The virulence regulator AbsR in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli has pleiotropic effects on bacterial physiology

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli(APEC)belonging to extraintestinal pathogenic E.coli(ExPEC)can cause severe infections in extraintestinal tissues in birds and humans,such as the lungs and blood.MprA(microcin production regulation,locus A,herein renamed AbsR,a blood survival regulator),a member of the MarR(multiple antibiotic resistance regulator)transcriptional regulator family,governs the expression of capsule biosynthetic genes in human ExPEC and represents a promising druggable target for antimicrobials.However,a deep understanding of the AbsR regulatory mechanism as well as its regulon is lacking.In this study,we present a systems-level analysis of the APEC AbsR regulon using ChIP-Seq(chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing)and RNA-Seq(RNA sequencing)methods.We found that AbsR directly regulates 99 genes and indirectly regulates 667 genes.Furthermore,we showed that:1)AbsR contributes to antiphagocytotic effects by macrophages and virulence in a mouse model for systemic infection by directly activating the capsular gene cluster;2)AbsR positively impacts biofilm formation via direct regulation of the T2SS(type II secretion system)but plays a marginal role in virulence;and 3)AbsR directly upregulates the acid tolerance signaling system EvgAS to withstand acid stress but is dispensable in ExPEC virulence.Finally,our data indicate that the role of AbsR in virulence gene regulation is relatively conserved in ExPEC strains.Altogether,this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the AbsR regulon and regulatory mechanism,and our data suggest that AbsR likely influences virulence primarily through the control of capsule production.Interestingly,we found that AbsR severely represses the expression of the type I-F CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas(CRISPR associated)systems,which could have implications in CRISPR biology and application.

Control of highly pathogenic avian influenza through vaccination

The stamping-out strategy has been used to control highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in many countries,driven by the belief that vaccination would not be successful against such viruses and fears that avian influenza virus in vaccinated birds would evolve more rapidly and pose a greater risk to humans.In this review,we summarize the successes in controlling highly pathogenic avian influenza in China and make suggestions regarding the requirements for vaccine selection and effectiveness.In addition,we present evidence that vaccination of poultry not only eliminates human infection with avian influenza virus,but also significantly reduces and abolishes some harmful characteristics of avian influenza virus.

SsdchA is a novel secretory cellobiohydrolase driving pathogenicity in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

The necrotrophic fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, employs an array of cell wall-degrading enzymes(CWDEs), including cellulase, to dismantle host cell walls. However, the molecular mechanisms through which S. sclerotiorum degrades cellulose remain elusive. Here, we unveil a novel secretory cellobiohydrolase, SsdchA, characterized by a signal peptide and a Glyco_hydro_7(GH7) domain. SsdchA exhibits a robust expression of during early infection stages. Interestingly, colony morphology and growth rates remain unaffected across the wild-type, SsdchA deletion strains and SsdchA overexpression strains on potato dextrose agar(PDA) medium. Nevertheless, the pathogenicity and cellobiohydrolase activity decreased in the SsdchA deletion strains, but enhanced in the SsdchA overexpression strains. Moreover,the heterologous expression of SsdchA in Arabidopsis thaliana leads to reduced cellulose content and heightened susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum. Collectively, our data underscore the pivotal role of the novel cellobiohydrolase SsdchA in the pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum.

RDH12-associated retinal degeneration caused by a homozygous pathogenic variant of 146C>T and literature review

AIM:To describe the clinical,electrophysiological,and genetic features of an unusual case with an RDH12 homozygous pathogenic variant and reviewed the characteristics of the patients reported with the same variant.METHODS:The patient underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination including best-corrected visual acuity,anterior segment and dilated fundus,visual field,spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(OCT)and electroretinogram(ERG).The retinal disease panel genes were sequenced through chip capture high-throughput sequencing and Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the result.Then we reviewed the characteristics of the patients reported with the same variant.RESULTS:A 30-year male presented with severe early retinal degeneration who complained night blindness,decreased visual acuity,vitreous floaters and amaurosis fugax.The best corrected vision was 0.04 OD and 0.12 OS,respectively.The fundus photo and OCT showed bilateral macular atrophy but larger areas of macular atrophy in the left eye.Autofluorescence shows bilateral symmetrical hypo-autofluorescence.ERG revealed that the amplitudes of a-and b-wave were severely decreased.Multifocal ERG showed decreased amplitudes in the local macular area.A homozygous missense variant c.146C>T(chr14:68191267)was found.The clinical characteristics of a total of 13 patients reported with the same pathologic variant varied.CONCLUSION:An unusual patient with a homozygous pathogenic variant in the c.146C>T of RDH12 which causes late-onset and asymmetric retinal degeneration are reported.The clinical manifestations of the patient with multimodal retinal imaging and functional examinations have enriched our understanding of this disease.

