Esterification of cyclohexene with formic acid over a peanut shell-derived carbon solid acid catalyst

A carbon solid acid catalyst was prepared by the sulfonation of partially carbonized peanut shell with concentrated H2SO4. The structure and acidity of the catalyst were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and elemental analysis, which showed that it was an amorphous carbon material composed of aromatic carbon sheets in random orientations. Sulfonic acid groups were present on the surface at a density of 0.81 mmol/g. The carbon solid acid catalyst showed better performance than HZSM‐5 for the esterification of cyclohexene with formic acid. At a3：1 molar ratio of formic acid to cyclohexene, catalyst loading of 0.07 g/mL of cyclohexene, and reaction time of 1 h at 413 K, the cyclohexene conversion was 88.4% with 97.3% selectivity to cyclohexyl formate. The carbon solid acid catalyst showed better reusability than HZSM‐5 because its large pores were minimally affected by the accumulation of oligomerized cyclohexene, which deactivated HZSM‐5. The activity of the carbon solid acid catalyst decreased somewhat in the first two recycles due to the leaching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon containing –SO3H groups and then it remained constant in the following reuse.

Characteristics of Amine Surfactant Modified Peanut Shell and Its Sorption Property for Cr（VI）

Modified peanut shell （MPS） was prepared by amination reaction with peanut shell （PS） as the starting material The sorption of Cr（VI） oxyanions on MPS in static and column tests were investigated. In addition, the sorption isotherm and kinetic models were applied to confirm the sorption capacity and the sorption mechanisms. BET surface area anysis showed the physicochemical characterist!cs of the samples. The results of zeta potential,Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） and Raman spectra analysis illustrated that chemical adsorption and ion exi change are the potential sorption mechanism. The static sorption test showed that the maximum sorption capacity （qm） of MPS for Cr（VI） increased with temperature, which indicated that the Cr（VI） sorption rocess was endothermic. The saturated sorption capacity of Cr（VI） in the colunm sorption test was 138.34 mg.g-1, which accounted for 93.9% of the qmax at 25 ℃. The regeneration capacity of MPS was evaluated using HC1 solution as an eluent. The high regeneration efficiency （82.6%） validated the dominance of the ion exchange mechanism in the Cr（VI） sorption process with C1ions displacing Cr（VI） oxyanion on MPS. The Langmuir isotherm model showed a higher correlation coefficient than the other adsorption isotherm models. And in the kinetic study, a pseudo-second-order model fit the data best.

Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Functional and Structural Properties of Dietary Fiber from Peanut Shell

[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the drying methods,functional and structure properties of dietary fiber( DF) from peanut shells.[Methods]Peanut shells were used as a raw material to prepare peanut shell dietary fiber( DF) by hot air drying( HA) and vacuum freeze drying( VF),respectively,and their functional and structural characteristics were compared in detail. [Results]The solubility,water holding capacity,oil holding capacity and swelling capacity of HA-DF and VF-DF were 2. 15 %,7. 63 g/g,7. 73 g/g,10. 35 ml/g and 3. 85 %,14. 98 g/g,15. 25 g/g,15. 85 ml/g,respectively. The total phenol contents were 2. 623 and 5. 173 mg GAE/g,respectively. The IC(50) values of ·OH,O2^-· and DPPH free radicals were 4. 16 and 4. 09 mg/ml,7. 90 and 3. 32 mg/ml,and 3. 19 and 3. 09 mg/ml,respectively. The molecular weight of VF-DF was smaller,and it had narrow molecular weight distribution and denser particles. Electron microscopy showed that VF-DF had a porous network like honeycomb and swelled structure. [Conclusions]This study can provide a theoretical basis for the functional modification and comprehensive utilization of peanut shell dietary fiber.

