率的影响与粒径有关,100 nm粒径颗粒随流速增大初始捕集效率降低最为明显,1000 nm粒径颗粒在不同均匀性的过滤壁下的捕集效率差超过了30%;孔径分布函数方差越大,颗粒就会更多地分布在过滤壁前端,捕集效率也越高,但较大的孔径方差会导致捕集器的初始压降增大和捕集过程结束时的性能出现恶化。

莫高窟文物保存环境的大气颗粒物背景浓度及化学组成

大气颗粒物是潜在威胁遗址与文物的一种大气污染物,颗粒物沉降或吸附后覆盖文物表面细节,降低其审美价值,并带来进一步的物理或化学侵蚀。通过分析莫高窟开放洞窟(16窟、257窟)、非开放洞窟(320洞窟)和窟外大气中各粒径颗粒物(总悬浮颗粒物TSP、粗颗粒物PM_(10)和细颗粒物PM_(2.5))背景和典型沙尘天气质量浓度及其碳组分和水溶性无机离子组分含量,获得文物保存环境中大气颗粒物的质量浓度及化学组成。各观测季节内,非沙尘天气窟内TSP质量浓度介于48.4~60.0μg/m^(3),PM_(10)质量浓度介于13.3~61.3μg/m~3,PM_(2.5)质量浓度介于9.9~59.2μg/m^(3)。洞窟是否向公众开放对窟内颗粒物浓度水平和组成的影响不显著,开放和非开放洞窟颗粒物质量浓度的I/O比值多小于1,显示窟内颗粒物主要源于室外。窟内颗粒物化学组成中,地壳源矿物尘多占据主导地位,在沙尘频发的春季占比介于53.0%至80.7%之间,冬季占比介于17.1%~44.0%。其他化学组分中,细颗粒PM_(2.5)中碳组分和总水溶性无机离子含量占比明显高于TSP和PM_(10)。冬季窟内PM_(2.5)质量浓度低于春季,但碳组分和无机离子浓度值和含量占比均高于春季(除去春季16洞窟),冬季碳组分和无机离子含量占比高达60%,其中酸性组分含量占比和可达30%。对莫高窟大气颗粒物的控制不能忽视细颗粒浓度及其化学组成的潜在危害。