Distribution of pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial sensitivity of eye infections in Suzhou

AIM:To investigate the types of bacteria in patients with eye infections in Suzhou and their drug resistance to commonly used antibacterial drugs.METHODS:The clinical data of 155 patients were retrospectively collected in this study,and the pathogenic bacteria species and drug resistance of each pathogenic bacteria were analyzed.RESULTS:Among the 155 patients(age from 12 to 87 years old,with an average age of 57,99 males and 56 females)with eye infections(160 eyes:74 in the left eye,76 in the right eye and 5 in both eyes,all of which were exogenous),71(45.81%)strains were gram-positive bacteria,23(14.84%)strains were gram-negative bacteria and 61(39.35%)strains were fungi.Gram-positive bacteria were highly resistant to penicillin and erythromycin(78.87%and 46.48%respectively),but least resistant to vancomycin at 0.Gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to cefoxitin and compound sulfamethoxazole(100%and 95.65%respectively),but least resistant to meropenem at 0.Comparison of the resistance of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria to some drugs revealed statistically significant differences(P<0.05)in the resistance of both to cefoxitin,cotrimoxazole,levofloxacin,cefuroxime,ceftriaxone and ceftazidime,and both had higher rates of resistance to gram-negative bacteria than to gram-positive bacteria.The distribution of bacterial infection strains showed that Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common strain in the conjunctiva,cornea,aqueous humor or vitreous body and other eye parts.Besides,Fusarium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were also among the most common strains of conjunctival and corneal infections.CONCLUSION:Gram-positive bacteria are the dominant bacteria in eye infections,followed by gram-negative bacteria and fungi.Considering the resistance of gramnegative bacteria to multiple drugs,monitoring of bacteria should be strengthened in eye bacterial infections for effective prevention and control to reduce complications caused by eye infections.

The DNA damage repair complex MoMMS21-MoSMC5 is required for infection-related development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae

The conserved DNA damage repair complex,MMS21-SMC5/6(Methyl methane sulfonate 21-Structural maintenance of chromosomes 5/6),has been extensively studied in yeast,animals,and plants.However,its role in phytopathogenic fungi,particularly in the highly destructive rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae,remains unknown.In this study,we functionally characterized the homologues of this complex,MoMMS21 and MoSMC5,in M.oryzae.We first demonstrated the importance of DNA damage repair in M.oryzae by showing that the DNA damage inducer phleomycin inhibited vegetative growth,infection-related development and pathogenicity in this fungus.Additionally,we discovered that MoMMS21 and MoSMC5 interacted in the nuclei,suggesting that they also function as a complex in M.oryzae.Gene deletion experiments revealed that both MoMMS21 and MoSMC5 are required for infection-related development and pathogenicity in M.oryzae,while only MoMMS21 deletion affected growth and sensitivity to phleomycin,indicating its specific involvement in DNA damage repair.Overall,our results provide insights into the roles of MoMMS21 and MoSMC5 in M.oryzae,highlighting their functions beyond DNA damage repair.

Genetic and pathogenic characterization of new infectious bronchitis virus strains in the GVI-1 and GI-19 lineages isolated in central China

Avian infectious bronchitis(IB)is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by infectious bronchitis virus(IBV),which is prevalent in many countries worldwide and causes serious harm to the poultry industry.At present,many commercial IBV vaccines have been used for the prevention and control of IB;however,IB outbreaks occur frequently.In this study,two new strains of IBV,SX/2106 and SX/2204,were isolated from two flocks which were immunized with IBV H120 vaccine in central China.Phylogenetic and recombination analysis indicated that SX/2106,which was clustered into the GI-19 lineage,may be derived from recombination events of the GI-19 and GI-7 strains and the LDT3-A vaccine.Genetic analysis showed that SX/2204 belongs to the GVI-1 lineage,which may have originated from the recombination of the GI-13 and GVI-1 strains and the H120 vaccine.The virus cross-neutralization test showed that the antigenicity of SX/2106 and SX/2204 was different from H120.Animal experiments found that both SX/2106 and SX/2204 could replicate effectively in the lungs and kidneys of chickens and cause disease and death,and H120 immunization could not provide effective protection against the two IBV isolates.It is noteworthy that the pathogenicity of SX/2204 has significantly increased compared to the GVI-1 strains isolated previously,with a mortality rate up to 60%.Considering the continuous mutation and recombination of the IBV genome to produce new variant strains,it is important to continuously monitor epidemic strains and develop new vaccines for the prevention and control of IBV epidemics.

