Examining the association between delay discounting,delay aversion and physical activity in Chinese adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND The role of physical activity in diabetes is critical,influencing this disease's development,man-agement,and overall outcomes.In China,22.3%of adults do not meet the minimum level of physical activity recommended by the World Health Organization.Therefore,it is imperative to identify the factors that contributing to lack of physical activity must be identified.AIM To investigate the relationship among delay discounting,delay aversion,glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c),and various levels of physical activity in Chinese adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).METHODS In 2023,400 adults with T2DM were recruited from the People's Hospital of Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province.A face-to-face questionnaire was used to gather demographic data and details on physical activity,delay discounting,and delay aversion.In addition,HbA1c levels were measured in all 400 participants.The primary independent variables considered were delay discounting and delay aversion.The outcome variables included HbA1c levels and different intensity levels of physical activity,including walking,moderate physical activity,and vigorous physical activity.Multiple linear regression models were utilized to assess the relationship between delay discounting,delay aversion,and HbA1c levels,along with the intensity of different physical activity measured in met-hours per week.RESULTS After controlling for the sample characteristics,delay discounting was negatively associated with moderate physical activity(β=-2.386,95%CI:-4.370 to-0.401).Meanwhile,delay aversion was negatively associated with the level of moderate physical activity(β=-3.527,95%CI:-5.578 to-1.476)in the multiple linear regression model,with statistically significant differences.CONCLUSION Elevated delay discounting and increased delay aversion correlated with reduced levels of moderate physical activity.Result suggests that delay discounting and aversion may influence engagement in moderate physical activity.This study recommends that health administration and government consider delay discounting and delay aversion when formulating behavioral intervention strategies and treatment guidelines involving physical activity for patients with T2DM,which may increase participation in physical activity.This study contributes a novel perspective to the research on physical activity in adults with T2DM by examining the significance of future health considerations and the role of emotional responses to delays.

社交影响下考虑消费者损失规避行为的产品众筹优化决策研究

产品众筹是一种新兴的融资和产品营销模式。本文基于资金约束供应商、电商平台和策略型消费者所组成的供应链,在消费者损失中性和损失规避两种情形下,构建和优化考虑社交影响的产品众筹决策模型,并进一步分析消费者损失规避系数和社交影响因子等参数对供应链决策和效益的影响。研究发现:相比于消费者损失中性的情形,在消费者损失规避时,电商平台会提供较高的众筹服务水平,而供应商会提供较低的众筹价格。无论消费者是否损失规避,随着社交影响因子增大,电商平台的众筹服务水平和供应商的众筹价格均降低。本文研究成果为供应商和电商平台成功开展产品众筹提供科学指导和参考。

考虑政府补贴和失望规避的低碳供应链动态策略

在消费者低碳意识逐步提升和政府积极推动节能减排的背景下,构建关于制造商和竞争性零售商进行独立决策的微分模型。在模型的构建中,考虑了制造商和零售商的失望规避特征和政府补贴,得到如下结论:(1)失望规避会降低制造商的减排努力,但不影响竞争性零售商的低碳宣传水平。减排量、商誉以及利润等均与失望规避程度负相关;(2)零售商之间的竞争程度会对其利润产生抑制作用;(3)消费者低碳偏好会进一步促进制造商的减排行为,带来减排量的提升。

数字金融对企业绿色创新影响研究的文献综述——基于中介效应视角

“双碳”背景下,随着国家提出构建市场导向全链条的绿色技术创新体系,我国企业开始逐步进行绿色转型发展,绿色创新是关键步骤。企业进行绿色创新时会面临融资约束、风险管理、技术成本等诸多挑战,研究快速发展的数字金融如何帮助企业解决问题、促进绿色创新具有重要的现实意义。基于中介效应视角,本文总结梳理了现有文献中数字金融对企业绿色创新的影响路径,并提出相应评述及对未来研究的展望,以供参考。

Conditioned Taste Aversion Diminishes Sugar Intake

Animals learn to avoid particular food when some of its sensory properties are associated with gastrointestinal discomfort. Twenty rats were exposed to free access to food and a sugar solution for ten days in first phase. During second phase, experimental group received a dose of LiCl. Control group received an injection without LiCl. Both groups had free access to a sugar solution and food restriction for three days. In the final phase, both groups returned to the conditions of first phase. Results showed a significant decrease in sugar intake after aversive conditioning regarding the intake registered in the initial phase in experimental group. Control group did not show any differences in its sugar intake before and after the experimental manipulation. The procedure carried out is discussed as a means to decrease sugar intake.