Steam Exploded Peanut Shell Fiber as the Filler in the Rigid Polyurethane Foams

In this study,steam exploded peanut shell fibers(SE-PSFs)were utilized to fabricate with rigid polyurethane foam(RPUF)in order to improve sound absorption performance and hydrothermal weather resistance.Optimized method of SE treatment,RPUF preparation and flame retardant treatment were selected to prepare SE-PSF/RPUF composites in this experiment.Physical and mechanical properties including density,water absorption capacity,thickness swelling rate,compressive strength,thermal conductivity and average sound absorption coefficient of SE-PSF/RPUF were investigated and compared with the control(PRUF).The results showed that the density,water absorption capacity,thickness swelling rate and thermal conductivity showed an increasing trend with the increase of SE-PSFs content.The strength of the composite material showed a downward trend with the increase of the SE-PSFs content.The average sound absorption coefficient of the SE-PSFs/RPUF compared with PRUF significant increased,and the average sound absorption coefficient of the SE-PSFs/RPUF with SE-PSFs 40%was 0.47.The study getted the best ratio of flame retardants for 10%EG and 3%DMMP.The oxygen index was 35.56 vol%.

Study on Functional and Structure Properties of Soluble Dietary Fiber Modified by Extrusion-expansion Technology from Peanut Shells

[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using modified peanut dietary fiber as a functional food ingredient. [Methods]Using peanut shells as a test material,the process parameters of soluble dietary fiber( SDF) modified by extrusion and expansion were studied,and the functional and structural characteristics of SDF before and after modification were discussed. [Results] The optimum conditions were as follows: screw speed 200 rpm,temperature 130 ℃ and moisture content 20 %,and the SDF extraction yield was 22. 3%. The modified SDF showed BCmax values of( 378. 5 ± 5. 3),( 278. 3 ± 3. 2)and( 167. 2 ± 2. 5) μmol/g and BCmin of( 30. 4 ± 1. 3),( 63. 4 ± 3. 7) and( 71. 3 ± 4. 2) μmol/L,for Pb,As and Cu,respectively,indicating that the adsorption to the three heavy metals was enhanced. The modified SDF had a porous network like honeycomb and swelled structure. [Conclusions]Therefore,it is feasible to modify SDF by extrusion and expansion.

Characterization of Peanut Shells for Their Valorization in Earth Brick

Peanut shells from Burkina Faso were characterized using mineralogical, microstructural and chemical methods to perform its possibility to be used as reinforce in adobe bricks. It consists of cellulose (48 wt%), hemicellulose (3 wt%) and lignin (28 wt%). The peanut shells were characterized by high porosity and showed water absorption around 198% at 72 hours. Its chemical composition is essentially composed of silica, iron oxides, alumina and calcium oxide. Its microstructure showed that the peanut shells were a compilation of microfibers with high porous of borders. In watery solution, the peanut shells released polyphenols. Thermal conductivity of peanut at 25 °C was 0.155 ± 0.021 W/mK. The physico-chemical characteristics of peanut shells were similar to those found with agricultural by-products used in adobe reinforce.

Coagulation and analgesic effects of aqueous extract of peanut shells on mice

Background:Peanut shells are a commonly discarded byproduct of peanut processing.However,recent studies have shown that they contain bioactive compounds that have potential health benefits.Specifically,water extract from peanut shells has been identified as a promising source of these compounds.Therefore,investigating the effects of water extract from peanut shells on coagulation and analgesia in mice could have significant implications for human health.Methods:(1)Analgesic experiments:The analgesic effect of the aqueous extract of peanut shells was observed by the hot plate method in mice.The aspirin group was used as a positive control group for analgesic experiments.(2)Coagulation experiment:the coagulation effect of the aqueous extract of peanut shells was observed by the capillary method and slide method.Yunnan Baiyao group was the positive control group of the coagulation test.Results:(1)The analgesic effect of peanut shell water extract on mice was prolonged with the increase in dose.The low,medium,and high dose groups of peanut shell could improve the pain domain of mice induced by the hot plate method in a certain period(P<0.05);with the increase of peanut shell water extract dose,liver weight coefficient increased(P<0.05).(2)Peanut shell water extract coagulated mice,and the high-dose group of peanut shells was the most significant.Within the scope of this study,the higher the concentration,the better the coagulation effect(P<0.05).Compared with distilled water group,the liver weight coefficients of the Yunnan Baiyao group,low,middle,and high dose groups of peanut shells were significantly increased(P<0.05).Conclusion:(1)The aqueous extract of peanut shells has a specific analgesic effect on mice.(2)The aqueous extract of peanut shells promotes coagulation,and the pro-coagulant effect is more significant with increasing dose and the liver weight coefficient increases.

