PSO-DBNet for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction Using Deep Belief Network

Data transmission through a wireless network has faced various signal problems in the past decades.The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)technique is widely accepted in multiple data transfer patterns at various frequency bands.A recent wireless communication network uses OFDM in longterm evolution(LTE)and 5G,among others.The main problem faced by 5G wireless OFDM is distortion of transmission signals in the network.This transmission loss is called peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR).This wireless signal distortion can be reduced using various techniques.This study uses machine learning-based algorithm to solve the problem of PAPR in 5G wireless communication.Partial transmit sequence(PTS)helps in the fast transfer of data in wireless LTE.PTS is merged with deep belief neural network(DBNet)for the efficient processing of signals in wireless 5G networks.Result indicates that the proposed system outperforms other existing techniques.Therefore,PAPR reduction in OFDM by DBNet is optimized with the help of an evolutionary algorithm called particle swarm optimization.Hence,the specified design supports in improving the proposed PAPR reduction architecture.

A correlation OPTS algorithm for reducing peak to average power ratio of FBMC-OQAM systems

A correlation overlapping partial transmit sequence(C-OPTS) algorithm is proposed to solve the issue of high complexity of overlapping partial transmit sequence(OPTS) algorithm in suppressing the peak to average power ratio(PAPR) of filter bank multicarrier-offset quadrature amplitude modulation(FBMC-OQAM) signals.The V subblocks in partial transmit sequence(PTS) are regrouped into U combinations according to the correlation coefficient p,and overlapping subblocks are allowed between adjacent groups.The search starts from the first group and sets the phase factors of the subsequent groups to 1.When the phase factors of the non-overlapping subblocks in the first group are determined,the subsequent groups are searched in turn to determine their respective phase factors.Starting from the second data block,the data overlapped with it should be taken into account when determining its optimal phase factor vector.Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that compared with the OPTS algorithm,the proposed algorithm can significantly reduce the computational complexity at the cost of slight deterioration of PAPR performance.Meanwhile,compared with the even-odd iterative double-layers OPTS(ID-OPTS) algorithm,it can further reduce the complexity and obtain a better PAPR suppression effect.

A PHASE SCRAMBLING SCHEME FOR SUPPRESSION OF PEAK TO AVERAGE POWER RATIO FOR OFDM

The complex-valued modulating vectors for the subcarriers consist of two kinds of components: One is the information-bearing components superposed with pseudo-randomized phases and the other is the suppression components with specified scrambling phases. The pseudo randomized phases are generated according to the predefined polynomial and mapping function whereas the scrambling phases are from a gradient algorithm. The simulation results verify the rationality and validity of the phase scrambling.

A Method for Improving Power Distribution Characteristics of Space Time Block Codes

Improving power distribution characteristics of space time block codes(STBCs),namely peak to average power ratio(PAPR),average to minimum power ratio(Ave/min),and probability of transmitting"zero"by antenna,makes easier their practical implementation.To this end,this study proposes to multiply full diversity STB C with a non-singular matrix in multiple input multiple output(MIMO)or multiple input single output(MISO)systems with linear or maximum likelihood(ML)receivers.It is proved that the obtained code achieves full diversity and the order of detection complexity does not change.The proposed method is applied to different types of STBCs.The bit error rate(BER)and power distribution characteristics of the new codes demonstrate the superiority of the introduced method.Further,lower and upper bounds on the BER of the obtained STBCs are derived for all receivers.The proposed method provides trade-off among PAPR,spectral efficiency,energy efficiency,and BER.

ON THE PAR REDUCTION OF MB-OFDM ULTRA-WIDEBAND SIGNALS

The Peak to Average power Ratio (PAR) of a Multi-Band Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) signals can be substantially larger than that of single carrier or carrier-less ultra-wideband signals. In this letter, a novel PAR reduction scheme for the MB-OFDM UWB system based on spreading and interleaving is proposed. By spreading the coded bits over each subcarrier in corresponding band and interleaving the spread symbols across all bands, the PAR statistics of the MB-OFDM signals can be improved and the PAR is reduced obviously. In the PAR reduction scheme, there is no loss in transmission data rate or Bit Error Rate (BER) performance decreasing. Since the spreading and interleaving operation are implemented by unitary Hadamard sequences and used for an approach to provide the robustness of the UWB system to narrowband interference, there is no additional implementation burden. Simulation results show that the investigated scheme gives the PAR reduction of 3dB compared with that of the original MB-OFDM signals.

