Effect of vertical load difference on cracking behaviors in multistory masonry buildings and numerical simulation

To investigate the causes qf cracks in multistory masonry buildings, the effect of vertical load difference on cracking behaviors was investigated experimentally by testing and measuring the displacements at the testing points of a large sized real masonry U-shaped model. Additionally, the cracking behaviors in U-shaped model were analyzed with shear stress and numerical simulated with ANSYS software. The experimental results show that the deformation increases with the increase of the vertical load. The vertical load results in different deformation between the bearing wall and non-bearing wall, which leads to cracking on the non-beating wall. The rapid deformation happens at 160 kN and cracks occur firstly at the top section of non-bearing wall near to the bearing wall. New cracks are observed and the previous cracks are enlarged and developed with the increase of vertical load. The maximum crack opening reaches 12 mm, and the non-bearing wall is about to collapse when the vertical load arrives at 380 kN. Theoretical analysis indicates that the shear stress reaches the maximum value at the top section of the non-bearing wall, and thus cracks tend to happen at the top section of the non-bearing wall. Numerical simulation results about the cracking behaviors are in good agreement with experiments results.

Finite-difference model of land subsidence caused by cluster loads in Zhengzhou,China

Groundwater exploitation has been regarded as the main reason for land subsidence in China and thus receives considerable attention from the government and the academic community.Recently,building loads have been identified as another important factor of land subsidence,but researches in this sector have lagged.The effect of a single building load on land subsidence was neglected in many cases owing to the narrow scope and the limited depth of the additional stress in stratum.However,due to the superposition of stresses between buildings,the additional stress of cluster loads is greater than that of a single building load under the same condition,so that the land subsidence caused by cluster loads cannot be neglected.Taking Shamen village in the north of Zhengzhou,China,as an example,a finite-difference model based on the Biot consolidation theory to calculate the land subsidence caused by cluster loads was established in this paper.Cluster loads present the characteristics of large-area loads,and the land subsidence caused by cluster loads can have multiple primary consolidation processes due to the stress superposition of different buildings was shown by the simulation results.Pore water migration distances are longer when the cluster loads with high plot ratio are imposed,so that consolidation takes longer time.The higher the plot ratio is,the deeper the effective deformation is,and thus the greater the land subsidence is.A higher plot ratio also increases the contribution that the deeper stratigraphic layers make to land subsidence.Contrary to the calculated results of land subsidence caused by cluster loads and groundwater recession,the percentage of settlement caused by cluster loads in the total settlement was 49.43%and 55.06%at two simulated monitoring points,respectively.These data suggest that the cluster loads can be one of the main causes of land subsidence.

Dynamic caustics test of blast load impact on neighboring different cross-section roadways

Using digital laser dynamic caustics experimental system and conducting simulation experiment researched the influence rule of blasting excavation of a new roadway on neighboring existed different cross-section roadways. The experimental results show that the influence of blast load on adjacent roadway has a good relationship with the cross-section of roadway. The expansion distance of precrack existed in circular, arch-wall, rectangular roadway is respectively 1.76, 1.61 and 0 cm under blast load.At the same time, the direct-blast side of rectangular roadway has more obvious damage compared with circular and arch-wall roadway. It explains that plane reflects more stress wave than arc, so that it exerts more tensile failure in the direct-blast side, which leads to less stress wave diffracting to the precrack in the back-blast side. When the precrack extends, higher value dynamic stress intensity factor in circular roadway works longer than that of arch-wall roadway. Indirectly, it explains that plane's weakening function on stress wave is significantly stronger than arc. Stress wave brings about self-evident influence on the upper and bottom endpoints of the rectangular roadway, and it respectively extends 1.03, 2.06 cm along the line link direction of the center of the blasthole and the upper and bottom endpoints on the right wall.

FRP Retrofitted RC Slabs Using Finite Difference Model

Current guidelines recommend using single-degree-of-freedom(SDOF) method for dynamic analysis of reinforced concretec (RC) structures against blast loads, which is not suitable for retrofitted members. Thus, a finite difference procedure developed in another study was used to accurately and efficiently analyze the dynamic response of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) plated members under blast loads. It can accommodate changes in the mechanical properties of a member's cross section along its length and through its depth in each time step, making it possible to directly incorporate both strain rate effects (which will vary along the length and depth of a member) and non-uniform member loading to solve the partial differential equation of motion. The accuracy of the proposed method was validated in part using data from field blast testing. The finite difference procedure is implemented easily and enables accurate predictions of FRP-plated-member response.

