While the central nervous system (CNS) was once thought to be immune privileged, more recent data support that certain areas of the healthy CNS are routinely patrolled by immune cells. Further, antigen drainage is ano...While the central nervous system (CNS) was once thought to be immune privileged, more recent data support that certain areas of the healthy CNS are routinely patrolled by immune cells. Further, antigen drainage is another means by which the adaptive arm of the immune system can gain information about the health of the CNS. Altogether these ensure that the CNS is not beyond the scope of immune protection against viruses and tumors. However, immune surveillance in the CNS has to be tightly regulated, as CNS autoimmune disease and inflammation may arise from increased immune cell infiltration. In this review we discuss the concept and implications of CNS immune surveillance and introduce the CNS antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that potentially regulate neuroinflammation and autoimmunity. We also discuss novel animal models in which CNS disease initiation and the role of APCs in disease regulation can be tested.展开更多
This article introduces the present situations of Chinese enterprises engaged in construction in Kazakhstan under the Belt and Road Initiative,analyzes the three main legal issues faced by Chinese enterprisesc and the...This article introduces the present situations of Chinese enterprises engaged in construction in Kazakhstan under the Belt and Road Initiative,analyzes the three main legal issues faced by Chinese enterprisesc and the related laws and regulations in Kazakhstan,and finially provides some legal advice forChinese companies.展开更多
Conceived as countering market outcomes,British planning focuses on the development and design of land use and the built environment,with a close relationship with the economy.The public and politicians in the UK ofte...Conceived as countering market outcomes,British planning focuses on the development and design of land use and the built environment,with a close relationship with the economy.The public and politicians in the UK often associate planning with rigorous regulations that prevent economic growth,and many stakeholders complain about the restrictions that planning puts on their autonomous activities.To explore this,this essay focuses on the definition and the nature of ‘inhibit’,‘regulate’,‘guide’ and ‘initiate’ features through the plan-making process and management in England,finding out a more proactive role for planning as guiding and initiating development.展开更多
GINS, a heterotetramer of SLD5, PSF1, PSF2, and PSF3 proteins, is an emerging chromatin factor recognized to be involved in the initiation and elongation step of DNA replication. Although the yeast and Xenopus GINS ge...GINS, a heterotetramer of SLD5, PSF1, PSF2, and PSF3 proteins, is an emerging chromatin factor recognized to be involved in the initiation and elongation step of DNA replication. Although the yeast and Xenopus GINS genes are well documented, their orthologous genes in higher eukaryotes are not fully characterized. In this study, we report the genomic structure and transcriptional regulation of mammalian GINS genes. Serum stimulation increased the GINS mRNA levels in human cells. Reporter gene assay using putative GINS promoter sequences revealed that the expression of mammalian GINS is regulated by 17β-Estradiolstimulated estrogen receptor a, and human PSF3 acts as a gene responsive to transcription factor E2F1. The goal of this study is to present the current data so as to encourage further work in the field of GINS gene regulation and functions in mammalian cells.展开更多
文摘While the central nervous system (CNS) was once thought to be immune privileged, more recent data support that certain areas of the healthy CNS are routinely patrolled by immune cells. Further, antigen drainage is another means by which the adaptive arm of the immune system can gain information about the health of the CNS. Altogether these ensure that the CNS is not beyond the scope of immune protection against viruses and tumors. However, immune surveillance in the CNS has to be tightly regulated, as CNS autoimmune disease and inflammation may arise from increased immune cell infiltration. In this review we discuss the concept and implications of CNS immune surveillance and introduce the CNS antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that potentially regulate neuroinflammation and autoimmunity. We also discuss novel animal models in which CNS disease initiation and the role of APCs in disease regulation can be tested.
基金a phase result of the project Research on International Construction law in Middle Asian Countries sponsored by National Social Science Fundof China (2016BFX109)
文摘This article introduces the present situations of Chinese enterprises engaged in construction in Kazakhstan under the Belt and Road Initiative,analyzes the three main legal issues faced by Chinese enterprisesc and the related laws and regulations in Kazakhstan,and finially provides some legal advice forChinese companies.
文摘Conceived as countering market outcomes,British planning focuses on the development and design of land use and the built environment,with a close relationship with the economy.The public and politicians in the UK often associate planning with rigorous regulations that prevent economic growth,and many stakeholders complain about the restrictions that planning puts on their autonomous activities.To explore this,this essay focuses on the definition and the nature of ‘inhibit’,‘regulate’,‘guide’ and ‘initiate’ features through the plan-making process and management in England,finding out a more proactive role for planning as guiding and initiating development.
文摘GINS, a heterotetramer of SLD5, PSF1, PSF2, and PSF3 proteins, is an emerging chromatin factor recognized to be involved in the initiation and elongation step of DNA replication. Although the yeast and Xenopus GINS genes are well documented, their orthologous genes in higher eukaryotes are not fully characterized. In this study, we report the genomic structure and transcriptional regulation of mammalian GINS genes. Serum stimulation increased the GINS mRNA levels in human cells. Reporter gene assay using putative GINS promoter sequences revealed that the expression of mammalian GINS is regulated by 17β-Estradiolstimulated estrogen receptor a, and human PSF3 acts as a gene responsive to transcription factor E2F1. The goal of this study is to present the current data so as to encourage further work in the field of GINS gene regulation and functions in mammalian cells.
