Progress, challenge and significance of building a carbon industry system in the context of carbon neutrality strategy

Carbon dioxide storage and utilization has become an inevitable trend and choice for sustainable development under the background of global climate change and carbon neutrality.Carbon industry which is dominated by CO_(2) capture,utilization and storage/CO_(2) capture and storage(CCUS/CCS)is becoming a new strategic industry under the goal of carbon neutrality.The sustainable development of carbon industry needs to learn from the experiences of global oil and gas industry development.There are three types of“carbon”in the earth system.Black carbon is the CO_(2) that has not been sequestered or used and remains in the atmosphere for a long time;grey carbon is the CO_(2) that has been fixed or permanently sequestered in the geological body,and blue carbon is the CO_(2) that could be converted into products for human use through biological,physical,chemical and other ways.The carbon industry system covers carbon generation,carbon capture,carbon transportation,carbon utilization,carbon sequestration,carbon products,carbon finance,and other businesses.It is a revolutionary industrial field to completely eliminate“black carbon”.The development of carbon industry technical system takes carbon emission reduction,zero carbon,negative carbon and carbon economy as the connotation,and the construction of a low-cost and energy-efficient carbon industry system based on CCUS/CCS are strategic measures to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality and clean energy utilization globally.This will promote the“four 80%s”transformation of China's energy supply,namely,to 2060,the percentage of zero-carbon new energy in the energy consumption will be over 80%and the CO_(2) emission will be decreased by 80%to ensure the carbon emission reduction of total 80×10^(8) t from the percentage of carbon-based fossil energy in the energy consumption of over 80%,and the percentage of CO_(2) emission from energy of over 80%in 2021.The carbon industry in China is facing three challenges,large CO_(2) emissions,high percentage of coal in energy consumption,and poor innovative system.Three strategic measures are proposed accordingly,including:(1)unswervingly develop carbon industrial system and ensure the achievement of carbon neutrality as scheduled by 2060;(2)vigorously develop new energy sources and promote a revolutionary transformation of China’s energy production and consumption structure;(3)accelerate the establishment of scientific and technological innovation system of the whole CO_(2) industry.It is of great significance for continuously optimization of ecological environment and construction of green earth and ecological earth to develop the carbon industry system,utilize clean energy,and achieve the strategic goal of global carbon neutrality.

Research on Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Technological Pathways in the Chinese Papermaking Industry

Against the backdrop of the dual carbon goals,the papermaking industry in China faces significant pressure to reduce emissions and lower carbon intensity.Based on historical data of energy consumption in the pulp and paper industry in China from 2000 to 2020,this study analyzed the current status of paper production and energy consumption in China.Two methods were employed to predict the growth trend of paper production in China,and three carbon dioxide emission accounting methods were compared.The study used an accounting method based on the industry’s overall energy consumption and predicted the carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions of the Chinese papermaking industry from 2021 to 2060 under three scenarios.The study identified the timing for achieving carbon peak and proposed the measures for carbon neutrality.The results indicated that:(1)the CO_(2)emissions of the Chinese papermaking industry in 2020 were 111.98 million tons.(2)Under low-demand,high-demand,and baseline scenarios,the papermaking industry is expected to achieve carbon peak during the“14th Five-Year Plan”period.(3)In 2060,under the three scenarios,CO_(2)emissions from the papermaking industry will decrease by 11%-31%compared to the baseline year.However,there will still be emissions of 72-93 million tons,requiring reductions in fossil energy consumption at the source,increasing forestry carbon sequestration and utilization of Carbon Capture,Utilization and Storage(CCUS)technology,and taking measures such as carbon trading to achieve carbon neutrality.

