BioTRIZ Suggests Radiative Cooling of Buildings Can Be Done Passively by Changing the Structure of Roof Insulation to Let Longwave Infrared Pass

This paper demonstrates the application of a design tool called BioTRIZ. Its developers claim that it can be used to access biological strategies for solving engineering problems. Our aim is to design a roof for hot climates that gets free cooling through radiant coupling with the sky. The insulation in a standard roof stops the sun and convection from warming the thermal mass. But it also restricts the mass＇s longwave view of the cool sky. Different solutions to this conflict are offered by BioTRIZ. The chosen solution is to replace the standard insulation component with an open cell honeycomb. The vertical cells would allow longwave radiation to pass, while arresting convection. The solutions offered by BioTRIZ＇s technological counterpart include no such changes in structure. It is estimated that the thermal mass in the biomimetic roof would remain on average 4.5℃ cooler than in a standard roof over a year in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Discussion on the Intelligent Design of Ultra-Low Energy Consumption Passive Buildings

With the continuous development of science and technology and the gradual improvement of modem building technology, people pay more and more attention to the introduction of advanced technology in architectural design, such as the application of intelligent technology. With the increasingly severe environmental situation, people are increasingly demanding the environmental performance and green performance of buildings. The establishment of ultra-low energy consumption passive buildings has become one of the key construction contents of construction projects. This paper mainly analyzes the design points and architectural forms of related buildings from the perspective of intelligent control.

Research on Modem Passive Integrated Energy-saving Technology of the Residential Buildings under Green Building Background

This paper proposes the modem passive integrated energy-saving technology of the residential buildings under green building background. The essence of green building is to build a healthy and general environmentally friendly living environment under the premise of reducing the consumption of resources and improving the efficiency of resource utilization in the whole life cycle of construction activities. Green building bearing function is further diversified, integrated, and has a self-initiative. The development of the green building, local isolated from the original single building greening, greening, landscaping site platform, gradually developed for construction area and the surrounding green ecological system of comprehensive, three-dimensional stratified construction and network connection. Its model gradually shows the micro area of the construction of the ecological system and architectural space integration. This paper integrates the passive integrated energysaving technology to construct the novel construction paradigm.

Passive Cooling Strategies in Greening Existing Residential Building in Hot Dry Climate： Case Study in Bahrain

This paper will present several passive-cooling technologies and design features that can be adopted to reduce building heat gain without the need of excess energy consumption. A typical residential unit will be selected as case study and a three basic passive cooling strategies were selected to enhance the building envelop, as well as using appropriate shading devices and green roofing system that prove to be a good environment quality improver. IES energy simulation software will be used to evaluate the performance of the building. The study revealed a number of significant findings in reducing the energy consumption and enhancing the tenants＇ thermal comfort. American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Airconditioning Engineer （ASHRAE） standards specially via improving the performance of building envelop because it is the interface between internal and external environment. Moreover, improving the building envelope has recorded that overall energy and chiller energy consumption can be reduced up to 10.8% and 21.6% respectively, Therefore, it is anticipated that further reductions can be achieved via applying more passive cooling strategies. Finally, it could argue that the results of this paper will not only be applicable to Bahrain but also many countries that have similar climatic and environmental context.

The Study of Thermal Mass as a Passive Design Technique for Building Comfort and Energy Efficiency

The day/night （diurnal） changes in temperature and solar radiation pose challenges for maintaining human thermal comfort in buildings. Passive and energy-conserving buildings seek to manage the available thermal energy by lowering peaks and dampening the fluctuations in order to maintain conditions for human comfort. Appropriate use of thermal mass moderates the internal temperatures by averaging diurnal extremes. Thermal mass is one of the powerful tools which architects and designers can use to control temperature. It can be used to optimize the performance of energy-conserving buildings that rely primarily on mechanical heating and cooling strategies. Massive building envelopes-such as masonry, concrete, earth, and insulating concrete forms （ICFs） can be utilized as one of the simplest ways of reducing building heating and cooling loads. This article analyses the role and effectiveness of thermal mass as a strategy for providing indoor thermal comfort for passive solar and energy conserving buildings.

Discussion on Electrical Design of Passive Residential Building

As the national buildings in each climate zone and passive low energy consumption building demonstration projects expand,there has been a wave of innovation across the construction industry.China is also becoming a hot zone for energy-efficient and high-performance passive buildings.Along with the traditional passive building structure,steel structure passive construction,assembled PC structure passive construction such as the emergence of various types of passive construction,as well as a variety of new building materials,doors and Windows,and air conditioning air equipment,put forward a new challenge for building electrical engineering design personnel and requirements.