Dynamic Response Analysis of Semi-Submersible Floating Wind Turbine with Different Wave Conditions

To address the problem of poor wave resistance of existing offshore floating wind turbines,a new type of semisubmersible platform with truncated-cone-type upper pontoons is proposed by combining the characteristics of offshore wind turbine semi-submersible floating platforms.Based on the coupled hydrodynamic,aerodynamic,and mooring force physical fields of FAST,the surge,heave,pitch,and yaw motions responses of the floating wind turbine under different wave heights and periods are obtained,and the mooring line tension responses are also obtained;and compare the dynamic response of the new semi-submersible platform with the OC4-DeepCwind platformat six degrees of freedom.The results show that different wave conditions have obvious effects on the heave and pitch motions of the new floating wind turbine,and fewer effects on the surge and yaw motions;the tensegrity response of the mooring system is more affected by the wave conditions;compared with the OC4-DeepCwind floating wind turbine,the pitch and roll response of the new floating wind turbine has been significantly reduced and has good stability.

多电压等级配电系统智能软开关协同配置

配电网逐步发展成为光伏、电动汽车等新型源荷的主要承载平台,面临的电压越限和线路过载等问题逐步加剧。柔性配电装置具有良好的调控能力,成为提高配电网运行灵活性的有效手段。已有的柔性化升级主要面向中压或低压配电网,多电压等级配电网柔性互联的潜力被忽视。因此,该文开展多电压等级配电系统智能软开关协同配置方法研究。首先,提出多电压等级配电系统智能软开关协同配置策略;其次,在计及源荷不确定性影响下,考虑源荷典型场景的概率化波动,建立多电压等级配电系统智能软开关协同配置模型。最后,为实现大规模优化配置模型的可靠收敛,采用凸差规划算法进行求解。选取实际配电网算例对优化配置模型和求解算法进行验证,结果表明,所提方法可以有效解决多电压等级配电系统智能软开关协同配置问题,支撑配电网承载高比例新型源荷,在提高系统运行安全性的同时具有更好的经济效益。

多执行器载荷差异储能均衡系统特性

针对阀控多执行器复合作业系统节流损失大、动势能浪费严重等问题,提出一种多执行器载荷差异储能均衡原理。首先对多执行器系统功率分配特性进行分析,明确了载荷差异产生节流损失的原因是动力源压力与最大负载相匹配,导致其他执行器控制阀产生过大的压力损失。然后建立了载荷储能均衡液压挖掘机联合仿真模型。并设计电液储能单元控制各执行器进油腔的压力相等,从而消除执行器载荷差异造成的节流损失。在动臂、铲斗同时动作时,与流量匹配系统相比,所提系统节流损失降低达75%,系统效率提升39%;同时,电液储能单元实现了传统压力补偿器的压差调控功能,显著提升了系统运行平稳性。

基于热平衡法生成同时发生设计日的方法研究

提出了基于热平衡法生成同时发生设计日的方法.首先基于热平衡法计算某城市的历年逐时动态冷负荷,以历年平均不保证50 h为依据确定理论设计负荷,采用综合聚类法挑选同时发生设计日.用热平衡法计算同时发生设计日、传统设计日的峰值负荷,确定为同时发生设计负荷和传统设计负荷.分别对比了哈尔滨、北京、长沙和广州样本房间的同时发生设计负荷、传统设计负荷与理论设计负荷的差异率.结果显示,各城市同时发生设计负荷与理论设计负荷的差异率偏差范围都远小于传统设计负荷与理论设计负荷的差异率.说明依据同时发生设计日的气象参数进行空调系统设计负荷计算是更加合理、准确的,基于热平衡法可以准确生成适合工程应用的同时发生设计日.

