Vibration properties of Paulownia wood for Ruan sound quality using machine learning methods

As an important material for manufacturing resonant components of musical instruments,Paulownia has an important influence on the sound quality of Ruan.In this paper,a model for evaluating the sound quality of Ruan based on the vibration characteristics of wood is developed using machine learning methods.Generally,the selection of materials for Ruan manufacturing relies primarily on manually weighing,observing,striking,and listening by the instrument technician.Deficiencies in scientific theory have hindered the quality of the finished Ruan.In this study,nine Ruans were manufactured,and a prediction model of Ruan sound quality was proposed based on the raw material information of Ruans.Out of a total of 180 data sets,145 and 45 sets were chosen for training and validation,respec-tively.In this paper,typical correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between two single indicators in two adjacent pairwise combinations of the measured objects in each stage of the production process in Ruan.The vibra-tion characteristics of the wood were tested,and a model for predicting the evaluation of Ruan’s acoustic qualities was developed by measuring the vibration characteristics of the resonating plate material.The acoustic quality of the Ruan sound board wood was evaluated and predicted using machine learning model generalized regression neural net-work.The results show that the prediction of Ruan sound quality can be achieved using Matlab simulation based on the vibration characteristics of the soundboard wood.When the model-predicted values were compared with the tradi-tional predicted results,it was found that the generalized regression neural network had good performance,achieving an accuracy of 93.8%which was highly consistent with the experimental results.It was concluded that the model can accurately predict the acoustic quality of the Ruan based on the vibration performance of the soundboards.

The effect of ensiled paulownia leaves in a high-forage diet on ruminal fermentation,methane production,fatty acid composition,and milk production performance of dairy cows

Background:The use of industrial by-products rich in bioactive compounds as animal feeds can reduce greenhouse gas production.Paulownia leaves silage(PLS)was supplemented to dairy cows'diet and evaluated in vitro(Exp.1;Rusitec)and in vivo(Exp.2,cannulated lactating dairy cows and Exp.3,non-cannulated lactating dairy cows).The study investigated the PLS effect on ruminal fermentation,microbial populations,methane production and concentration,dry matter intake(DMI),and fatty acid(FA)proportions in ruminal fluid and milk.Results:Several variables of the ruminal fluid were changed in response to the inclusion of PLS.In Exp.1,the p H increased linearly and quadratically,whereas ammonia and total volatile fatty acid(VFA)concentrations increased linearly and cubically.A linear,quadratic,and cubical decrease in methane concentration was observed with increasing dose of the PLS.Exp.2 revealed an increase in ruminal p H and ammonia concentrations,but no changes in total VFA concentration.Inclusion of PLS increased ruminal propionate(at 3 h and 6 h after feeding),isovalerate,and valerate concentrations.Addition of PLS also affected several populations of the analyzed microorganisms.The abundances of protozoa and bacteria were increased,whereas the abundance of archaea were decreased by PLS.Methane production decreased by 11%and 14%in PLS-fed cows compared to the control in Exp.2 and 3,respectively.Exp.3 revealed a reduction in the milk protein and lactose yield in the PLS-fed cows,but no effect on DMI and energy corrected milk yield.Also,the PLS diet affected the ruminal biohydrogenation process with an increased proportions of C18:3 cis-9 cis-12 cis-15,conjugated linoleic acid,C18:1 trans-11 FA,polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA),and reduced n6/n3 ratio and saturated fatty acids(SFA)proportion in milk.The relative transcript abundances of the 5 of 6 analyzed genes regulating FA metabolism increased.Conclusions:The dietary PLS replacing the alfalfa silage at 60 g/kg diet can reduce the methane emission and improve milk quality with greater proportions of PUFA,including conjugated linoleic acid,and C18:1 trans-11 along with reduction of SFA.

Identification of the SERK Gene Family in Paulownia fortunei and Its Involvement in the Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

Somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinases(SERKs)are receptor-like proteins that contain leucine-rich repeats and are involved in various signaling pathways.This study identified SERK family members in the Paulownia fortunei genome and analyzed their characteristics and expression profiles using bioinformatics methods.We identified 12 SERK genes with relatively conserved gene structures and motifs that were distributed unevenly on eight Paulownia chromosomes.The gene promoters contained various cis-acting elements that regulated the expression of the PfSERK genes in response to hormones and abiotic stresses.Synteny analysis indicated that 10 segmental duplication events had occurred during evolution of the PfSERK family.The expression profile of PfSERKs in various tissues of Paulownia fortunei was detected by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR).Many PfSERK genes can respond to drought and salt stress.Combined with RNA-seq and protein interaction network,it is speculated that PfSERK3/11 may participate in the occurrence of Paulownia witches’broom(PaWB)by regulating the plant height of Paulownia.