Resistance of Microbial Community of Artemisia annua L.to Pathogenic Fungi

[Objectives]This paper was to figure out whether the dominant bacterial community has the role and effect of bacterial community and its defense mechanism against potential pathogenic fungi in Artemisia annua,and thus establish a systematic model of bacteria-fungus-plant.[Methods]Fifty-eight strains of bacteria and one strain of pathogenic fungi,Globisporangium ultimatum,were used for the experiments.These 58 bacterial strains were assembled into a bacterial community,and the bacteria with abundance in the top 1%were reassembled into a dominant bacterial community as measured by 16S rDNA.[Results]The growth of A.annua seedlings inoculated with bacterial communities and pathogenic fungi or dominant bacterial communities and pathogenic fungi was significantly better than that of A.annua seedlings inoculated with pathogenic fungi during in vitro confrontation,which was evident in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant assays.[Conclusions]The results suggest that the dominant bacterial community has a crucial role as a representative core microbial community of synthetic bacterial community,which can protect plants by interfering with the growth of phytopathogenic fungi mediated by chemical signals,and can be used as the main synthetic community of biocides to achieve the effect of biocontrol.

Antiseptic Efficacy of A Soap Made from Biosurfactants Isolated from Bacillus and Lactobacillus against Pathogenic Bacteria

The aim of our study was to use a biosurfactant produced by Bacillus and Lactobacillus isolates as an antiseptic in the formulation of local soap. A total of 60 isolates were characterized by microbiological techniques (30 Bacillus and 30 Lactobacillus) and the ability to produce biosurfactants was demonstrated by a hydrocarbon emulsification index (E24). The emulsification indexes (E24) varied from 9% to 100% for Bacillus and from 33% to 100% for Lactobacillus as well. The antagonistic assay showed that biosurfactants were able to inhibit the formation of biofilms and growth of pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhirium, Shigella boydii and Proteus mirabilis. The biosurfactant consortium (BioC) from Bacillus consortium and from Lactobacillus was able to inhibit biofilm formation and the pathogens growth. The BioC was stable to alkaline pH and the temperatures stability of Biosurfactant was ranging from 50°C to 90°C. The soap was made by the cold saponification process using one biosurfactant consortium formulated. This soap has a pH of 10 and showed good cleaning power and good foam stability. Similarly, the soap showed good antiseptic power and disinfection power against all pathogens tested. Handwashing is critical to preventing disease transmission. The persistence of pathogens in waste water was evaluated. The BioS produced showed good disinfection power against all pathogens tested. The valor of reduction on the hands and in the waste water was significantly more than compared to the control soaps used. This soap could be used in the prevention, fighting, and treatment of bacterial and viral infections.

Identification and functional analyses of a novel FOXL2 pathogenic variant causing blepharophimosis, ptosis, and epicanthus inversus syndrome

AIM: To discover the molecular pathogenic basis of the blepharophimosis, ptosis, and epicanthus inversus syndrome(BPES), and to predict the clinical subtype according to in vitro experiments, which is significant to the prognosis.METHODS: A 3-year-old sporadic female patient with typical clinical manifestations of BPES was enrolled. The coding region of forkhead box L2(FOXL2) gene was sequenced, and the functional assays were performed in vitro by Western blotting, subcellular localization experiment, luciferase reporter assay, and quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS: A novel FOXL2 point pathogenic variant(c.274G>T) was detected, resulting in a truncated protein(p.E92*). Functional studies demonstrated that the FOXL2 pathogenic variant induced the subcellular mislocalization and the abnormal transcriptional activity on promoters of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein(StAR or STARD1) gene and the odd-skipped related 2 transcription factor(OSR2) gene.CONCLUSION: A novel pathogenic variant is identified to expand the spectrum of the known FOXL2 mutations. The in vitro experiments provide reference data and more insights to the molecular pathogenesis of BPES. The predicted high risk of ovarian insufficiency makes it significant for the patient enrolled to have further follow-up and therapy concerning female endocrinology.