Change trend of natural gas hydrates in permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(1960-2050)under the background of global warming and their impacts on carbon emissions

Global warming and the response to it have become a topic of concern in today’s society and are also a research focus in the global scientific community.As the world’s third pole,the global warming amplifier,and the starting region of China’s climate change,the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is extremely sensitive to climate change.The permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is rich in natural gas hydrates(NGHs)resources.Under the background of global warming,whether the NGHs will be disassociated and enter the atmosphere as the air temperature rises has become a major concern of both the public and the scientific community.Given this,this study reviewed the trend of global warming and accordingly summarized the characteristics of the temperature increase in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Based on this as well as the distribution characteristics of the NGHs in the permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,this study investigated the changes in the response of the NGHs to global warming,aiming to clarify the impacts of global warming on the NGHs in the permafrost of the plateau.A noticeable response to global warming has been observed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Over the past decades,the increase in the mean annual air temperature of the plateau was increasingly high and more recently.Specifically,the mean annual air temperature of the plateau changed at a rate of approximately 0.308-0.420℃/10a and increased by approximately 1.54-2.10℃in the past decades.Moreover,the annual mean ground temperature of the shallow permafrost on the plateau increased by approximately 1.155-1.575℃and the permafrost area decreased by approximately 0.34×10^(6)km^(2) from about 1.4×10^(6)km^(2) to 1.06×10^(6)km^(2) in the past decades.As indicated by simulated calculation results,the thickness of the NGH-bearing permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has decreased by 29-39 m in the past 50 years,with the equivalent of(1.69-2.27)×10^(10)-(1.12-1.51)×10^(12)m^(3) of methane(CH_(4))being released due to NGHs dissociation.It is predicted that the thickness of the NGH-bearing permafrost will decrease by 23 m and 27 m,and dissociated and released NGHs will be the equivalent of(1.34-88.8)×10^(10)m^(3) and(1.57-104)×10^(10)m^(3)of CH_(4),respectively by 2030 and 2050.Considering the positive feedback mechanism of NGHs on global warming and the fact that CH_(4) has a higher greenhouse effect than carbon dioxide,the NGHs in the permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau will emit more CH_(4) into the atmosphere,which is an important trend of NGHs under the background of global warming.Therefore,the NGHs are destructive as a time bomb and may lead to a waste of efforts that mankind has made in carbon emission reduction and carbon neutrality.Accordingly,this study suggests that human beings should make more efforts to conduct the exploration and exploitation of the NGHs in the permafrost of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,accelerate research on the techniques and equipment for NGHs extraction,storage,and transportation,and exploit the permafrost-associated NGHs while thawing them.The purpose is to reduce carbon emissions into the atmosphere and mitigate the atmospheric greenhouse effect,thus contributing to the global goal of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality.

The role of new energy in carbon neutral

Carbon dioxide is an important medium of the global carbon cycle,and has the dual properties of realizing the conversion of organic matter in the ecosystem and causing the greenhouse effect.The fixed or available carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is defined as"gray carbon",while the carbon dioxide that cannot be fixed or used and remains in the atmosphere is called"black carbon".Carbon neutral is the consensus of human development,but its implementation still faces many challenges in politics,resources,technology,market,and energy structure,etc.It is proposed that carbon replacement,carbon emission reduction,carbon sequestration,and carbon cycle are the four main approaches to achieve carbon neutral,among which carbon replacement is the backbone.New energy has become the leading role of the third energy conversion and will dominate carbon neutral in the future.Nowadays,solar energy,wind energy,hydropower,nuclear energy and hydrogen energy are the main forces of new energy,helping the power sector to achieve low carbon emissions."Green hydrogen"is the reserve force of new energy,helping further reduce carbon emissions in industrial and transportation fields.Artificial carbon conversion technology is a bridge connecting new energy and fossil energy,effectively reducing the carbon emissions of fossil energy.It is predicted that the peak value of China’s carbon dioxide emissions will reach 110×10^(8) t in 2030.The study predicts that China’s carbon emissions will drop to 22×10^(8) t,33×10^(8) t and 44×10^(8) t,respectively,in 2060 according to three scenarios of high,medium,and low levels.To realize carbon neutral in China,seven implementation suggestions have been put forward to build a new"three small and one large"energy structure in China and promote the realization of China’s energy independence strategy.