Applications of the Aversion Order of Risks in Reinsurance

The aversion order is a way of ordering of risks. Is there the optimal in aversion order in reinsurance contracts of reinsurance？ This paper discusses these objects and gives some optimal reinsurance contracts in certain sets of feasible reinsurance contracts.

Value-at-risk under ambiguity aversion

This study explored the effects of ambiguity on the calculation of Value-at-Risk(VaR)using a mathematical model based on the theory of Choquet-Brownian processes.It was found that while a moderate degree of ambiguity aversion yields a higher value for VaR and Expected Shortfall(ES),the result can be reversed in a deeply ambiguous environment.Additionally,some sufficient conditions are provided for the preservation of this effect under various forms of risk aggregation.This study offers a new perspective to full awareness on capital requirement calculation as requested by international regulation.

Uncertainty aversion and farmers' innovative seed adoption:Evidence from a field experiment in rural China

Based on the microdata of 705 wheat farmers in the Loess Plateau, this study empirically analyzes the impact of uncertainty on farmers' adoption of innovative seeds using a field experiment. The results indicate that farmers are generally ambiguity-averse and risk-averse. In addition, farmers with higher ambiguity aversion and risk aversion are less likely to adopt innovative wheat seeds, where their risk aversion plays a dominant role. Enhancing information access will alleviate the negative influence of ambiguity aversion on farmers' adoption of innovative seeds, and interlinked insurance and credit contracts will be beneficial to ease the adverse effect of risk aversion on the adoption of innovative wheat seeds. Meanwhile, heterogeneity analysis reveals that the inhibitory effects of ambiguity aversion and risk aversion on innovative seed adoption are more significant among farmers with lower education and household income.The government can establish both ex-ante and ex-post relevant guarantee mechanisms to help farmers preferably cope with various uncertainties in the production process, remitting farmers' ambiguity aversion and risk aversion to enhance new agricultural technology adoption rates.

The GABA Antagonist Picrotoxin Attenuates an Ethanol-Induced Taste Aversion in Taste Aversion-Prone Rats

The aversive properties of alcohol can be examined by using ethanol as a conditioning agent in a taste aversion (TA) paradigm. However, there is often variability in how organisms respond to the aversive properties of alcohol. Using a selectively bred line of TA-prone (TAP) rats, the present study sought to determine if antagonizing the GABA receptor complex with picrotoxin could block the acquisition of an ethanol-based conditioned aversion to a normally preferred fluid. Fifty TAP rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. In the two experimental groups, rats were pretreated with i.p. injections of low or high doses of the GABA Aantagonist picrotoxin prior to undergoing taste aversion conditioning —wherein consumption of a novel saccharin solution (0.1%) was followed by an i.p. injection of ethanol (1.5 mg/kg). In the primary control group, rats were treated identically, except that isotonic saline was substituted for picrotoxin. In the non-conditioning and pseudo-conditioning control groups, rats did not receive an ethanol-saccharin pairing but did receive a picrotoxin injection. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that animals in the picrotoxin groups displayed significantly weaker TAs than the primary control group (p 0.05) as measured by post-conditioning, two-bottle saccharin preference scores. Picrotoxin hinders the acquisition of an ethanol-induced TA, thereby supporting the hypothesis that the GABA system plays a central role in ethanol’s motivational effects. Possible mechanisms include 1) picrotoxin attenuates negative effects of ethanol, 2) picrotoxin interferes with the central associative processes that promote TA conditioning or 3) some combination of 1 and 2.