Joint Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) & Walsh-Hadamard Transform: Enhancing the Receiver Performance

Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) is a new access method to achieve high performance gains in terms of capacity and throughput, so it is currently under consideration as one of the candidates for fifth generation(5 G) technologies. NOMA utilizes power domain in order to superimpose signals of multiple users in a single transmitted signal. This creates a lot of interference at the receive side. Although the use of successive interference cancellation(SIC) technique reduces the interference, but to further improve the receiver performance, in this paper, we have proposed a joint Walsh-Hadamard transform(WHT) and NOMA approach for achieving better performance gains than the conventional NOMA. WHT is a well-known code used in communication systems and is used as an orthogonal variable spreading factor(OVSF) in communication systems. Application of WHT to NOMA results in low bit error rate(BER) and high throughput performance for both low and high channel gain users. Further, it also reduces peak to average power ratio(PAPR) of the user signal. The results are discussed in terms of comparison between the conventionalNOMA and the proposed technique, which shows that it offers high performance gains in terms of low BER at different SNR levels, reduced PAPR, high user throughput performance and better spectral efficiency.

PAPR reduction in mobile WiMAX:A new ZCMT precoded random interleaved OFDMA system

Mobile WiMAX(worldwide interoperability for microwave access) air interface adopts orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA) as multiple access technique for its uplink(UL) and downlink(DL) to improve the multipath performance.All OFDMA based networks,like mobile WiMAX,experience the problem of high peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR).The high PAPR increases the complexity of analog-to-digital(A/D) and digital-to-analog(D/A) convertors,and also reduces the efficiency of RF high-power-amplifier(HPA).In this work,a new zadoff-chu matrix transform(ZCMT) precoding based random interleaved orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA) system was proposed for PAPR reduction in mobile WiMAX system.The system is based on precoding the constellation symbols with the ZCMT precoder before subcarrier mapping.The PAPR of proposed system is analyzed with the root-raised-cosine(RRC) pulse shaping to keep out of band radiation low and meet the transmission spectrum mask requirement.Simulation results show that the proposed system has better PAPR gain than the hadamard transform(WHT) precoded random interleaved OFDMA systems and the conventional random interleaved OFDMA systems.Symbol-error-rate(SER) performance of the system is also better than the conventional random interleaved OFDMA systems and the random interleaved OFDMA systems with WHT.The good improvement in PAPR significantly reduces the cost and the complexity of the transmitter.

An Efcient Genetic Hybrid PAPR Technique for 5G Waveforms

Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)is a strong contender multicarrier waveform technique for the fth generation(5G)communication system.The high peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR)is a serious concern in designing the NOMA waveform.However,the arrangement of NOMA is different from the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing.Thus,traditional reduction methods cannot be applied to NOMA.A partial transmission sequence(PTS)is commonly utilized to minimize the PAPR of the transmitting NOMA symbol.The choice phase aspect in the PTS is the only non-linear optimization obstacle that creates a huge computational complication due to the respective non-carrying sub-blocks in the unitary NOMA symbol.In this study,an efcient phase factor is proposed by presenting a novel bacterial foraging optimization algorithm(BFOA)for PTS(BFOA-PTS).The PAPR minimization is accomplished in a two-stage process.In the initial stage,PTS is applied to the NOMA signal,resulting in the partition of the NOMA signal into an act of sub-blocks.In the second stage,the best phase factor is generated using BFOA.The performance of the proposed BFOA-PTS is thoroughly investigated and compared to the traditional PTS.The simulation outcomes reveal that the BFOA-PTS efciently optimizes the PAPR performance with inconsequential complexity.The proposed method can signicantly offer a gain of 4.1 dB and low complexity compared with the traditional OFDM.

Mainlobe jamming suppression via improved BSS method for rotated array radar

This study deals with the problem of mainlobe jamming suppression for rotated array radar.The interference becomes spatially nonstationary while the radar array rotates,which causes the mismatch between the weight and the snapshots and thus the loss of target signal to noise ratio(SNR)of pulse compression.In this paper,we explore the spatial divergence of interference sources and consider the rotated array radar anti-mainlobe jamming problem as a generalized rotated array mixed signal(RAMS)model firstly.Then the corresponding algorithm improved blind source separation(BSS)using the frequency domain of robust principal component analysis(FDRPCA-BSS)is proposed based on the established rotating model.It can eliminate the influence of the rotating parts and address the problem of loss of SNR.Finally,the measured peakto-average power ratio(PAPR)of each separated channel is performed to identify the target echo channel among the separated channels.Simulation results show that the proposed method is practically feasible and can suppress the mainlobe jamming with lower loss of SNR.

