Temporal Variability of Tropospheric NO_(2) over Cities in the United States,Western Europe and China from 2005 to 2022

Anthropogenic Nitrogen oxides(NO_(x)=NO_(2)+NO)emissions are highly concentrated in urban area,and the weekly cycles,seasonal patterns and long-term trends of tropospheric NO_(2) columns over cities differ from region to region due to different emission sectoral compositions and human activities.In this study,we used satellite observed tropospheric NO_(2) column data to compare the longand short-term NO_(2) column density time series over cities in the United Sates(the U.S.),western Europe and China.The results showed that in all the targeted cities,the outbreak of the Corona Virus Disease in 2019(COVID-19)moved the December peak of the city-level NO_(2)columns forward to November and October or even earlier in 2020 and 2021.On weekly level,cities in the U.S.show the lowest NO_(2) columns ratio on weekend/work day,then come the western European cities,and a weak weekly pattern is seen in Chinese cities.For all the cites,we find a higher weekend/work day NO_(2) ratio in cold seasons than in warm seasons,indicating a higher contribution from NOx emission sectors of residential,industry and power plants in the warm seasons.In the long-term,NO_(2) columns over the U.S.and western European cities declined by a fraction twice that of the regional mean level from 2004 to 2021.In China,NO_(2) columns started to decrease since 2012,at a similar rate between the city and regional level.This work confirms the importance to quantify and control NOx emissions from cities.

The impact of a computerized care records service (CRS) on doctors’ work patterns in urological outpatient clinics

Objective: Government targets to reduce waiting times are putting enormous pressures on outpatient services. The implementation of an electronic care records service (CRS) at our hospital in 2008 has led to widespread press coverage of ensuing chaos in clinical administration. We wanted to know how this new electronic system impacted on our working patterns in outpatient clinics and – more specifically – on the time actually spent with the patients. Material & methods: This study was performed 4 and 12 months after implementation of CRS to assess its impact on the time distribution in clinic. Senior doctors were monitored with a stop clock during consultations. Timings for pre- and post-consultation administration, and the actual consultation with the patient were recorded. A total of 170 consultations were evaluated in this way. Results: The key findings were that the total time needed to spend on a urological outpatient of 16 minutes remains unchanged from the pre-CRS era, but a majority (57%) of this time is spent in administration on the computer without the patient involved. Conclusion: No more than 15 patients should be seen in a 4 hour outpatient clinic per doctor. This recommendation drawn up by BAUS before CRS remains still valid. Patient administration related to the consultation that has previously been done by administrative aides is now to be done by the doctors on the computer in the same consultation session. Intended to streamline patient pathways, this does reduce the quality interaction-time between doctor and patients significantly.

Work experience of special workers returning to work after the public health emergency:taking ICU nurses who have been infected with COVID-19 as example

Objective:The occurrence of some public health events inevitably endangers medical personnel,and medical personnel,as a special group,have to resume work on time to treat patients.This coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)infection is a good example,and what intensive care unit(ICU)nurses experience as the primary caregivers of critically ill patients after COVID-19 infection is our focus.To explore the work experience of ICU nurses after recovery from COVID-19,and to provide a theoretical basis for the intervention to improve the physical and mental health level and work experience of special workers in public health emergencies.Methods:We conducted an explorative descriptive study using an inductive thematic analysis.Using the maximum differential sampling method,a semi-structured interview was conducted among 13 ICU nurses suffered from COVID-19 in a tertiary grade A hospital in Qingdao,Shandong Province.This study carried on the theme analysis according to the inductive content analysis method and used MAXQDA 2020 Analytics Pro(VERBI Software GmbH,Berlin,Germany)to manage and summarize the interview data.Results:After being infected by the virus,SARS-Coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2),the pathogen of COVID-19,the work experience of ICU nurses was extracted from the following 5 themes:(1)Stress and challenge caused by the change of work focus;(2)downsizing,overtime,taking up work with illness,and physical discomfort;(3)dedication and family debt;(4)unknown fear and helplessness;and(5)professional responsibility and sense of benefit.Conclusions:Under the pressure of COVID-19,ICU nurses face multiple pressures and challenges,and their emotions are complex.We suggest that nursing managers should take corresponding measures to alleviate nurses'physical and psychological pressure and improve their work experience.