An Examination of the Validity of the Differentiation-of-Self Hypothesis and Its Mechanism Related to Negative Life Event Aversion among Japanese University Students

This study examined the validity of the differentiation-of-self hypothesis for Japanese university students, and its mechanism in relation to negative life event aversion. Although the differentiation-of-self hypothesis is accepted as one of the basic hypotheses in the clinical field of family therapy in Japan, empirical studies on the subject are scarce. Further, there are few studies, internationally, on its mechanism. A questionnaire survey was conducted with university students (n = 250) to measure their differentiation of self, maladaptive states, and negative life event aversion. Compared to the better-differentiated group, the less-differentiated group had higher scores both for maladaptive states—somatic symptoms (t(223) = -2.70, p = 0.008), social dysfunction (t(211.00) = -3.30, p = 0.001), and severe depression (t(208.78) = -4.08, p < 0.001)—and negative life event aversion—interpersonal domain (t(223) = -3.96, p < 0.001) and achievement domain (t(223) = -3.83, p < 0.001). The results supported the validity of the differentiation-of-self hypothesis for Japanese university students, and that cognitive tendencies toward negative life events may be part of the mechanism for less-differentiated individuals’ subsequent vulnerability. This suggests the effectiveness of cognitive interventions.

Maximum Group Perceived Utility Consensus Models Considering Regret Aversion

In the consensus-reaching process(CRP),the actual utility of decision-makers(DMs)is often influenced by the psychological behavior of regret aversion.However,the influence of regret aversion on DMs’utilities is rarely taken into account in the existing consensus models.The consensus-reaching problem of DMs with regret aversion is explored to maximize their perceived utilities under a limited budget.Firstly,three basic types of perceived utility functions are constructed based on the regret theory to describe the perceived utility of DMs with various preferences.Then,considering the limited budget and individual regret aversion,the maximum perceived utility consensus models based on types of left-skewed,right-skewed,middle-skewed,and heterogeneous utility preferences are proposed to achieve the consensus that maximizes the group perceived utility.After that,an example of land-transfer price negotiation in China is given to illustrate the validity of the proposed models.Finally,the model comparison and the sensitivity analysis are presented to reveal the influence of DMs’regret aversion on the CRP.The results suggest that the DMs’regret aversion will not affect left-skewed and right-skewed groups,but will affect the consensus results of middle-skewed and heterogeneous groups.

Some Likelihood Based Properties in Large Samples: Utility and Risk Aversion, Second Order Prior Selection and Posterior Density Stability

The likelihood function plays a central role in statistical analysis in relation to information, from both frequentist and Bayesian perspectives. In large samples several new properties of the likelihood in relation to information are developed here. The Arrow-Pratt absolute risk aversion measure is shown to be related to the Cramer-Rao Information bound. The derivative of the log-likelihood function is seen to provide a measure of information related stability for the Bayesian posterior density. As well, information similar prior densities can be defined reflecting the central role of likelihood in the Bayes learning paradigm.

The risk aversion measures in Architectural Engineering Project Management

With the continuous development of the construction industry, the scale and volume of the construction project is expanding. And the project management of the construction project still has the big risk problem which influenced by many factors. These risks will not only bring unnecessary interference to the construction of the project, but also may jeopardize the safety of people＇s life and property. It is the focus of this article to do a good job in risk aversion in the management of construction projects.

基于条件风险价值的虚拟电厂参与能量及备用市场的双层随机优化

为充分发挥虚拟电厂的灵活性价值,提出了虚拟电厂参与电能量及备用辅助服务市场的双层随机优化模型。上层基于条件风险价值理论建立了虚拟电厂参与电能量及备用辅助服务市场的两阶段风险决策模型,其中,第一阶段考虑新能源不确定性的潜在风险,建立了虚拟电厂参与能量和备用辅助服务市场的投标报价模型,第二阶段针对不同场景下的新能源出力建立了以虚拟电厂期望运行成本最小为目标的分布式资源优化调度模型;下层在已知各市场主体的投标报价信息后,开展电能量市场及备用辅助服务市场的联合出清。仿真分析表明,所提方法能够有效指导虚拟电厂规避新能源不确定性的潜在风险,并通过将备用价格提高到下一个边际机组的报价从而增加自身利润。

Systematic Reform and Risk Aversion in the Interregional Flow of Chinese Rural Labor Force --Wuhan Case Study

Based on Wuhan city investigation, this paper makes a positive analysis to the uncertainty of shifting rural labors to urban areas, and put forward thoughts and countermeasures to avert the risk of the interregional flow of rural labors.