多道撑式深基坑垮塌事故连续破坏机理研究

随着城市地铁建设不断发展,多道撑式深基坑应用日益广泛,然而目前对于内撑式深基坑局部破坏引发连续破坏在空间上的传递规律仍缺乏系统研究。文章依托新加坡地铁Nicoll Highway基坑事故,建立三维有限差分模型,提出内支撑荷载传递百分比S1,i和荷载增量承担百分比S2,i两种支撑荷载(轴力)传递评价指标。对比分析了单位厚度平面应变模型与三维模型的模拟结果,探究了不同初始破坏支撑数量在不同位置发生初始破坏所引发的荷载重分布规律,同时还研究了围护结构体系刚度和强度对于连续破坏发展的影响。结果表明,三维模型可以避免平面应变模型传力路径单一的局限性,更好地反映出连续破坏在三维空间中的传递现象;初始破坏支撑所释放的荷载主要作用在紧邻层支撑;当失效荷载存在向下的传递路径时,紧邻初始破坏的上层和同层支撑承担的荷载增量明显减少;底层支撑的安全系数提高会减缓连续破坏在水平方向的发展;支撑刚度越大,在初始破坏后所承担的荷载增量越多;当墙体间无有效连接时,支撑连续破坏沿竖直方向发展的趋势更加显著。

考虑蠕变影响的堆载作用下被动排桩受力变形分析

为分析堆载作用下被动桩受力变形的时间效应,首先引入分数阶Merchant模型描述土体的蠕变特性,然后根据对应性原理和Laplace变换推导Boussinesq黏弹性解,计算堆载引发水平附加应力,并通过Terzaghi土拱模型将附加应力传递到桩上,得到堆载作用在桩上的被动荷载.其次,将桩简化为黏弹性Pasternak地基上的欧拉梁,建立桩身挠曲微分方程,并采用有限差分法及Laplace逆变换求解,随后通过与已有试验结果的对比分析,验证了本文方法的可行性.最后,对分数阶Merchant模型参数(虎克体的弹性模量Eh、Kelvin体的弹性模量Ek及黏滞系数η、分数阶阶次α)、堆载-桩身水平距离以及堆载荷载对桩身水平位移的影响进行了分析,分析结果表明:Eh越大,桩身初始水平位移越小;Ek越大,桩身水平位移随时间的增量越小;η越大,桩身到达最终变形量的时间越长;α越大,Kelvin体的黏滞性越大;堆载-桩身水平距离越小、堆载荷载越大,桩身水平位移越大;且随时间的增加,桩身水平位移对Eh的敏感度降低,对堆载-桩身水平距离和堆载荷载的敏感度会增大.

矩差分析理论及其在配电网最小弃光决策中的应用

高比例分布式光伏接入配电网会导致潮流返送和电压越限等一系列问题,严重威胁到配电网的安全运行。文中提出了含分布式光伏配电网的矩差分析理论,将配电网对分布式光伏的消纳问题转化成恢复和维持矩差方程的平衡问题。对一个给定的配电网,当最高节点电压等于规定的电压上限时,光伏矩减去负荷矩的矩差近似为一个常数,称为临界矩差。临界矩差代表了配电网对分布式光伏消纳能力的极限,光伏矩才是配电网需要消纳的对象,而负荷矩是消纳光伏矩的资源。基于矩差分析理论提出了配电网分布式光伏的最小弃光决策,并应用于某10 kV单分支配电线路以及12.66 kV的IEEE 33节点多分支配电网的分析计算。算例表明,所提的最小弃光决策在误差不大于1.2%条件下,寻优速度提高了2877倍,验证了该方法的正确性和快速性。

多工况车辆荷载下嵌入式压电传感路面结构动态响应分析

嵌入式智能装置与路面结构在车辆荷载作用下的动态响应对其服役性能和使用寿命意义突出。为此,采用1/4车辆振动模型,构建车辆动荷载作用下的嵌入式压电系统-路面结构有限元模型。基于足尺加速加载试验路段实测应变数据和文献振动数据,对有限元模型的响应结果进行了验证;进一步考虑了不同车辆轴载、车速和路面平整度等工况下,嵌入式路面结构的动态响应变化和压电系统的电压峰值输出。结果表明,路面结构的竖向加速度峰值、嵌入式压电系统的输出峰值随着车辆荷载的增加而增加,线性度良好;超载带来的横向应变峰值变化和竖向应变拉压交替峰峰值变化,需重点考虑;行驶速度对路面的振动和应变响应影响明显,均不为单调变化;随着路面等级从A级降为C级,路面各结构层平均竖向加速度从-10×10^(-3) g增加到-39×10^(-3) g,其中深度200 mm以内的三向振动增幅最为明显。该研究为嵌入式压电系统的实际应用和布置优化提供了支撑,也为智能道路的长期服役性能分析提供了依据。