生物炭配施氮素对Cd胁迫下泡桐幼苗生理生态的影响

【目的】探究生物配施氮素对Cd胁迫下泡桐幼苗形态特征、根系形态、抗氧化性、光合特性及Cd积累、富集及转运的影响。【方法】以‘泡桐1201’幼苗为试验材料,设置组培和水培结合试验,通过生物炭和氮素单一处理,生物炭配施氮素处理,测定幼苗的生长指标、根系参数、光合气体参数、抗氧氧化酶活性、MDA含量及Cd积累量、富集系数与转运系数。【结果】①Cd胁迫下,施加生物炭和氮素可以显著增加泡桐‘幼苗株高、生物量及根系参数,两者交互处理效果最佳;②泡桐幼苗叶片和根系SOD、CAT活性增加,MDA活性降低。POD活性在两者单施处理下随浓度的升高而降低,在两者交互处理下随浓度的增大略有回升;③生物炭和氮素单施或配施,泡桐幼苗叶片Chla、Chlb、Chl(a+b)显著增加,Chl(a/b)无显著变化;泡桐幼苗叶片光合气体参数(P_(n)、T_(r)、C_(i)、G_(s))升高,单一生物炭处理下WUE最高,Ls值显著降低,叶片光合作用增强;④泡桐幼苗Cd含量减小,富集系数降低,转运系数及Cd积累量增大;⑤对泡桐幼苗叶片幼苗各指标进行相关性及PCA分析,发现各指标之间存在相关性,整体促进效果为生物炭配施氮素>生物炭>氮素。【结论】施加生物炭和氮素可提高泡桐幼苗光合能力,减少对Cd的吸收,缓解Cd毒害,进而增大生物量,促进各器官Cd积累量,以生物炭配施氮素处理效果最佳。

不同品种和经营措施对泡桐生长量的影响

为筛选出最适宜湖北低山丘陵区种植的泡桐品种及最佳经营措施,在湖北省京山市虎爪山林场采用三因素试验设计研究不同品种、密度、造林模式及其互作效应对泡桐生长的影响。结果表明:(1)品种对泡桐生长量影响最大,‘中桐1号’(C1)在所有品种中表现最为优良,其次为‘01-23’(C3)品种。(2)随着林龄的增加,不同造林密度和造林模式间泡桐生长量逐渐趋于一致,各生长指标无显著影响;在幼林期,不同造林密度、造林模式、品种及其互作效应对泡桐胸径、单株材积生长有显著影响,但随着林龄的增长,仅有造林密度和造林模式表现出较强的互作效应。因此,在湖北低山丘陵区可优先选择‘中桐1号’和‘01-23’号泡桐品种进行推广种植。

生长季节不同配方施肥对白花泡桐埋根苗的影响

为明晰白花泡桐苗木与季节环境相适应的N、P、K三要素响应规律,优化其埋根育苗的施肥方式.以白花泡桐1a生种根为试验材料进行埋根育苗试验,设置4种生长季节配方施肥处理,CK处理:6—7月份施N、P、K各10 g/(株·月),8—9月份施N、P、K各15 g/(株·月);T1处理:6—7月份单施P肥10 g/(株·月),8—9月份单施K肥15 g/(株·月);T2处理:6—7月份单施N肥10 g/(株·月),8—9月份施P、K肥各15 g/(株·月);T3处理:6—7月份施N、P肥各10 g/(株·月)、8—9月份单施P肥15 g/(株·月).采用随机区组设计,4个小区,4次重复,每小区10株;定期观测苗木生长指标、光合参数和叶片营养元素含量.结果显示,T3处理的白花泡桐叶片净光合速率、生物量和根冠比最大,且苗高、地径、叶片数和叶面积亦最大,总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和N、P、K元素含量最高,并与其他施肥处理差异达到显著水平(p<0.05).因此,培育白花泡桐高干壮苗,T3处理,即6—7月施N、P肥各10g/(株·月),8—9月单施P肥15 g/(株·月),可提高光合效率,促进叶原基的分化和展开,增加着叶数和着叶面积,生产更多的光合产物,促进苗木生长,肥效最佳.

