Characteristics of pathogenic microorganisms found in 99 cases of conjunctivitis from the Qinghai Tibetan area

Morbidity associated with conjunctivitis is higher in developing countries,particularly among children,because of the poorer standards of living（Azari and Barney,2013;Yetman and Coody,1997）.Presently,little is known regarding the microorganisms that cause conjunctivitis in the remote area of Chinese Tibet.In particular,it is difficult to monitor and control the occurrence of conjunctivitis in children from this area.

Comparing the transmission potential from sequence and surveillance data of 2009 North American influenza pandemic waves

Technological advancements in phylodynamic modeling coupled with the accessibility of real-time pathogen genetic data are increasingly important for understanding the infectious disease transmission dynamics.In this study,we compare the transmission potentials of North American influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 derived from sequence data to that derived from surveillance data.The impact of the choice of tree-priors,informative epidemiological priors,and evolutionary parameters on the transmission potential estimation is evaluated.North American Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 hemagglutinin(HA)gene sequences are analyzed using the coalescent and birth-death tree prior models to estimate the basic reproduction number(R_(0)).Epidemiological priors gathered from published literature are used to simulate the birth-death skyline models.Path-sampling marginal likelihood estimation is conducted to assess model fit.A bibliographic search to gather surveillancebased R_(0)values were consistently lower(mean≤1.2)when estimated by coalescent models than by the birth-death models with informative priors on the duration of infectiousness(mean≥1.3 to≤2.88 days).The user-defined informative priors for use in the birth-death model shift the directionality of epidemiological and evolutionary parameters compared to non-informative estimates.While there was no certain impact of clock rate and tree height on the R_(0)estimation,an opposite relationship was observed between coalescent and birth-death tree priors.There was no significant difference(p=0.46)between the birth-death model and surveillance R0 estimates.This study concludes that treeprior methodological differences may have a substantial impact on the transmission potential estimation as well as the evolutionary parameters.The study also reports a consensus between the sequence-based R_(0)estimation and surveillanceased R_(0)stimates.Altogether,these outcomes shed light on the potential role of phylodynamic modeling to augment existing surveillance and epidemiological activities to better assess and respond to emerging infectious diseases.