Work in Cooperation for A New Chapter in the Cause of International Human Rights——Speech by Yang Jiechi,Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China at the Inaugural Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council

Mr Chairman, I would like to start by congratulating you, on behalf of the Chinese Govern- ment, on your assumption of the Chair of the inaugural session of the Human Rights Council. I have every confidence that under your able leadership this session will be successful.

Derivation of Plastic Work Rate Done per Unit Volume for Mean Yield Criterion and Its Application

In Haigh Westergaard stress space linear combination of twin shear stress and Tresca yield functions is called the mean yield （MY） criterion. The mathematical relationship of the criterion and its plastic work rate done per unit volume were derived. A generalized worked example of slab forging was analyzed by the criterion and its corresponding plastic work rate done per unit volume. Then, the precision of the solution was compared with those by Mises and Twin shear stress yield criterions, respectively. It turned out that the calculated results by MY criterion were in good agreement with those by Mises criterion.

Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens in the intensive care unit of Fatmawati Hospital,Indonesia

Objective:To evaluate the sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens in the intensive care unit(ICU) of a tertiary care of Falmawati Hospital Jakarta Indonesia.Methods:A cross sectional retrospective study of bacterial pathogen was carried out on a total of 722 patients that were admitted to the ICU of Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta Indonesia during January 2009 to March 2010. All bacteria were identified by standard microbiologic methods,and(heir antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion method.Results:Specimens were collected from 385 patients who were given antimicrobial treatment,of which 249(64.68%) were cultured positive and 136(35.32%) were negative.The most predominant isolate was Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)(26.5%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae(K.pneumoniae)(15.3%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis(14.9%).P.aeruginosa isolates showed high rate of resistance to cephalexin(95.3%),cefotaxime(64.1%),and ceftriaxone(60.9%).Amikacin was the most effective(84.4%) antibiotic against P.aeruginosa followed by imipenem(81.2%),and meropenem(75.0%).K.pneumoniae showed resistance to cephalexin(86.5%),ceftriaxone(75.7%),ceftazidime(73.0%),cefpirome(73.0%) and cefotaxime(67.9%),respectively.Conclusions:Most bacteria isolated from ICU of Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta Indonesia were resistant to the third generation of cephalosporins,and quinolone antibiotics.Regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility pallerns is very important for setting orders to guide the clinician in choosing empirical or directed therapy of infected patients.

Pattern recognition prediction of coal and gas outburst hazard in the sixth mine of Hebi

Based on the systematical analysis influence factors of coal and gas outburst, the main factors and their magnitude was determined by the corresponding methods.With the research region divided into finite predicting units,the internal relation between the factors and the hazard of coal and gas outburst,that was combination model of influence factors,was ascertained through multi-factor pattern recognition method.On the basis of contrastive analysis the pattern of coal and gas outburst between prediction region and mined region,the hazard of every predication unit was determined.The mining area was then divided into coal and gas outburst dangerous area,threaten area and safe area re- spectively according to the hazard of every predication unit.Accordingly the hazard of mining area is assessed.