Protein diversity of Paulownia plant leaves and clusters

Paulownia tomentosa, P. fargesii, P. lamprorhylla, P. albiphloea, P. australis, P. fortunei, P. elongata, P. elongata f.alba and P. albiphloea var c henggtuensis were classified into three groups: P. fortunei group (P. fortunei a nd P. elongata f. alba); P. australis group (P. australis and P. albiphloea var chenggtuensis) and P. tomentasa group (P. tomentasa, P. fargesii, P. albiprhlaca , P. lamproprhylia and P. elongata ) accordance to the results of the single and two-dimensional SDS-PAGE of protein in the Paulownia tree leaves. The result co uld lay a foundation for classifying the Genus Paulownia plants.

Callus induction from leaves of different paulownia species and its plantlet regeneration

The experiment was carried out on five different species of Paulownia for callus induction from leaves. MS medium was adopted as basic medium, and from different combinations of NAA and BA the suitable media were determined for callus induction, bud differentiation, and root differentiation of five different species. MS+0.5NAA+4BA, MS+0.3NAA+2BA, MS+0.5NAA+4BA, MS+0.3NAA+6BA, and MS+0.3NAA+8BA were suitable media of callus inductions of leaves, respectively, for Paulownia tomentosa, Paulownia australis, Paulownia fortunei, Paulownia elongata and P. tmentosa x P. fortunei, and MS+0.3NAA+12BA, MS+0.3NAA+12BA, MS+0.5NAA+12BA, MS+0.5NAA+12BA, and MS+0.7NAA+12BA were suitable media for bud differentiation from leaf callus respectively for above five species. The rooting media was determined as 2MS+0.1NAA, 1/2MS+0.1NAA, 1/2MS, 1/2MS+0.3NAA, and 1/2MS+0.5NAA. These results provide reference data for breeding new fine va-rieties with different kinds of Paulownia protoplasts fusions.

泡桐NLR基因家族分析及其对植原体的响应

为研究PfNLR基因家族在白花泡桐抗丛枝病过程中的作用,运用生物信息学方法全面分析了白花泡桐NLR(PfNLR)家族成员的组成、理化性质、染色体定位、进化、结构、顺式作用元件和组织表达特异性,结合植原体侵染白花泡桐前后的miRNA和转录组的表达量变化,筛选出与抗丛枝病相关的基因。结果表明:白花泡桐中的199个PfNLRs分属6个亚家族;91.9%的PfNLRs定位在白花泡桐18条染色体上,其中62.8%呈簇状分布,23个PfNLRs发生了10次染色体片段重复事件和1次染色体串联重复事件;PfNLR含激素类和胁迫类元件;miRNA和转录组的关联分析发现泡桐miRNA与PfNLR之间存在156对靶向关系;大多数PfNLRs在芽和根中表达;16个PfNLRs在白花泡桐感染植原体前后的表达水平显著差异。进一步分析发现,pf–miRNA482介导的PfNLR181在白花泡桐抗丛枝病中发挥作用,该结果可为解析白花泡桐NLR蛋白的功能提供理论依据。

速生材制生物机械浆的研究(Ⅰ)——泡桐(Paulownia elongate)真菌预处理机械浆

研究了泡桐（Ｐａｕｌｏｗｎｉａｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅ）木片用三种真菌（ＰｈａｎｅｒｏｃｈａｅｔｅｃｈｒｙｓｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍＭＥ４４６及其变异株ＬＩＰ１４和商品菌Ｏｐｈｉｓｔｏｍａｐｉｌｉｆｅｒｕｍ）预处理制生物机械浆。测定了预处理对木片主要化学组成、磨浆能耗、纸浆强度的影响。结果表明：（１）ＬＩＰ１４及ＭＥ４４６预处理后，木片失重４３１％～５４２％，其中１９６％～２１６％为木质素损失；Ｏ．Ｐ．菌预处理后，木片热水抽出物降低了３３１％，苯醇抽出物减少１２１％；（２）磨浆度５５°ＳＲ，三种菌可节省能耗１３２％～２２４％，裂断长提高７９％～３０％，耐破度提高１５２％～８８％，撕裂度提高３８％～１２％，白度下降３％～４％ＩＳＯ，光散射系数下降１００％～１４６％，不透明度变化不大。综合能耗节省与强度性质的提高，ＬＩＰ１４优于Ｏ．Ｐ．菌，Ｏ．Ｐ．菌优于ＭＥ４４６。