Identifying a novel frameshift pathogenic variant in a Chinese family with neurofibromatosis type 1 and review of literature

AIM:To detect the pathogenic gene variant in a family with neurofibromatosis type 1(NF1).METHODS:This patient with NF1 was sequenced using target sequence capture and high-throughput sequencing technology.After detecting the suspicious pathogenic variant type,the pathogenic variant sites of the patient and the patient’s family members were verified by multiple ligation dependent probe amplification and Sanger sequencing.Sift,polyphen-2,Mutation Taster and GERP++software were used to predict the pathogenicity of the unknown loci.The clinical data,diagnosis and treatment process of the patients were reviewed.Using the keyword“NF1;frameshift pathogenic variant”,relevant literature was gathered for analysis from Chinese and international databases,with articles dating from the establishment of each database to April 2022.RESULTS:A heterozygous frameshift pathogenic variant of NF1 in exon 33 was detected in the patient.The insertion of adenine in coding region 4486 resulted in the replacement of isoleucine with asparagine in protein 1497.Sanger sequencing validation and segregation analysis were performed,which demonstrated that the NF1 gene was cosegregated with the disease phenotype in this family.This study identified a novel NF1 heterozygous frameshift mutation c.4486dupA(p.I1497Nfs*12).Relevant literature retrieval found 7 Chinese articles and 12 foreign articles.With NF1 gene mutation,mutation types are diverse,including point mutation,frameshift mutation,splice site mutation,exon mutation,chimeric mutation and de novo mutation.Foreign reports are based on autosomal dominant inheritance.CONCLUSION:This study’s results demonstrate that a novel deletion in exon 33 caused NF1 in this Chinese family,expanding the mutational spectrum of the NF1 gene.

Characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis serine protease Rv1043c in enzymology and pathogenicity in mice

The serine proteases of Mycobacteria tuberculosis(Mtb)are important contributors to the process of bacterial invasion and its pathogenesis.In the present study,we systematically characterized the role of the Rv1043c protein in Mycobacterium infection by purifying the Rv1043c protein in Escherichia coli and constructing a Mycobacterium smegmatis(Msg)strain overexpressing Rv1043c(Msg_Rv1043c).We found that Rv1043c had serine protease activity and localized to the surface of Mtb.We determined that the optimal pH and temperature for the Rv1043c serine protease were 9.0 and 45°C,respectively.Moreover,the serine protease activity of Rv1043c was enhanced by divalent metal ions of Ca^(2+)and Mg^(2+).Site-directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated that the serine 279 residue in Rv1043c plays a catalytic role.Additionally,mouse model studies confirmed that Rv1043c significantly enhanced the survival of Msg in vivo,induced pulmonary injury and lung cell apoptosis,and promoted the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1βand interleukin-6 in mice.This study presents novel insights into the relationship between mycobacterial serine protease and the pathogenesis of the disease.

Study of pathogenic genes in a pedigree with familial dilated cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND Dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM)is a genetically heterogeneous cardiac disorder characterized by left ventricular dilation and contractile dysfunction.The substantial genetic heterogeneity evident in patients with DCM contributes to variable disease severity and complicates overall prognosis,which can be very poor.AIM To identify pathogenic genes in DCM through pedigree analysis.METHODS Our research team identified a patient with DCM in the clinic.Through invest-igation,we found that the family of this patient has a typical DCM pedigree.High-throughput sequencing technology,next-generation sequencing,was used to sequence the whole exomes of seven samples in the pedigree.RESULTS A novel and potentially pathogenic gene mutation-ANK2p.F3067L-was discovered.The mutation was completely consistent with the clinical information for this DCM pedigree.Sanger sequencing was used to further verify the locus of the mutation in pedigree samples.These results were consistent with those of high-throughput sequencing.CONCLUSIONS ANK2p.F3067L is considered a novel and potentially pathogenic gene mutation in DCM.