Soil CO_2 and N_2O Emissions in Maize Growing Season Under Different Fertilizer Regimes in an Upland Red Soil Region of South China

Upland red soils have been identified as major CO2 and N2O sources induced by human activities such as fertilization. To monitor characteristics of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades and to separate the respective contributions of root and heterotrophic respiration to the total soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, the measurements of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout the maize growing season in 2009 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment （from 1990） through of the maize （Zea mays L.） growing season in red soil in southern China. Five fertilization treatments were chosen from the experiment for study： zero-fertilizer application （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium （NPK） fertilizer application only, pig manure （M）, NPK plus pig manure （NPKM） and NPK with straw （NPKS）. Six chambers were installed in each plot. Three of them are in the inter-row soil （NR） and the others are in the soil within the row （R）. Each fertilizer treatment received the same amount of N （300 kg ha-1 yr-1）. Results showed that cumulative soil CO2 fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS〉M, NPKM〉NPK〉CK. The contributions of root respiration to soil CO2 fluxes was 40, 44, 50, 47 and 35% in CK, NPK, NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, with the mean value of 43%. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS, NPKM〉M〉NPK〉CK, and soil N2O fluxes in R were 18, 20 and 30% higher than that in NR in NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, but with no difference between NR and R in NPK treatment. Furthermore, combine with soil temperature at -5 cm depth and soil moisWxe （0-20 cm） together could explain 55-70% and 42-59% of soil CO2 and N2O emissions with root interference and 62- 78% and 44-63% of that without root interference, respectively. In addition, soil CO2 and N2O flUXeS per unit yield in NPKM （0.55 and 0.10 kg C t^-1） and M （0.65 and 0.13 g N t^-1） treatments were lower than those in other treatments. Therefore, manure application could be a preferred fertilization strategy in red soils in South China.

水土保持碳汇项目开发与交易的机制与途径构建

水土保持碳汇具备负碳技术的特性,受到政府和交易主体广泛关注和青睐,未来将在我国碳排放权交易市场中得到广泛应用。从建立碳汇项目开发团队、实施碳汇监测与核算、协调撮合交易和宣传示范等4个方面,总结全国首单水土保持碳汇项目开发与交易的实践探索,提出水土保持碳汇项目开发与交易的机制与途径,包括加强水土保持碳汇基础研究和技术攻关、完善水土保持碳汇监测和核算体系、开展碳汇项目开发和探索碳汇交易途径与机制、建立水土保持碳汇纳入温室气体自愿减排交易机制、建设碳汇项目开发队伍与机构、提升项目开发信息管理水平等6个方面。

水土保持碳汇项目管理信息系统的开发探索

水土保持碳汇项目信息化管理可以为水土保持碳汇项目开发提供科学规范的技术手段。分析了水土保持碳汇项目管理信息系统开发的主要挑战、建设目标及总体框架,以福建省长汀县罗地河小流域综合治理水土保持碳汇开发为研究对象,探索水土保持碳汇项目开发的全过程信息化体系建设,总结了系统在罗地河小流域综合治理过程中的应用情况以及存在的不足,并提出相关建议,以期为提升水土保持碳汇项目管理水平提供借鉴参考。

新能源材料与器件课程O2O智慧教学模式探索

新能源材料对“碳达峰、碳中和”国家战略目标的实现具有重要的支撑作用。新能源材料与器件课程是新能源材料研究与应用的基础,也是新能源人才培养过程中的主干课程,现有教学模式很难满足对高质量新能源人才的培养,因此该文提出将“智慧教学”理念及“O2O模式”应用到课程教学的各个环节。通过信息化技术搭建智慧教育平台,延伸教与学的边界,建构出一种虚实相生、情境结合、意象交融的教学空间;通过智能化的方式提高教学效率,增强教学互动,提升学生学习效率,加强信息反馈和教学管理。从而开发教师和学生的聪明才智和主观能动性,使投入得到最大化产出、获得最优学习效果,支撑我国新能源人才的培养。