PASSIVE DESIGN TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO GREEN BUILDINGS AS AN AESTHETIC AND SPATIAL DESIGN CONCEPT

1.INTRODUCTION The emergence of environmental problems as major social issues throughout the world has prompted sustainable development efforts in a wide range of areas,including industry,construction,and transportation,followed by the execution of numerous studies and policies.The concept of sustainable development has been dealt with in earnest in the construction field since the Declaration of Interdependence for a Sustainable Future at the 18th Chicago Convention of UIA in 1993.This Declaration included tasks to be implemented with respect to green buildings,such as the recycling of resources,application of energy-efficient designs,and utilization of natural energy in addition to the application of sustainable designs.As part of green building practices,countries around the world have been implementing various green building certification standards,such as LEED,GBCC,CASBEE,and BREEAM.

APPLYING THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD TO OFFICE BUILDINGS—HOW MUCH GLASS IS ADMISSIBLE?

Enjoying a pleasant interior temperature in both summer and winter without the necessity for additional heating or cooling—a level of comfort already offered by private homes built with an eye to energy effi ciency.What has become known as the passive house standard is now increasingly demanded in tenders and competitions revolving around offi ce buildings.Below,Dr Friedrich Sick,professor at the HTW Berlin,and Stefan Schade,a graduate in Environmental Engineering/Renewable Energies who explored this particular fi eld in his thesis[1],examine the conditions necessary for the implementation of this standard.

Study on the Optimization for Design of Indoor Natural Ventilation and Lighting Based on Passive Design Measurements

Based on the current indoor natural ventilation and lighting in the space of traditional residential buildings,this paper starts from the passive-design optimization of the spatial natural ventilation and lighting,and makes quantitative evaluation on the quality of current interior natural ventilation and lighting for two typical residential buildings by three indexes,including wind speed,static wind area ratio and satisfaction ratio about minimum lighting coefficient. Based on that, this paper conducts the passive design optimization, and establishes the quantitative association and reevaluation among the passive reformation design, natural ventilation,and lighting environmental quality,proposing the general strategy for the existing residential buildings to respond to the passive reformation design of the natural ventilation and lighting. The special reconstruction of core functionary space of integration of "the living room + dining room + partial space"is researched,and the redesign for the optimization and replacement of both indoor and outdoor enclosure parts is explored,which is expected to provide practical exploration on the strategies for passive construction of spatial natural environmental quality within a large number of highly-energy-consumed residential buildings in China,as well as the green design of residential buildings.

Conceptual Issues in the Qualification of Intelligent Buildings

The reality of global warming must have been settled by now while the incidence of same has in very recent times adopted unprecedented dimensions. The global community continues to look for ways to combat the impact of climate change and technology is looked upon to deliver the innovations that would ensure a better tomorrow today. Rapid advancement of Information Technology (IT), is now transforming the way we create and interact with the built environment with the notion of Intelligent Buildings (IBs) underscoring its main features. However, these IBs utilize systems that require energy, and fossil fuels are currently the world’s primary energy sources;they can also irreparably harm the environment, exacerbating climate change. What then is the true essence of IBs? This paper, through review of existing literature, attempts to explore some issues associated with the conceptualization of IBs, highlighting how they are similar with other notional options that deliver the same benefits but without the needed IT systems or the energy required in running them. It also discusses the need to focus on less energy demanding and management approaches at design or occupancy of buildings as a way to reduce the demand and thus consumption of fossil fuels across the world.

Passive cooling of porous tile used on external wall

The porous tiles under the dry and wet conditions were studied. The simplified mathematical model was put forward to simulate the procedure of moisture evaporating for the densely porous tile. The results show that the capability of passive cooling of the porous tile is more than 5 ℃ with moisture content of 30% in Yangtze river region. Through the comparison between the measuring and simulating data,it can be proved that the simplified math model can be fully used to the engineering application,which provides a reference to explore the thermal performance of other porous material.