Causative bacteria of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care unit in Bahrain:Prevalence and antibiotics susceptibility pattern

BACKGROUND Ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP)is defined as pneumonia that occurs two calendar days following endotracheal intubation or after that.It is the most common infection encountered among intubated patients.VAP incidence showed wide variability between countries.AIM To define the VAP incidence in the intensive care unit(ICU)in the central gove-rnment hospital in Bahrain and review the risk factors and the predominant bacterial pathogens with their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.METHODS The research was a prospective cross-sectional observational study over six months from November 2019 to June 2020.It included adult and adolescent patients(>14 years old)admitted to the ICU and required intubation and mechanical ventilation.VAP was diagnosed when it occurred after 48 h after endotracheal intubation using the clinical pulmonary infection score,which considers the clinical,laboratory,microbiological,and radiographic evidence.RESULTS The total number of adult patients admitted to the ICU who required intubation and mechanical ventilation during the study period was 155.Forty-six patients developed VAP during their ICU stay(29.7%).The calculated VAP rate was 22.14 events per 1000 ventilator days during the study period,with a mean age of 52 years±20.Most VAP cases had late-onset VAP with a mean number of ICU days before the development of VAP of 9.96±6.55.Gram-negative contributed to most VAP cases in our unit,with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter being the most identified pathogen.CONCLUSION The reported VAP rate in our ICU was relatively high compared to the international benchmark,which should trigger a vital action plan for reinforcing the implementation of the VAP prevention bundle.

A Study on Control System of Robot Working Unit for Automatically Welding Nipples onto Header of Boiler

The difficult problem of automatically welding nipples onto the header is first analyzed in this paper, and then the overall structure and operating principle of the robot working unit are introduced. The robot and the measuring device are located by employing the traveling lorry, and this unit enables the robot to adjust the tracks according to the errors received from the measuring device, and then the nipples are welded properly. This paper emphases on the development of the master-slave control system, in which the prograrmmable Logic Controller (PLC) is used as the master computer.

REPLACEMENT PATTERNS OF GEOTECTONIC UNITS

Base upon the Diwa theory and the studies of evolution process of geotectonic units, this paper has advanced that there are many replacement patterns of the geotectonic u-nits in their evolution process. There are three replacement patterns (eg. sudden change (nor-mal) pattern, gradual change and progressive pattern) during the platform region substitutes the geosynclinal region and three replacement patterns (eg. normal pattern, surpassive pattern and progressive pattern) when the Diwa region develops from pre-Diwa regions. The knowl-edge of these regularity is of important significance for us to deeply study the evolution of geo-tectonic unit and the development of the crust.

Analysis of Software Development and Enhancement Projects Work Effort per Unit Based on the COSMIC Method with Regard to Technological Factors—Case Study

This paper aims to present a case study that consists in the analysis of work effort per unit of software systems Development and Enhancement Projects (D&EP) depending on technological factors. That analysis was commissioned by one of the largest public institutions in Poland. This is the COSMIC (Common Software Measurement International Consortium) function points method that is chosen by this institution as a point of reference for size of software systems developed/enhanced for supporting its functions and therefore this method is the base for the analysis of D&EP work effort per unit with regard to technological factors.

＂Beyond the Dreams of Loveliness＂ --Film, Unionism, and Working Class Community Formation in Detroit, 1933-1939

Ever since Lawrence Goodwyn published The Populist Moment, social historians have been keenly aware of the power culture represents when it comes to resistance. Historically, ＂movement culture＂ has been used to create a collective climate and offered political activists a springboard to discuss with the masses the benefits of joining a social movement. ＂Beyond the Dreams of Loveliness＂ uses the cultural outlet of film and the labor movement in the city of Detroit as analytical tools to examine working class community resistance throughout the 1930s. In the midst of the ＂golden age of film＂ community activists and union organizers--some of whom were well-known radicals and some of whom were mainstream unionists--used the institution of cinema to instill a level of class consciousness in the masses and mobilize the working class community against exploitation of employers, reactionary politicians, and white supremacist organizations. Movie-going had been a very popular form of recreation in Detroit since the 1920s and downtown theatres increasingly became the destination of an eclectic array of workers. Movie theaters themselves were bastions of community activity around the thirties and many were located in the heart of the city＇s working class district. Yet it was the films themselves that offered community activists and unionists a chance to converse with workers regarding the socio-economic matters of the day. Hollywood released a good number of films that dealt with working class issues and provided activists with ample opportunities to ＂instruct＂ the audience and carry on the discussion into the factory or union halls. ＂Beyond the Dreams of Loveliness＂ relies on a combination of oral histories, movie reviews, film clips, and union and/or working class organizational records to illuminate how activists in Detroit＇s working class community used film as an outlet to inspire working class resistance. In sum, film provided an accessible form of entertainment that proved to be effective on two fronts： It promoted increased group cooperation, friendship, and alliances while it also fostered a shared culture, making it easier for activists to organize workers in the coming struggles for unionism.