“双碳”下多因素影响垃圾发电布局分析

为了解我国垃圾焚烧发电产业发展趋势,对全国31个省、直辖市、自治区的垃圾焚烧处理现状和发展需求进行了数据分析。研究表明:2000年以来,垃圾焚烧产业迅速发展,垃圾焚烧量与垃圾焚烧厂数量均大幅提高;随着各省不断加快“双碳”行动,垃圾焚烧事业面临发展机遇,同时,不同地区应根据其自身情况制定政策;综合考虑各方面因素,长江沿线地区及东北部分地区为最适宜发展地区。本研究是基于我国垃圾焚烧发电产业的整体现状、各地区的经济发展、垃圾处置和控碳需求基础上的综合研究结果,可以为未来垃圾焚烧产业发展布局提供参考依据。

低碳理念引领建筑设计创新

尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然,人类才能与大自然和谐共生。以低碳理念作为建筑设计切入点,把低碳理念沉浸到现代建筑创作中,通过废弃矿坑蝶化、轻度介入融入自然、阳光洒满医院、会呼吸的医院、结构成就建筑之美、建筑消隐于环境6个案例,展示低碳理念如何节约资源并引领建筑设计创新及高质量发展。

The prospect of natural gas hydrate(NGH)under the vision of Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions in China

To achieve the goals of Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Neutrality,China's energy system will continue to accelerate the transition to a clean and low-carbon one.As the cleanest fossil fuel,natural gas is regarded as an inevitable choice for China to build a clean,safe,efficient,and low-carbon energy system and fulfill the goal of“double carbon”.However,the domestic conventional natural gas supply remains rigid while the stimulation of unconventional natural gas is still limited.If we have a firm grip on the principal line of“understanding the ocean–developing resources–ensuring security”to realize the large-scale development of 85 trillion square meters of NGH in the South China Sea,then we could not only greatly reduce China‘s foreign dependence on natural gas,but also guarantee the safety of China‘s natural gas multi-path supply and safeguard the sovereignty of the South China Sea.Thus,the goal of Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Neutrality can be achieved in no time.

“双碳”目标下氢能发展机遇、难点与路径选择

从我国能源消费现状入手,介绍了碳排放"双控"进展,分析了水电、核电、风光电等作为主力能源的短板以及氢能的主要特性。从国内外视角出发,着重阐述了氢能发展的机遇和加快替代化石能源的紧迫性。以案例法对电解水制氢主要成本组成、相互关系以及不同电价、不同年利用小时数对制氢成本影响的敏感性进行研究,对化石能源制氢增加"碳捕捉与封存技术"后成本变化进行比较,针对性地提出降低绿电制氢成本、开辟氢能生产新渠道、破解关键技术、扩大氢能化改造等解决方案。结论认为,以政策扶持为动力、以多方联动加快试点示范为方法、以"绿电+储能+氢能"组合弥补清洁能源的短板是实现"双碳"目标和绿色发展的首选路径。

发展生态低碳农业:历史传承与中国式现代化追求

从历史长河中汲取智慧,探索在中国式现代化的征途上,如何将传统农耕文明与生态低碳理念相结合,实现农业可持续发展。在中国式现代化背景下,生态低碳农业的发展应遵循四大原则:一是探寻粮食生产与生态低碳农业发展的平衡之道;二是追求共同富裕与生态低碳农业发展的协同之道;三是赓续农耕文明和生态低碳农业发展的传承之道;四是谱写尊重自然与生态低碳农业发展的保护之道。未来应构筑生态低碳农业技术发展与应用协同机制,完善生态低碳农业的市场融合与价值实现途径,建立农耕技艺与生态低碳农业融合传承体系,形成自然资源与生态低碳农业协调发展框架。

沙漠光伏电能外送技术综述

充分利用可再生能源是我国实现助力“双碳”目标的重要保障,然而,由于集中式光伏处于沙漠地区,光伏电能输送成为制约光伏发展的瓶颈问题。运输电池技术作为输送电能途径可为现有沙漠电能输送提供新的选择。首先,从沙漠集中式光伏输电方式的角度,重点讨论了现有的沙漠光伏输电的实际运行情况,分析了电池运输技术的工作原理;然后,整理了传统沙漠光伏输电和运输电池技术在投资成本、输电容量及应对沙漠气候能力等方面的差异;最后,论述了运输电池技术具有建设成本低、应对沙漠气候能力强等优势,以及存在的局限性。