防御型治疗仅是医生的责任吗?

医患共享决策背景下,独辟患者角度分析其诊疗需求对医生防御型治疗行为影响.建立演化博弈模型,特别抓取患者风险规避程度这一显著特征内生化诊疗需求,分析医患行为变化,并探究医患策略随患者患病程度的演变规律.研究表明,患者风险规避程度低于特定阈值则诱发防御型治疗,且促使患者接受度提升.此外,在患病程度对患者拒绝行为促进作用下,应重点关注医生轻疾诊疗决策并降低防御型治疗经济激励.研究结论对改善患者风险规避程度,设置差异化声誉惩罚,制定重大疾病补贴政策,DRGs定额支付方式推广与医养结合服务项目延伸等具有借鉴价值.

农村成长经历会影响城镇家庭储蓄率吗?——来自CHFS 2019的经验证据

由于城市与农村的经济金融环境存在显著差异,成年前在农村成长的城镇居民比在城市成长的城镇居民具有较高的风险厌恶程度和较低的金融知识水平,从而更加偏向低消费和高储蓄。采用中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)2019年数据,将“目前居住在城市地区且拥有非农业户口、18岁之前为农业户口”作为“拥有农村成长经历”的界定标准,实证检验城镇家庭户主的农村成长经历对其家庭储蓄率的影响,结果表明:户主拥有农村成长经历的城镇家庭比户主没有农村成长经历的城镇家庭有更高的储蓄率,风险态度和金融素养在其中发挥了中介作用,即拥有农村成长经历的户主会因较高的风险厌恶程度和较低的金融知识水平而导致其家庭储蓄率较高;农村成长经历对储蓄率的正向影响在户主受教育水平较高、家庭资产较少、经济发展水平较低地区(中西部地区)的家庭中更为显著。因此,需要从改善城市的经济金融状况(降低生活成本、增强社会保障、减少不确定性等)入手来释放城镇居民的消费需求,并通过改善风险态度、加强金融教育、缩小城乡差距等渠道来降低农村成长经历对城镇家庭储蓄率的正向影响。

家庭教养方式与青少年厌学的关系

为探讨家庭教养方式与青少年厌学情绪之间的关系,采用父母教养方式问卷、厌学问卷对陕西关中地区的431名中学生进行问卷调查。研究结果发现,教养方式各维度与青少年厌学情绪均呈显著负相关;男生在厌学情绪、厌学性格和厌学行为等维度上的得分显著高于女生;城市比乡镇和农村学生更加厌学;独生子女比非独生子女更加厌学。未来可从加强家校合作、促进情感沟通,优化资源配置、促进城乡教育均衡发展,转变教育观念、关注个性化需求等方面入手解决青少年厌学问题。父母双方在管教孩子时要态度一致、严慈相济,方能促进孩子的学习。

感知社会善念对青少年亲社会行为的影响

以往研究发现,感知社会善念影响社会善念“接受者”对“实施者”的亲社会行为。然而,目前尚不清楚先前互动中感知到社会善念是否会影响个体对随后互动中陌生他人的亲社会行为(溢出效应)。结合经济互动游戏与认知计算建模,考察了感知社会善念对青少年亲社会行为的影响。结果发现,青少年在先前互动中感知高社会善念水平时,在随后与陌生他人进行互动时,会做出更多的亲社会选择。计算建模结果表明,感知高社会善念增加了随后互动中的优势不公平厌恶倾向,但并未影响劣势不公平厌恶倾向。