Build Enterprise Technical Standards Work Pattern to Adapt to New Condition

With new requirements proposed for technical standards work under the new circumstances,the article combining with the practice of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company Limited(WISCO)points out that enterprises must improve the work pattern of standards development and revision,and strengthen the standards implementation management and product quality supervision,so that technical standards can serve as a bridge between technologies and industrialization,support the industrial upgrading and structural optimization,create conditions for promoting trade and unify the market and provides means for global competition,helping enterprises to better cope with the increasing market competition.

Preparation of patterned boron nanowire films with different widths of unit-cell and their field emission properties

Large-area patterned films of boron nanowires（BNWs） are fabricated at various densities by chemical vapor deposition（CVD）. Different widths of unit-cell of Mo masks are used as templates. The widths of unit-cell of Mo masks are100 μm, 150 μm, and 200 μm, respectively. The distance between unit cells is 50 μm. The BNWs have an average diameter of about 20 nm and lengths of 10 μm–20 μm. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis shows that each nanowire has a β-tetragonal structure with good crystallization. Field emission measurements of the BNW films show that their turn-on electric fields decrease with width of unit-cell increasing.

Factors Influencing Migrant Workers' Urban Labor Patterns: Willing Working Time in Urban Areas as the Mediator

China is witnessing a very complicated economic development environment.Migrant workers'working patterns will directly affect their income level and the realization of many economic and social development goals.This paper collects relevant data from three places:Shanghai,Lanzhou and Chengdu for empirical research whose results show that determinants of migrant worker's willing working time in urban areas mainly include the“income-consumption difference”,“urban-rural consumption difference”and their“urban income and expenditure uncertainty”.These factors directly affect their effective working time in the city,and determine their choice of choosing corresponding work patterns.From the significant differences of these factors,we can see that migrant workers in China is still struggling to solve their material needs under the pressure of livelihood,and less attention is paid to their spiritual needs and the pursuit of quality of life.

中国社会工作发展的专业与政治

从实践演进的角度看,中国社会工作发展呈现出“点线面体”的阶段性和建构性总体特征:从“单点突破”“条线探索”“面上扩散”到“整体推进”,这是专业不断适应并作用于政治语境的过程。中央社会工作部的成立,意味着社会工作的发展进入体制化和体系化的新阶段。党全面领导社会工作的政治目标,是建构群众工作新路径、社会服务新体系、基层治理新格局和社会文明新形态,这要求社会工作做好三个“统分结合”,在体制化和体系化的基础上推进渐进累积式社会建设的道路。

基于“面积-服务-格局”的优先保护空间划分:以张家口-承德地区为例

生态空间的分区比例设定是影响地方政府能否以最小的财政投入来最大化保护重要生态空间的直接因素,恰如其分地划定优先保护空间颇具挑战性。本研究以生态系统面积-服务效益最大化为目标,遵循“空间效率优先、兼顾空间连续性”的分区原则,创建单位面积水源涵养服务贡献率(per-unit-area contribution rate of water conservation services,PCRWCS)用以判定分区阈值,提出基于“面积-服务-格局”的优先保护空间划定方法,并以张家口-承德地区(简称“张承地区”)为例开展了实例应用分析。结果表明:①PCRWCS用以识别优先保护空间的划分阈值,可以定量识别出水源涵养量相对较大的栅格,避免了传统统计分区方法中分级数量、断点识别凭主观判断的弊端以及对生态过程及相互作用机制考虑不足的问题。②PCRWCS≥1的栅格经临近斑块聚合、破碎细小斑块剔除以及边界优化后,在空间上呈集中连片分布状态,范围覆盖了京津城市群主要水源地(密云水库、潘家口水库)的上游汇水区域,其中森林生态系统面积占比最高。③划定的张承地区优先保护空间,以49.0%的面积提供了66.3%的水源涵养量,实现了“以小面积提供大服务”的效果,生态系统完整性得到增强。研究显示,利用“面积-服务-格局”方法划定的优先保护空间,既保护了水源涵养服务较高、空间连续性较强的森林、草地、湿地生态系统,又预留了城镇空间,在实践中解决了优先保护空间“划多大”的问题,为权衡国土开发与生态保护的空间竞争关系提供了新途径。