成都市城市管理领域温室气体排放特征及减排策略

城市管理涉及环境卫生管理、垃圾收运处置、城市照明管理等业务活动,是城市温室气体排放源之一。成都市城市管理领域2021年温室气体排放研究表明,垃圾收运处置是该领域最主要的温室气体排放源,贡献比例为95.81%,其次是城市照明管理和环境卫生管理,排放贡献比例分别为1.87%和1.82%。而未来情景分析显示成都市城市管理领域温室气体排放量随生活垃圾焚烧处置率的上升而快速下降,2025年达到最低,之后随着生活垃圾清运量的增长会呈现缓慢增加的趋势,2030年达峰时,垃圾收运处置的排放贡献比例为94.66%,城市照明管理和市政道桥管廊维护的排放贡献比例将上升至2.80%和1.20%,环境卫生管理排放贡献比例将下降至1.07%。最后,提出了双碳背景下城市管理部门开展碳减排工作的对策建议。

二氧化碳捕集、利用与储存(CCUS)技术进展及趋势分析

通过分析CCUS技术应用现状,提出净减排量计算公式,并对地质利用封存、化工利用及生物利用技术中的能耗问题和发展前景进行分析。通过研发新技术降低生产能耗、新能源耦合利用等措施实现减排效果,同时注重封存过程中的潜在环境危害,提高安全防护技术水平。

社区近零碳转型要求下控制性详细规划编制优化研究

社区是城市碳排放的主要载体,规划和自然资源领域可以在交通出行、建筑物能源消耗等方面对其规划建设进行约束,引导社区低碳化转型。控制性详细规划是指导社区规划建设的主要依据,但其编制内容、编制模式与成果应用未能很好地适应社区低碳化转型的需要。立足“双碳”总体目标,开展社区低碳化转型的控制性详细规划编制优化研究,提出规划编制内容、规划编制模式、规划管控模式等方面的优化建议,以推动社区规划建设近零碳转型,加快构建生态文明建设新格局。

面向道路照明节能改造的减碳评价指标的研究

推进道路照明节能改造工作,可以减少道路照明运行产生的能源消耗和碳排放,对实现碳达峰和碳中和具有重要意义。本文提出面向道路照明节能改造的综合性减碳评价指标,结合电量的节约和照明质量的提升对减碳量进行评估,实现以照明质量达标为前提条件的减碳评价体系,为节能改造工程的减碳评价提供基础模型,从而完整地对节能改造工作带来的经济效益和社会效益进行评价。

碳达峰碳中和背景下电力电缆供应链的CO_(2)排放量控制方法研究

针对供应链CO_(2)排放量控制基于无损电力网络、忽略电力线路损耗造成CO_(2)排放的问题,提出碳达峰碳中和背景下电力电缆供应链的CO_(2)排放量控制方法。基于电力潮流分析理论引入CO_(2)排放流概念,并计算CO_(2)排放强度,在节点、支路、支路有功损耗和负荷方面分析CO_(2)排放流分布情况,通过潮流溯源法对CO_(2)排放流溯源分析,将发电侧CO_(2)排放转移至用户侧,结合CO_(2)排放阈值,实现电力电缆供应链CO_(2)减排控制。实验结果表明,所提方法的回归相关系数达到了0.9824,均方误差仅为0.093,与文献方法相比,该方法的误差更小、回归相关系数更高。

生物质气化综合利用技术概述

生物质能源是一种可再生的能源,生物质气化是实现生物质能源高效清洁利用的可行技术之一。目前,生物质固定床气化技术成熟度较高且逐步实现工业化运行。生物质气化制燃气及副产物的开发循环利用高度契合了我国当下碳中和、碳达峰的发展方向。因此,在新的形势下,生物质气化必将融合更多关联技术大步前行。