基于能量块分配机制的温控负荷主动平衡控制方法

温控负荷是配电网供需平衡调控的重要资源,高效可行的负荷控制策略,能够使配电网达到理想的供需平衡目标。分布式光伏出力的不确定性,负荷启停的无序随机性,易造成配电网电压与负荷的波动。为此,该文提出一种基于能量块分配机制的温控负荷主动供需平衡控制方法,以平稳负荷曲线。采用吝啬算法调节设备使用能量块的顺序,使负荷调节量逐次逼近调节目标,避免多台设备同时启/停造成峰谷波动;考虑用户舒适度和用电公平,为设备分配能量块数量,避免设备长期占用电能资源;结合电压差分和时间槽延时,针对电压波动设计快速感知的分布式主动调节策略。仿真表明,该文方法能够实现负荷的有序控制、平稳负荷曲线,降低峰谷差。

不同载荷工况下缩比高温超导悬浮架的振动实验研究

通过建立缩比高温超导悬浮架实物模型,针对乘客频繁上下车导致载重变化实际现象,模拟车辆空载、满载和超载的三种工况,实验研究不同工况下悬浮架固有频率的变化规律和振动响应特性。实验结果表明,高温超导悬浮架的横垂向固有频率均随载重增加而减小,但数值变化较小,可有效避免了因载重变化导致横垂向固有频率改变引发共振;相比空载,高温超导悬浮架满载时的动态性能更优,因此具有良好的空重载荷性能。

不同加载速率下蒸养混凝土单轴压缩声发射特性研究

为研究加载速率对蒸养混凝土受压破坏过程中声发射特性的影响,针对蒸养混凝土试件开展3种加载速率工况单轴压缩试验,并利用声发射技术对试验全过程进行动态监测,分析了不同加载速率下蒸养混凝土内部声发射特征参数的变化特征。结果表明:不同加载速率下蒸养混凝土受压破坏过程的声发射振铃计数变化呈现接触期、平静期、陡增期的三阶段变化规律,随加载速率增加,振铃计数率和能量计数率峰值逐渐增大,累计振铃计数和累计能量计数逐渐减小。低加载速率下,声发射幅度分布较为稀疏,内部损伤信号多而分散;高加载速率下,声发射幅度分布较为密集,内部损伤信号少而集中。声发射Ib值随加载进程呈现上升、波动和下降的演化过程,随加载速率的增加,混凝土试件破裂模式由剪切破坏向拉伸破坏的趋势演变。

A Time-Domain Numerical Simulation for Free Motion Responses of Two Ships Advancing in Head Waves

The constant panel method within the framework of potential flow theory in the time domain is developed for solving the hydrodynamic interactions between two parallel ships with forward speed.When solving problems within a time domain framework,the free water surface needs to simultaneously satisfy both the kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions of the free water surface.This provides conditions for adding artificial damping layers.Using the Runge−Kutta method to solve equations related to time.An upwind differential scheme is used in the present method to deal with the convection terms on the free surface to prevent waves upstream.Through the comparison with the available experimental data and other numerical methods,the present method is proved to have good mesh convergence,and satisfactory results can be obtained.The constant panel method is applied to calculate the hydrodynamic interaction responses of two parallel ships advancing in head waves.Numerical simulations are conducted on the effects of forward speed,different longitudinal and lateral distances on the motion response of two modified Wigley ships in head waves.Then further investigations are conducted on the effects of different ship types on the motion response.