The Behavior of Multi-Story Buildings Seismically Isolated System Hybrid Isolation (Friction, Rubber and with the Addition of Rotational Friction Dampers)

Increasing buildings’ resistance to earthquake forces is not always a desirable solution especially for the building contents that are irreplaceable or simply more valuable than the actual primary structure (e.g. museums, data storage Centre’s, etc.). Base isolation and seismic dampers can be employed to minimize inter-story drifts and floor accelerations via specially designed isolation and dampers system at the structural base, or at higher levels of the superstructure. In this research, we’ll examine the response of buildings isolated using isolation system hybrid consisting of Lead-Rubber Bearings (LRB), Flat Sliding Bearings (FSB), with the addition of Rotation Fiction Damper (FD) at the base, then compare the results with buildings that have traditional foundation, in terms of the (period, displacement and distribution shear force and height of the building). It conducts TIME HISTORY seismic analysis for some varying height buildings (eight, twelve, sixteen, and twenty stories), with help of SAP2000 using an earthquake acceleration-time history for (El- Centro). The results show that the use of insulation system Hybrid has had a significant impact on improving the performance of origin in terms of reducing displacements and base shear with in-creasing height of the building, but has had a negative impact on the drift, which leads to an in-crease in drift with the increased flexibility of the building.

Green Affordable Social Housing: A Survey-Based Passive Cooling Design, with Focus on Jakande Housing Estate in Lagos, Nigeria

With rising health risks escalating from temperatures in the Global South, the shortage of essential indoor cooling is frequently seen as a dimension of energy poverty and human wellbeing. As a result, this study assessed ventilation and passive cooling in Jakande, Lagos Housing estate to design social housing that integrates proper cross ventilation and cooling. A total of 1215 housing units in the estate were used for the sampling frame. Based on the survey, the authors proposed an analytical housing design equipped with urban greenery that allows for free air movement with minimal thermal discomfort. The design methodology aids continuous cooling within the housing envelope and also improves aesthetics and landscaping within the environment.

A Review of Applied Methods of Using Solar Energy in Iranian Buildings

Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the Sun that has been harnessed by human since ancient times. Also secondary solar resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectric power and biomass account for most of the available renewable energy on Earth, which can be used by human. Architects since alacient times have used various methods to hamesse and employ the solar energy for lighting, cooling and heating and etc. Meanwhile, Iran＇s ancient architecture, as an adaptive one, which consists of various climatic reigns, is filled with abounding examples of using sun energy in buildings. But, unfortunately despite these ancient methods, our modern architects mostly tend to provide energy of buildings with fossil fuels. This increases energy costs of the building＇s and also pollutes the environment. In this article it is intended to consider the ancient ways of using solar energy in Iran, and then suggest new methods for applying in modem buildings. The results of consideration show that among Solar technologies, passive and active methods, Iran＇s ancient architects have used passive methods, for example in mass and space, orientation and settlement of building. The idea of passive methods can be used in new shapes in current buildings, for instance by using solar space, central yard and etc. The suggestive method in this paper is combining the passive methods with the active ones.

Multiple Institutional Dynamics of Sustainable Housing Concepts in DenmarkOn the Role of Passive Houses

One of the central challenges of sustainable transition is the changing of the buildings. This involves social, cultural,political, and regulatory dynamics. Critically using transition theory conceptualization of a world of dynamics, the paper reviews institutional theory and actor network approaches in an attempt to better account for contemporary developments in Europe, encompassing EU reforms as well as multiple competing concepts. The emergence of ＂passive houses＂ in Denmark is used as a case of transition dynamics. The concept was developed in Germany and imported into Denmark. It is a technological niche, encompassing technologies, players, improvisation, and early customers. Passive houses have entered into fierce competition with other future institutions such as LEED （Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design）, DGNB （German Sustainable Building Council）/green building council, and active houses. Passive houses were at the outset a well-developed upcoming institution with design principles, software, certification and numerous reference buildings, strong enough to be a challenger institution. They are promoted by a characteristic alliance of architects, consulting engineers, a few clients, and an architect school, whereas the other concepts exhibit their specific actor alliances. Yet passive houses experience barriers such as the reputation of being expensive and non-user friendly, and are currently surpassed by the other concepts.

