EFFECT OF TROPICAL CYCLONE PRECIPITATION ON ALLEVIATING THE DROUGHT SITUATION IN THE SOUTHEAST COASTAL REGIONS OF CHINA DURING SUMMER AND AUTUMN:USING THE IMPROVED OBJECTIVE SYNOPTIC ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE

To quantitatively study the role of tropical cyclone precipitation(TCP) on alleviating the drought in the southeast coastal region of China(SCR) during summer and autumn,the objective synoptic analysis technique(OSAT),improved for consistency and rationality,was used to separate the TCP data on the summers and autumns of 1963-2005 on the basis of daily precipitation data from stations and tropical cyclone best track data.After defining the season drought index,the actual drought distribution and the assumed drought distribution without TCP were acquired.The results showed that within 1 000 km from the southeast coastline of China,TCP accounted for 11.3%of natural precipitation(NP).Without TCP,the drought index in the SCR during summer would have increased from 0.2 to 0.6 or even above 1.0 in some regions whereas the drought index during autumn would have increased from 0.4 to 0.6 or above 1.2 in some regions.The impact of TCP on drought decreases progressively from the southeast coastline to the inland regions.The TCP proportion(TCPP) showed a significant negative correlation with the drought index in many regions of the southeast,and the significant region is wider in autumn than in summer.TCP relieved the drought most significantly within a range of 0-500 km from the southeast coastline.This drought relief showed different characteristics for the interannual variability in summer and autumn,and the cross wavelet transform indicated that the impact of TCP on drought mainly lies in 2-4-year time scales.In particular,there was a significant effect during the summers of 1977-1985 and in the autumns following that of 1985.Therefore,TCP has indeed largely alleviated drought in the SCR during summer and autumn.

APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES WITH NWP PRODUCTS FOR OBJECTIVE FORECASTING OF TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION

Statistical study is first performed of the efficiency of the technique of statistical interpretation using the products of NWP. The result shows that the application of the technique has improved the predictabilily of predictors in objective forecasting of tropical cyclone motion, increased the forecasting skill of models and extended the valid period of forecast. Then a discussion is made of some technical problems in the application in the motion forecasting, suggesting: a large sample of data and perfect forecast method be employed in constructing objective forecast models for tropical cyclone motion, predictors be included that are so finely built that they reflect all synoptic features and physical quantity fields and NWP products be used and corrected that are available at multiple times. It is one of the effective ways to improve the skill and stability of the forecast by composite use of outcomes from various forecasting models.

Estimating Tropical Cyclone Precipitation from Station Observations

In this paper, an objective technique for estimating the tropical cyclone （TC） precipitation from station observations is proposed. Based on a comparison between the Original Objective Method （OOM） and the Expert Subjective Method （ESM）, the Objective Synoptic Analysis Technique （OSAT） for partitioning TC precipitation was developed by analyzing the western North Pacific （WNP） TC historical track and the daily precipitation datasets. Being an objective way of the ESM, OSAT overcomes the main problems in OOM, by changing two fixed parameters in OOM, the thresholds for the distance of the absolute TC precipitation （D0） and the TC size （D1）, into variable parameters.Case verification for OSAT was also carried out by applying CMORPH （Climate Prediction Center MORPHing technique） daily precipitation measurements, which is NOAA＇s combined satellite precipitation measurement system. This indicates that OSAT is capable of distinguishing simultaneous TC precipitation rain-belts from those associated with different TCs or with middle-latitude weather systems.

Impact of Tropical Cyclones over the North Indian Ocean on Weather in China and Related Forecasting Techniques:A Review of Progress

Tropical cyclones(TCs)over the North Indian Ocean(NIO)are closely related to Asian summer monsoon activities and have a great impact on the precipitation in the Tibetan Plateau,southwestern China,and even the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.In this paper,the research progress on the impacting mechanisms of NIO TCs on the weather in China and associated forecasting techniques is synthesized and reviewed,including characteristics of the NIO TC activity,its variability under climate change,related precipitation mechanism,and associated forecasting techniques.On this basis,the limitations and deficiencies in previous research on the physical mechanisms and forecasting techniques of NIO TCs affecting the weather in China are elucidated and the directions for future investigations are discussed.