链格孢菌侵染泡桐单板的研究

以蛋白胨为氮源和可溶性淀粉为碳源的2种培养基为营养基础,对比链格孢菌在泡桐单板表面的顺纹侵染长度差异,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、色差仪与傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)等技术手段,研究其侵染路径、表面色差、耐光色牢度、顺纹侵染趋势和木材化学组分变化。结果表明:1)相比于氮源培养基(17.25 mm),碳源培养基的18 d顺纹侵染长度(44.31 mm)更长。2)菌丝主要从导管进入木材,在孔径大的早材部位染色效果更显著。3)侵染18 d后,碳源培养基条件下泡桐单板表面颜色变化更明显(总色差值ΔE^(*)为32.20),在氮/碳源培养基条件下光照4 h的色差值由55.55分别降低至1.49和1.36,耐光色牢度明显提升。4)线性拟合结果显示,顺纹侵染长度与侵染时间正相关,在碳源培养基内平均侵染速率(2.28314 mm/d)快于氮源培养基((0.83837 mm/d))。5)侵染会影响纤维素、半纤维素,木质素波动较小。

白花泡桐叶片提取物的抗皮肤光老化作用研究

考察白花泡桐叶片提取物(Paulownia fortunei leaf extract,PFLE)对紫外线B(UVB)诱导的皮肤光老化小鼠的影响。将小鼠分为5组:分别为正常对照组(NC)、模型组(M)、低剂量PFLE组(L-PFLE)、中剂量PFLE组(M-PFLE)、高剂量PFLE组(H-PFLE)。NC组小鼠不照射。其他组小鼠使用紫外线光疗仪进行UVB照射。UVB照射当天,NC组和M组小鼠背部涂抹雪花膏,L-PFLE组、M-PFLE组和H-PFLE组小鼠分别涂抹50,100和200 mg/kg的PFLE乳膏。UVB照射和给药周期均为6周。检测了小鼠的体重、皮肤含水量、皮肤氧化应激指标、HYP和HA水平。采用HE染色观察小鼠皮肤形态。通过Western blotting检测了小鼠皮肤中Nrf2(细胞核)、Keap1和HO-1的蛋白表达水平。通过RT-qPCR检测了小鼠皮肤中MMP-1、MMP-3的转录水平。结果显示,与M组比较,L-PFLE组、M-PFLE组和H-PFLE组小鼠皮肤含水量升高,皮肤形态明显改善,SOD、CAT和GSH-Px水平升高,MDA水平降低,Nrf2(细胞核)和HO-1蛋白相对表达量升高,Keap1蛋白相对表达量降低,HYP和HA水平升高,MMP-1和MMP-3 mRNA相对表达量降低(P<0.05)。表明PELE经皮给药具有良好的抗皮肤光老化作用。

Identification and Control of Paulownia fortunei Witches Broom Disease

Pathogen and characteristics,occurrence law,damage symptom of Paulownia fortunei witches broom disease were simply described,and the control method of the disease was summarized.

泡桐主要活性成分及作为反刍动物饲料的研究进展

泡桐为一种重要的速生造林树种,可作为景观林、防护林,种植较广。泡桐是一种用途较广的乔木,可作为家具、乐器的板材和制作纤维素的原料,泡桐花及果实可入药。泡桐叶的营养成分丰富,基本成分与苜蓿相近。泡桐不同部位(叶、花、果)提取物的化学成分主要为黄酮类、木脂素类、苯丙素类、萜类、多糖类和环烯醚萜类,具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒、抗癌和降脂等多种功能。泡桐叶及其青贮能降低氨的浓度,调节瘤胃液中的VFA分布,并降低甲烷的产生量。泡桐花在禽类应用较多,在反刍动物上报道较少。泡桐花及果实因其活性成分,具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了泡桐的主要营养成分、活性成分及饲喂试验效果,为其在反刍动物上的应用研究提供参考。

速生材制生物机械浆研究 Ⅱ、泡桐(Paulowniaelongata)酶液预处理机械浆

研究了兰考泡桐（Ｐａｕｌｏｗｎｉａｅｌｏｎｇａｔａ）木片用４种酶液（纤维素酶液ＥＳ２８、半纤维素酶ＥＡｎ７６、木质素酶Ｅ０２５及Ｅ０１４）预处理制生物机械浆。测定了预处理对木片主要化学组成、磨浆能耗、纸浆强度的影响。结果表明：（１）Ｅ０１４、Ｅ０２５、ＥＳ２８、ＥＡｎ７６预处理后，木片失重３．１８％～３．７２％，其中３．９％～１８．６％为木质素损失，纤维素损失则高达３８．２％～４６．２％；（２）磨浆度为５５ＳＲ时，４种酶液可节省能耗２．０％～７．０％，裂断长变化为－１８．１％～７．９％，耐破度变化为－１３％～７．３％，撕裂度为－１２．９％～８．４％，光学性质（如白度、光散射系数）变化不大，不透明度几乎不变。综合能耗节省与强度性质的提高，Ｅ０１４及ＥＡｎ７６效果较好，ＥＳ２８则由于纤维素酶对纤维的损伤效果不佳，Ｅ０２５效果则一般。