In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Resveratrol in Peanut Shell

[Objectives] To study the in vitro antioxidant activity of resveratrol in peanut shell.[Methods] The crude extracts and purified substances were obtained by ultrasonic extraction and extraction,respectively.The scavenging ability and reducing ability of DPPH free radicals,hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals were studied and compared with BHT and Vc.[Results]Regardless of crude extract or purified substances,resveratrol in peanut shells had reducing ability,but the crude extract had greater reducing ability than purified substances,Vc and BHT,and the purified substances had greater reducing ability than BHT.At the same concentration,the effects of purified substances on scavenging DPPH free radicals were better than BHT,and the scavenging rate of crude extracts for superoxide radicals was higher than BHT,purified substances,and Vc;the purified substances had certain scavenging effects on the DPPH free radicals,hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals;the scavenging effects of crude extract on superoxide radicals increased with the increase of the concentration,but the scavenging effects on DPPH free radicals and hydroxyl radicals dropped with the increase of the concentration.[Conclusions]Crude extracts and purified substances of resveratrol in peanut shell have antioxidant activity.

Adsorption of cytochrome c by succinic anhydride-modified peanut shells

A novel adsorbent based on peanut shells modified with glutaraldehyde and succinic anhydride was prepared. Factors affecting the adsorption capacity, such as the pH, temperature, adsorption time, initial cytochrome c (cyt c) concentration and NaCl ionic strength, were extensively investigated. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of the modified peanut shells (MPSs) was 432.6 mg/g when 10 mL of cyt c solution was adsorbed by 20 mg of MPSs at pH 5.0 for 3 h. In contrast, the adsorption capacities of the unmodified peanut shells (PSs), alkaline peanut shells (APSs) and crosslinked peanut shells (CPSs) were only 100.6, 180.3, and 173.0 mg/g, respectively, 4.3-, 2.4-, and 2.5-fold lower, respectively, than that of the modified shells. The desorption rate reached 89.9% with 1.5 mol/L NaCNS as an eluent, because the electrostatic attraction between the positive charges of the protein and the negative charges of the MPSs was reduced when the ionic strength was increasing. The MPSs were used to separate and purify cytochrome c from pig myocardium. A purification of 13.5-fold in a single step with a total enzyme activity recovery of 74.0% was achieved.

An Efficient Activated Carbon for the Wastewater Treatment, Prepared from Peanut Shell

My group is actively involved in the research “Preparation of activated carbon from peanut shell, characterization and its use as adsorbent and as a support for catalyst. The paper published in the MRC entitle “An Efficient Activated Carbon for the Wastewater Treatment, Prepared from Peanut Shell” Modern Research in Catalysis, 2013, 2, 148-156, was submitted in the earlier stage of research, at present stage I am fully convinced that the kinetic section of the paper is totally incorrect. Therefore I appeal that remove the paper from the Journal site to avoid the citation of incorrect literature.

Assessment of anti-diabetic activity of peanut shell polyphenol extracts

The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-diabetic property of peanut shell polyphenol extracts （PSPEs）. Diabetic rats were oral-administrated with PSPE at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight （BW） per day for 28 consecutive days, with metformin （Met） as a positive control. The results showed that, similar to the Met treatment, administration of PSPE caused significant decreases in food intake, water intake, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde in serum, and significant increases in BW, insulin level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and liver gly- cogen. Further, glucose tolerance was markedly improved in the PSPE-treated diabetic groups. Histopathological results showed that PSPE improved cellular structural and pathological changes in liver, kidney, and pancreatic islets. Collectively, the results indicated that the hypoglycemic effects of PSPE on high-fat diet/streptozotocin （HFD/STZ）induced diabetes are comparable to Met, though their exact mechanism actions are still under investigation. Therefore, the current study suggests that PSPE could be a potential health-care food supplement in the management of diabetes.