新时期推进单位档案管理工作规范化标准化的研究

随着信息技术的飞速发展和社会治理体系的不断完善,档案管理作为记录历史、服务现实、面向未来的重要工作,其规范化与标准化水平直接影响到信息资源的开发利用效率及单位管理的科学性。文章旨在探讨在新时代背景下,如何有效推进单位档案管理工作的规范化与标准化进程,从而为档案管理效率的提升,信息安全的保障和档案资源的有效利用奠定坚实基础。

基于SolidWorks轮胎花纹设计系统开发的研究

针对轮胎花纹设计过程中需要大量重复性操作的问题,创建了一种以Solid Works为二次开发平台的轮胎花纹设计系统。结合轿车圆弧形胎肩轮胎花纹设计实例,介绍了该系统通过在对话框中输入参数和从数据库中选择参数的方法,来实现自动化的轮胎轮廓计算,完成自动三维模型建立和参数化设计。阐述了轮胎花纹设计的2种方法:交互界面式轮胎花纹节距设计及其自动装配与轮胎花纹的花纹沟参数化设计。研究结果表明,该系统可以更加方便、智能地设计轮胎花纹。

Incidents with Dioxins and PCBs in Food and Feed-Investigative Work, Risk Management and Economic Consequences

The identification of contamination sources within the food chain with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs), (“dioxins”), and PCBs is difficult and complex. PCDD/PCDF can be formed as unintentional compounds in a number of chemical processes as well as in almost every combustion process. PCBs were intentionally produced chemicals that were manufactured for decades before the ban in marketing and use in many countries around 1985. The pattern of occurrence can change from the original source in particular via feedingstuffs to food of animal origin as result of bioaccumulation. A number of examples illustrate the challenging detective work and key scientific aspects for identification of the sources, for support of the risk management and for performance of monitoring programs. The contamination of milk and milk products in European countries with dioxins was caused by compound feeds containing citrus pulp pellets from Brazil which had high dioxin levels as a result of the use of heavily contaminated lime used for neutralization. The Belgian dioxin crisis was caused by a feed additive heavily contaminated with PCBs which were discharged into a recycled fat used in the production of animal feed. Guar gum from India was contaminated with sodium pentachlorophenate and dioxins. Clay was found to be possibly highly contaminated with dioxins possibly formed by geothermal processes over time;use of such clay as feed additive or for human intake led to elevated dioxin levels in food and humans. Bioanalytical screening in combination with comprehensive physicochemical investigations led to the detection of brominated flame retardants and brominated dioxins in a feed additive. Buffalo milk was contaminated in Italy presumably caused by illegal deposition of waste. High PCB levels in fuel oil for drying of breadcrumb used as a feed ingredient caused a major dioxin crisis with pork meat in Ireland. Fatty acids for technical purposes originating from a biodiesel company were used for production of feed fat which contaminated parts of the food chain in Germany. In addition to effects on human and animal health these incidents also have serious economic consequences which could be mitigated by more frequent control on food and feed. Addressing both these issues, the European Community has developed a strategy to reduce the presence of dioxins and PCBs in the environment and in feed and food comprising the establishment of maximum and action levels.