超低负荷下660MW塔式锅炉低氧工况下燃烧过程数值模拟研究

针对锅炉在超低负荷下运行时通常过量空气系数较高,导致NO_(x)浓度较高的问题,采用数值模拟的方法研究锅炉在低氧工况下不同给煤位置的燃烧特性和NO_(x)排放特性.结果表明:50%与30%汽轮机热耗率验收(THA)工况下采用相同磨煤机组合运行时,速度、烟气组分、温度分布规律类似,进粉位置上移导致主燃区上部温度升高且分布更均匀,切圆半径逐渐减小,燃尽风消旋作用使混合增强,因此有利于燃烧的稳定.2台磨煤机运行相比3台局部煤粉浓度更大,主燃区的燃烧温度更高,导致更多NO_(x)生成;30%THA工况下,当下层磨煤机运行时冷灰斗附近温度较高;低氧工况下,NO_(x)质量浓度最高值低于360mg/m^(3),当负荷从50%THA降低至30%THA,炉膛出口NO_(x)浓度降低20.8%.

3万t重载列车制动工况纵向力关键影响因素分析

为保证3万t重载列车的常态化安全运行,建立长大重载列车纵向动力学仿真模型,使用瓦日线重载列车试验数据对其进行验证,利用该模型分析3万t重载列车的ECP制动系统、同步操控性、变坡点坡度差和车辆轴重等关键因素对制动工况下列车纵向力的影响。结果表明:25 t轴重的3万t重载列车在紧急制动下使用ECP制动系统比使用LOCOTROL无线同步操控技术的组合列车编组各车位最大压钩力下降25%~55%;若组合列车发生无线通信故障,在8‰坡度差的“V”形坡道上所允许使用的最大减压量不超过50 kPa;组合列车在“A”形变坡区段上的安全坡度差不超过13‰,“V”形变坡区段不超过10‰。30 t轴重的3万t组合列车在常用全制动和紧急制动下比25 t轴重可降低车钩力约40%。

考虑静荷载与环境耦合作用的钢结构涂层劣化实验研究

为研究钢结构涂层在静荷载与大温差、风沙侵蚀作用下的劣化性能,设计了钢结构涂层的静荷载加载系统;以钢桥常见的普通型和长效型体系为对象,通过静力加载与温差控制、气流挟沙喷射法开展实验研究。采用拉开法测试了静荷载与大温差耦合作用下涂层的劣化情况,并对涂层的附着、内聚破坏模式进行定量化测试;结合拉开法及厚度测试结果,得到了涂层抗力的动态劣化过程;采用气流挟沙喷射法研究了静荷载与大温差作用下涂层的耐冲蚀性能,综合实验结果,得到涂层在静荷载与环境耦合作用下工作性能的退化过程。研究结果表明:静荷载与环境耦合作用使面漆抗力衰减至防护功能破坏后,大温差导致涂层材料向脆性转变,静荷载加速涂层的劣化,风沙冲蚀作用造成涂层从体系剥离;耦合作用下体系的抗力快速衰减,涂层逐次退出工作,涂装体系完全丧失抗力,最终从基材上剥离。对于实验涂装体系,经历30 d静荷载与大温差作用后,涂层附着力最大降低8.97%,厚度、冲蚀量、临界冲蚀角最大分别增加25.3%、46.15%、17.4%。

Dynamic mechanical characteristics of deep Jinping marble in complex stress environments

To reveal the dynamic mechanical characteristics of deep rocks,a series of impact tests under triaxial static stress states corresponding to depths of 300-2400 m were conducted.The results showed that both the strain rates and the stress environments in depth significantly affect the mechanical characteristics of rocks.The sensitivity of strain rate to the dynamic strength and deformation modulus shows a negative correlation with depth,indicating that producing penetrative cracks in deep environments is more difficult when damage occurs.The dynamic strength shows a tendency to decrease and then increase slightly,but decreases sharply finally.Transmissivity demonstrates a similar trend as that of strength,whereas reflectivity indicates the opposite trend.Furthermore,two critical depths with high dynamically induced hazard possibilities based on the China Jinping Underground Laboratory(CJPL)were proposed for deep engineering.The first critical depth is 600-900 m,beyond which the sensitivity of rock dynamic characteristics to the strain rate and restraint of circumferential stress decrease,causing instability of surrounding rocks under axial stress condition.The second one lies at 1500-1800 m,where the wave impedance and dynamic strength of deep surrounding rocks drop sharply,and the dissipation energy presents a negative value.It suggests that the dynamic instability of deep surrounding rocks can be divided into dynamic load dominant and dynamic load induced types,depending on the second critical depth.