酶解-超声辅助双水相法提取泡桐花总黄酮工艺优化及体外抗氧化能力研究

试验旨在探究酶解-超声辅助双水相法提取泡桐花总黄酮的最佳工艺参数,评价其体外抗氧化活性。采用单因素试验和响应面法优化泡桐花总黄酮的提取工艺,并对比几种不同的提取方法,测定总黄酮对DPPH自由基、OH自由基和ABTS自由基的清除率。结果表明:最优提取工艺条件:(NH4)2SO4质量分数20%、乙醇质量分数33%、超声温度60℃、液料比23∶1 m L/g,总黄酮的实际提取率为7.62%,与理论值7.59%的相对偏差为0.40%。不同提取方法比对,酶解-超声法提取率最高。泡桐花黄酮能够有效清除DPPH自由基、OH自由基和ABTS自由基,最高清除率分别为78.1%、86.2%和83.3%,可为其开发为天然饲料添加剂应用在动物生产领域提供科学参考。

不同坡向、坡位对白花泡桐幼龄林生长的影响

通过在福建省大田县开展不同坡向和坡位白花泡桐造林对比试验,结果表明:坡向以阳坡的白花泡桐生长量最大,半阳坡其次,阴坡最低;坡位以下坡位的白花泡桐生长量最大,中坡其次,上坡最低;坡向和坡位及交互作用对白花泡桐的生长量有显著和极显著影响;聚类分析结果显示,2年生和3年生的白花泡桐均分为六类,均将阳坡上坡、半阳坡上坡和阴坡中坡列为一类,但2年生的白花泡桐将阳坡中坡和阴坡下坡列为一类,而3年生的白花泡桐则将半阳坡中坡和阳坡中坡列为一类。

不同长势山桐子林光合指标日变化特点分析

以贵州省安顺市普定县山桐子林为研究地,分析不同长势山桐子林光合指标日变化特点。选择5年生山桐子林为研究对象,按照其不同长势,分为3组,分别为长势良好组、长势一般组和长势较差组,对比不同长势山桐子林光合指标变化特点。研究结果表明:各组山桐子林的蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度光合指标日变化特点基本一致,其中,长势良好组蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度均高于长势一般组和长势较差组(P<0.05)。由结果可知,不同长势山桐子林的光合指标日变化特点存在比较显著差异,长势约好,蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度等光合指标越高,说明山桐子林和光合指标之间呈正相关关系,山桐子林长势约好,光合作用越强,也进一步证实,光合作用对山桐子林的生长有较大影响。

Spatial pattern of paulownia witches' broom and its effects on the growth of Paulownia elongata in Shaanxi Province,China

The spatial pattern of paulownia witches＇ broom was investigated using an Iwao＇s （m^＊-m） model in Shaanxi Province, China. Iwao＇s （m^＊-m） model revealed that spatial pattern of paulownia witches＇ broom exhibited a uniform distribution in sample plots. In this model, characteristics of contagiousness coefficient （a） justified the probability of infection by virus-transmission vectors. For tree age less than six, susceptible individuals were aggregated as clusters in the plots and then mutually repelled over age. A preliminary survey of stand volume show that from age five to six, stand volumes of disease grade II showed excessive vegetative growth and returned to normal level between ages ten and 11. Loss rate of volume increment with disease grade II decreased, and then returned to raising trend both at grades III and IV. This phenomenon is possibly caused by an over-compensation effect and by environmental factors. The redundancy of growth hormones in branches, shoots, leaves, buds and roots increased the stem volume of entire trees.

Factors of affecting the spring back of compressed Paulownia wood

in order to increase its hardness and gravity as well as dimension stability, the technology of hotcompressing on P8ulownla wood was studied. The main factors of affecting the spring back of the compressedPaulownis samples were discussed. It was discovered that every factor in the experiment had obvious effects onwood hardness and dimension stability of compressed wood. When the MC (Moisture Content) of experimentalspecimens was 13.89%, it was useful to spray water on the surface of samples before hot pressing. The best reSult was the recovery of compression set could decrease from 90.69O/O of untreated wood to 45.51 % of soakingspecimens into PF (Phenol Formaldehyde) water solution. The hot pressing time was 8 min at 190℃.