Production profile and comparison analysis of main toxin components of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.sesami isolates with different pathogenicity levels

Fusarium wilt is a common fungal disease in sesame caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.sesami(FOS).To determine the toxin production profiles of the FOS isolates with different pathogenicity levels under various culture conditions,we assessed the content variation of fusaric acid(FA)and 9,10-dehydrofusaric acid(9,10-DFA)produced by the four representative FOS isolates.Results indicated that the concentration of FA reached to a maximum of 2848.66μg/mL in Czapek medium,while 9,10-DFA was mainly produced in Richard and Lowcarbon Richard medium.The concentration of 9,10-DFA on Richard culture medium varied from 0μg/mL to 716.89μg/mL.Of the five culture media used in this study,Czapek culture medium was the most conductive to produce FA.FA production was significantly affected by culture medium,culture time,and their interactions.Results suggest that there is no correlation between toxin production and pathogenicity level of FOS isolates.These findings provide key information for the mechanism analysis of FOS-sesame interaction and pathogen control.

Analysis of Subcellular Localization and Pathogenicity of Plum Bark Necrosis Stem-Pitting Associated Virus Protein P6

Infection of plum bark necrosis stem pitting associated virus(PBNSPaV)has been reported in many Prunus species in several countries,causing significant economic losses.The very small proteins encoded by plant viruses are often overlooked due to their short sequences and uncertain significance.However,numerous studies have indicated that they might play important roles in the pathogenesis of virus infection.The role of small hydrophobic protein P6,encoded by the open reading frame 2 of PBNSPaV,has not been well explored.In this study,we amplified the P6 fragment from a PBNSPaV isolate by RT-PCR using specific primers and found that it is 174 bp long and encodes a protein of approximately 6.3 kD with a transmembrane domain.Subcellular localization analysis of P6 proteins in tobacco leaves showed that P6 localizes to the cytomembrane and nuclear membrane.To further clarify the pathogenicity of P6 proteins,we constructed a PVX-P6 expression vector by inserting the p6 fragment into a potato virus X(PVX)-based vector and transformed it into Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101.Infiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana(N.benthamiana)with the PVX vector-transformed A.tumefaciens led to slight mosaic symptoms at 14 days of post-inoculation.Meanwhile,infiltration with the PVX-P6 vector-transformed A.tumefaciens resulted in no significant symptoms.These results demonstrated that heterologous expression of P6 in N.benthamiana could not enhance the pathogenicity of PVX.Our study indicates that P6 may not be a potential pathogenic factor associate with the causing of symptoms,and the mode of action of PBNSPaV-P6 protein remains to be further studied.

Evaluation under Semi-Controlled Conditions of the Pathogenicity of Three Isolates of Phaeoisariopsis personata (Berk. & M.A Curt.)

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) late leaf spot is an important disease caused by Phaeoisariopsis personata (Berk. Et M. A Curt.). This fungus is responsible for the most damaging leaf spots in peanut production. The present experiment was undertaken to evaluate the pathogenic variability of Phaeoisariopsis personata in Burkina Faso. To this end, detached leaves and healthy plants of three peanut varieties were inoculated. Isolates I3TF, I2TG and I1TK of the pathogen (105 conidia/ml), collected respectively in the western, central and eastern agroecological zones of country, were used. The inoculated leaves were kept in Petri dishes on moist blotting paper and stored in the laboratory during the experimental period. The inoculated plants were grown under glass in pots containing a mixture of sterilized sand and clay. The development of disease was monitored and severity was scored every 15 days using rating scale. The results obtained in the laboratory and in the greenhouse revealed that there is pathogenic variability in the isolates tested. Indeed, for each variety, the highest severity score was recorded in plants inoculated with isolate I3TF and the lowest severity score with isolate I1TG. In the laboratory the severity scores ranged from 6.76 to 8.80 in TS32-1, 6.18 to 8.29 in SH70P and 5.98 to 7.92 in PC79-79. In the greenhouse, the average severity scores ranged from 5.61 to 8.33 in TS32-1, from 5.19 to 8.00 in SH70P, from 4.90 to 7.50 in PC79-79. Thus, the variety TS32-1 was the most susceptible to all three isolates of the pathogen.

Reform and Exploration of Integrating"Service Learning"into the Teaching of Pathogenic Biology of Aquatic Animals to Help Rural Revitalization

This paper intends to combine the development trend of the subject,restructure and optimize the course content,and construct the service learning model of Pathogenic Biology of Aquatic Animals for postgraduates.At the same time,through service practice,it is needed to further consolidate curriculum knowledge and skills,stimulate the learning initiative and enthusiasm of postgraduates,expand professional knowledge,improve professional quality,and lay a solid foundation for serving the national rural revitalization strategy in the future.