A KIND OF PAPR REDUCTION METHOD BASED ON PRUNING WPM AND PTS TECHNOLOGY

Wavelet packet multicarrier system gains widespread concern because of its better resistance performance to Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) and Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI), as well as the higher spectrum efficiency. However, multicarrier system has a high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), which will lead to many problems such as lower system performance. In order to solve the problem, a kind of PAPR reduction method based on pruning Wavelet Packet Modulation (WPM) and Partial Transmit Sequences (PTS) technology is proposed in this paper, through proper pruning of the full-tree structure of wavelet packet modulation in the PTS technology to reduce the number of nodes in the system, and finally improve the reduction effect of PAPR. Simulation results show that when Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) is 10 -3 , PTS based on pruning WPM compared with PTS technique and pruning technique has improved about 1 dB and 1.5 dB, which will not affect the system's Bit Error Rate (BER) performance in the wavelet packet multicarrier system.

NEW METHOD FOR PAPR REDUCTION BASED ON UNION STRATEGY IN OFDM SYSTEM

Because of the high Peak to Average Power Ratio(PAPR) in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) system, a union algorithm for PAPR reduction, combined with modified Active Constellation Extension Smart Gradient-Project(ACE-SGP) algorithm and adaptive clipping algorithm, is proposed in this paper. First of all, an adaptive strategy is used to control the size of clipping level A. Secondly, a novel step factor m is adopted to complete iterative computations in order to increase the convergence speed greatly. Simulation results show that the modified algorithm has reduced the PAPR and improved the convergence speed significantly without side information and any processing at the receiver end.

A Low Complexity VCS Method for PAPR Reduction in Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access

This paper investigates a peak to average power ratio （PAPR） reduction method in multicarrier code division multiple access （MC-CDMA） system. Variable code sets （VCS）, a spreading codes selection scheme, can improve the PAPR property of the MC-CDMA signals, but this technique requires an exhaustive search over the combinations of spreading code sets. It is observed that when the number of active users increases, the search complexity will increase exponentially. Based on this fact, we propose a low complexity VCS （LC-VCS） method to reduce the computational complexity. The basic idea of LC-VCS is to derive new signals using the relationship between candidature signals. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can reduce PAPR with lower comtational pucomplexity. In addition, it can be blindly received without any side information.

DSM in an area consisting of residential, commercial and industrial load in smart grid

With the latest introduction of the demand side management （DSM） in smart grids, the power distribution units are able to modify the load schedules of the consumers. This involves a co-operative interaction of the utility and the consumers so as to achieve customer load modifications in which the customer, utility and society all are benefited. The interaction is performed with the help of the devices known as the smart meter. This paper shows the use of game theory and logical mathematical expressions in order to achieve the objec- tives. The objectives are to minimize the peak to average ratio （PAR） and the energy cost. The outcome of the game between supplier and customers helps to shape the load profile. The design proposed in this paper is very user- friendly and is based on simple logarithmic programming computations. In this paper, residential, commercial and industrial types of loads are taken into account. A basic 24 h load schedule along with the fluctuating prices at each hour of the day is forecasted by the supplier of the various shiftable and non-shiftable loads and then that schedule is conveyed to the user. The users are encouraged to shift their high load devices to off-peak hours which will not only reduce their electricity costs but also substantially reduce the PAR in the load demand.

Error rate performance of Hybrid QAM-FSK in OFDM systems exhibiting low PAPR

Multicarrier transmission systems like orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） support high data rate and generally require no equalization at the receiver, making them simple and efficient. This paper studies the design and performance analysis of a hybrid modulation system derived from multifrequency and MQAM signals, employed in OFDM. This modulation scheme has better bit error rate （BER） performance and exhibits low PAPR. The proposed hybrid modulator reduces PAPR while keeping the OFDM transceiver design simple, as it does not require any side information or a little side information （only one bit） to be sent and is efficient for arbitrary number of subcarriers. The results of the implementations are compared with those of conventional OFDM system.