A method of determining typical meteorological year for evaluating overheating performance of passive buildings

In the simulation of building overheating risks,the use of typical meteorological years(TMY)can greatly reduce the simulation workload and accurately reflect the distribution of simulation results according to the weather conditions over a given period.However,all meteorological parameters in most current TMY methods use a uniform weighting factor which may make the simulation results against the actual simulation results of the period and negatively affect the accuracy of the evaluation results.In addition to differences in climate characteristics between climate zones,the sensitivity of different simulation results to external parameters will also be different.Therefore,a TMY method based on the Finkelstein-Schafer statistical method is proposed,which considers the climatic characteristics of different regions and the correlation with the output parameters of indoor simulation to select the typical month.The proposed method is demonstrated in the three future scenarios for the three cities in different climate zones in China.The results show that the traditional TMY method has an overestimated weight of solar radiation and wind speed and an undervalued weight of dry bulb temperature when indoor temperature-related indicators are the output target.Compared with the traditional TMY method,the TMY generated by the improved method is closer to the distribution characteristics of the long-term outdoor weather data.Furthermore,when using the improved TMY data to evaluate the overheating performance of the passive residential buildings,the difference of the results of the unmet degree hours,indoor overheating degree,and the overheating escalation factor between the long-term projected data and the TMY data can be reduced by 63%–67%compared with the traditional TMY data.

Evaluation of the Thermodynamic Performance of the Traditional Passive Systems

The energy consumption of buildings in urban areas is one of the greatest source of energy wasting and, consequently, ofincreasing of CO2 emission. Research is currently focused on the reduction of this consumption through the use of passive air-conditioning systems, that can be integrated with conventional systems and give rise to the so-called hybrid systems. Historically, these passive systems were developed in the Mediterranean and Middle East area. The research approach on this topic involves the application of design strategies and the development of computational tools and control systems. The development of the hybrid systems is the result of the synergy between current scientific knowledge, advanced manufacturing and information technology. In this study, a modular housing system has been investigated under different conditions. Simulations have been repeated, in order to identify the configuration that provides the highest indoor comfort. The analysis of the different conditions has been carried out using a CFD （computational fluid dynamic） software. The paper shows the results developed by the Dipartimento di Architettura of the Universit^t di Palermo in the analysis of the natural ventilation effect on the indoor comfort.

Experimental Study to Evaluate the Performance of Iraqi Passive House in Summer Season

lraq locates in hot arid region （30 °N-37 °N）, where the hot summer season is very long and the ambient temperature is about 50 ℃. Cooling of building needs A/C （air-conditioning） system which consumes more than 60% of the total electricity supplied to residential building. So, there is really need to minimize the energy consumption by enhancement the performance of Iraqi buildings using passive house technique. This paper presents the thermal performance ofa Passivhaus model built in Kirkuk （35 °N）. The design depends on the using of suitable materials, sufficient insulation, well airtightness and underground air cooling. The experimental measurements take in consideration several parameters like ambient temperature, solar radiation, orientation of the building and duration. The results give good indication of the benefit of using this technique of passive cooling system in Iraqi residential buildings. The indoor temperature could be reduced to 30 ℃, while, the energy consumption for cooling could be saved up to 80%.

Passive Heating Systems:A Case Study in a Brazilian Mountainous Region

The study of thermal comfort in the built environment is of great relevance since it stimulates the development of more sustainable buildings suited to the local climate and able to meet the human need for well-being.The objective of this research was to develop,construct and test a passive heating system adaptable to existing buildings,reducing the need for major interventions and increasing thermal comfort in the indoor environment.The adopted methodological approach was a case study in a single-family residence located in the Brazilian city of Petrópolis,a mountainous region with a humid subtropical climate and a rigorous winter.The proposed passive heating system is totally isolated,thus mitigating air infiltration and promoting increase of temperature in the internal environment through the absorption of solar energy and greenhouse effect.This kind of solution is especially interesting for residents of this region,since most of the city buildings are not adequately prepared to handle low temperatures.Thus,given local climatic conditions,residents need to spend a lot of money on the acquisition and operation of electric or gas heating systems.The results indicated that the developed system,in fact,increased the temperature of the studied room when compared to an adjacent room,which did not receive the device.The findings of this paper,therefore,provide a valuable reference for experts and practitioners in the selection of heating systems to be used in cold regions,and proved that passive systems can provide thermal comfort at the same time that optimize the interaction of the building with the local ecosystem.

Comparative Study of Two Materials Combining a Standard Building Material with a PCM

Phase change materials(PCMs)have the ability to store thermal energy and make it available at a later stage to keep indoor temperature within a specific range and achieve better thermal comfort in buildings.This study focuses on the performances of materials obtained by combining a standard building material with a PCM.In particular,two different materials mixed with the same PCM are considered under the same climatic conditions.The related thermal behavior is assessed in the framework of numerical simulations conducted with ANSYS Fluent assuming parameters representative of a city located in Europe.The results show that the addition of PCM to concrete and bricks can improve the thermal inertia of the resulting material.