Assessing the Pathogenic Ability of Six Species of Fusarium Genus on Onion Variety in Burkina Faso

Prema 178 onion variety is widely used in production in Burkina Faso. It is greatly appreciated but susceptible to basal rot. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenic ability of six strains of Fusarium genus identified in Burkina Faso on onion. Seeds, seedlings and bulbs were used for the test. A conidial suspension of each strain was made in tubes and adjusted to 1 × 106 conidia/ml with distilled water for the different tests. Germination test in the laboratory and greenhouse showed that all treatments with the strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae, F. solani, F. falciforme, F. acutatum, F. proliferatum and F. sp. induced failure to emerge and showed a significant difference with the control. The different strains also induced stunting rates of coleoptile growth. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae, F. acutatum, F. proliferatum, F. falciforme and F. solani were very aggressive, as they recorded above 50% damping-off rates. The test on the bulbs revealed that the strains were classified into two groups. The first consists of F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae, F. solani, F. falciforme, F. acutatum, which caused rots with respective lengths from 2.06;1.48;1.84;1.46 and 2.12 cm, thus very aggressive according to Ghanbarzadeh scale. The second is formed by F. proliferatum which recorded 0.90 cm of rot length, thus moderately aggressive. It would be appropriate to suggest a sustainable management method for these pathogens in order to improve the yield of onion production.

Distribution and Drug Resistance Analysis of 2287 Strains of Pathogenic Bacteria in Children’s Blood Culture

Background: Bloodstream infection is a serious infectious disease. In recent years, the drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria to commonly used anti-infective drugs has been widely concerned, which also makes the treatment of bloodstream infection face severe challenges. Objective: To explore the distribution characteristics of blood culture-positive pathogens and the resistance to antibacterial drugs, so as to provide clinicians with accurate laboratory evidence, so as to guide clinicians to rationally apply antibiotics, improve clinical treatment effects, and reduce the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Methods: From January 2019 to June 2022, 2287 positive blood culture specimens of patients in Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center were retrospectively analyzed, and the proportion of different pathogenic bacteria, the distribution of pathogenic bacteria in different departments, and the multi-drug resistance of different pathogenic bacteria were counted. Results: Among the 2287 blood culture positive samples, 1560 strains (68.20%) of gram-positive bacteria and 727 strains (31.80%) of gram-negative bacteria were strained. The top three departments in the distribution of pathogenic bacteria were pediatric intensive care unit (600 strains), pediatric internal medicine (514 strains), and pediatric emergency comprehensive ward (400 strains). The pathogens with high detection rates were: Staphylococcus epidermidis (24.09%), Staphylococcus humans (23.74%), Escherichia coli (13.21%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.71%). The pathogens with high multi-drug resistance rates were: Streptococcus pneumoniae (93%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (83.76%), Enterobacter cloacae (75.61%) and Staphylococcus humans (62.43%). Conclusion: In our hospital, gram-positive bacteria were the main pathogenic bacteria in the blood culture of children patients. The children’s intensive care unit was the department with the largest distribution of pathogenic bacteria, and the multiple drug resistance rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae was the highest.

Solar photocatalytic pathogenic disinfection:Fundamentals to state-of-the-art

It is necessary to treat pathogen-infected water before its utilisation.Of conventionally used treatment methods,solar photocatalysis has gained considerable momentum owing to its operational simplicity and capacity to use freely and abundantly available solar energy.This article systematically reviewed the disinfection of water with photocatalysis.It addressed the concerns of microbial infection of water and the fundamentals behind its treatment with photocatalysis.It presented an in-depth description of pathogenic deactivation with powerful reactive oxygen species.Special emphasis was given to process intensification as it is an attractive technique that provides multifunctionality and/or equipment miniaturisation.Solar reactor design regarding mobilised/immobilised photocatalysts and compound parabolic concentrators were elucidated.Finally,key parameters governing photoperformance,corresponding trade-offs,and the need for their optimisation were discussed.Overall,this article is a single point of reference for researchers,environmentalists,and industrialists who address the ever-severing challenge of providing clean water whilst also maintaining energy sustainability.