中国台风降水分离客观方法的改进研究

针对中国台风*降水的分离问题,对原客观分离方法进行改进研究。首先提出判别指标,然后对主、客观方法分离台风降水结果进行对比分析,在此基础上确定了将原客观方法中两个重要的参数由固定参数调整为可变参数的方案思路,并最终确定了最佳改进方案。结果显示,客观分离方法的改进效果十分明显。此外,对客观方法进行个例检验,并引入了美国卫星综合降水(CMORPH)资料,结果表明改进后客观方法在双台风降水和台风与中纬度系统相互作用产生的降水识别上均表现出较强的能力。

1980-2014年中国台风大风和台风极端大风的变化

基于1980—2014中国670站日最大风速资料,利用改进的客观天气图分析法（OSAT）分离出中国陆地的台风大风（6级以上,≥10.8 m/s）,并定义了台风极端大风,进而研究了台风大风和台风极端大风的变化特征。分析表明：在地理分布上,台风大风年均日数和占比均自海岸线向内陆迅速减小,在海南、华南和东南沿海省份以及江苏南部,台风大风占比一般为30%-70%台风极端大风年均日数大值主要分布在沿海省市（除河北和天津）,特别是华东和华南沿海,局部地区台风极端大风日数占比达100%。从季节变化看,在台风活跃的7—9月,中国台风极端大风频次总体上超过了季风极端大风;就全国而言,当阈值从最低值（11.5m/s）提升至12级（32.7m/s）时,台风极端大风频数占比则从12%急剧攀升至77%。1980—2014年,中国台风大风和台风极端大风年日数均显著减少,而台风极端大风年平均强度增强;这期间引起中国台风大风和台风极端大风的台风频数均显著减少,但引起台风极端大风的台风在生命期和影响期的平均强度均显著增强,这可能是上述显著变化特征的主要原因。

一种识别热带气旋降水的数值方法

提出了一种用于识别热带气旋降水的数值方法。这一方法是在中国国家气候中心与美国国家气候资料中心的双边合作研究中得以实现的。该方法的识别结果与天气图人工判别结果相比较表明, 两者结论十分一致。

热带气旋降水监测及评估业务系统

采用热带气旋降水的客观分离方法和实时的热带气旋路径、强度以及同期的气象观测资料建立了热带气旋实时监测与评估系统。系统主要包括热带气旋实时资料接收,热带气旋降水客观分离,热带气旋降水资源评估和对社会经济影响估算以及图形显示等功能。通过降水客观分离方法技术的引入和业务系统的自动化实现,大大提高了对热带气旋影响评估的时效和能力。

热带气旋降水客观分离业务化探讨

针对中国热带气旋(TropicalCyclone,简称TC)降水的分离问题,利用国家气候中心任福民等提出的客观天气图分析法(Objective Synoptic Analysis Technique,简称OSAT)对2005年影响我国强度达到台风以上的6个TC降水进行了客观分离,并与人工的主观识别方法进行了对比。结果表明,OSAT客观方法由于对TC外围流系最大范围半径D1设置偏大,导致原来的判别测站数比主观方法多,其他系统或TC和其他系统共同作用的降水被包含进来,所以误判率较高,但遗漏少。为了减少误判率,将OSAT方法中的D1根据实况环流场给出,判别准确率得到了提高,但会出现判别结果比主观方法略偏少的现象,原因是TC和其它系统(冷锋、西风槽等)的相互作用结果没有考虑进去。总的来说,对D1的设定由原来根据TC强弱度给出常参数方案组改为根据实况观测、云图等资料获得后,提高了识别效果。使用该客观方法识别TC降水的精确度能满足业务需求,可以投入业务使用。

数值预报产品统计释用技术在热带气旋路径客观预报中的应用

首先对应用数值预报产品统计释用技术的效果进行了统计，结果表明，数值预报产品统计释用技术的应用改善了热带气旋路径客观预报中预报因子的预报能力，提高了模式的预报技巧并拓展了有效预报时效。继而对热带气旋路径客观预报中若干统计释用技术问题进行了讨论，并指出：在应用数值预报产品构造热带气旋路径客观预报模式时，采用大样本资料和完全预报方法，细心构造反映各种天气系统特征和物理量场的预报因子，应用多时刻ＮＷＰ产品并对ＮＷＰ产品进行统计订正。对多种预报模式的预报结果进行综合集成等技术是提高预报技巧和稳定性的有效途径。