Sensing of Moisture Content of In-Shell Peanuts by NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy

It was found earlier that moisture content (MC) of intact kernels of grain and nuts could be determined by Near Infra Red (NIR) reflectance spectrometry. However, if the MC values can be determined while the nuts are in their shells, it would save lot of labor and money spent in shelling and cleaning the nuts. Grain and nuts absorb low levels of NIR, and when NIR radiation is incident on them, a substantial portion of the radiation is reflected back. Thus, studying the NIR reflectance spectra emanating from in-shell peanuts, an attempt is made for the first time to determine the MC of in-shell peanuts. In-shell peanuts of two different market types, Virginia and Valencia, were conditioned to different moisture levels between 6% and 26% (wet basis), and separated into calibration and validation groups. NIR absorption spectral data from 1000 nm to 2500 nm in 1 nm intervals were collected from both groups. Measurements were obtained on 30 replicates within each moisture level. Reference MC values for each moisture level in these groups were obtained using standard air-oven method. Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis was performed on the calibration data, and prediction models were developed. The Standard Error of Calibration (SEC), and R2 of the calibration models were computed to select the best calibration model. The selected models were used to predict the moisture content of peanuts in the validation sets. Predicted MC values of the validation samples were compared with their standard air-oven moisture values. Goodness of fit was determined based on the lowest Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) and highest R2 value obtained for the prediction models. The model, with reflectance plus normalization spectral data with an SEP of 0.74 for Valencia and 1.57 for Virginia type in-shell peanuts was selected as the best model. The corresponding R2 values were 0.98 for both peanut types. This work establishes the possibility of sensing MC of intact in-shell peanuts by NIR reflectance method, and would be useful for the peanut and allied industries.

硝酸改性生物炭对四环素的吸附性能研究

以花生壳为原料,通过浸渍法制备了硝酸改性生物炭(HBC)。对HBC进行了SEM、FT-IR、XRD、XPS以及BET表征分析,以盐酸四环素(TC)为目标污染物,考察了反应条件对HBC吸附TC的影响,研究了HBC对TC的吸附机理。结果表明:当TC初始浓度为150 mg·L^(-1),反应温度为30℃,HBC投加量1 g·L^(-1),TC溶液初始pH=5时,HBC的吸附容量达到22.73 mg·g^(-1),吸附过程更符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir模型,并且经过4次循环实验后,HBC的吸附容量仅下降17.1%,证明该材料具有较高的稳定性。因此,HBC在去除TC领域有广泛的应用潜能。

外源添加剂对鸡粪-花生壳好氧堆肥细菌多样性的影响

【目的】探究外源添加剂蒙脱石、纳米二氧化硅(SiO_(2))对鸡粪-花生壳混合好氧堆肥过程中碳、氮变化和微生物群落多样性的影响,为好氧堆肥新型添加剂的选择提供理论依据。【方法】以鸡粪和花生壳混合堆肥为对照(CK),分别在堆体添加质量分数5.0%蒙脱石(CK+M)、质量分数5.0%纳米SiO_(2)(CK+S)、质量分数2.5%蒙脱石和质量分数2.5%纳米SiO_(2)混合(CK+M+S),测定堆体发酵温度和堆体碳、氮含量,利用高通量测序技术分析不同时期堆体细菌的差异性。【结果】同时添加蒙脱石和纳米SiO_(2)可以有效提高堆体的升温速率和发酵温度,显著减少堆体氮素损失,提升堆体养分含量;高通量测序结果表明,添加蒙脱石和纳米SiO_(2)可以提高细菌的多样性和丰富度;发酵时期中门水平下优势细菌群落为厚壁菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门、绿弯菌门和拟杆菌门,总比例达85.2%;添加蒙脱石可显著提升嗜热期放线菌门的相对丰度。此外,添加蒙脱石和纳米SiO_(2)后可提升热芽孢杆菌属和尿素芽孢杆菌属等嗜热性好氧微生物种群的相对丰度。【结论】在堆肥过程中,同时添加蒙脱石和纳米SiO_(2)会影响各时期优势细菌群落的相对丰度,提高细菌群落的多样性和丰度,进而起到加速堆肥进程、减少堆体氮素流失的作用。

花生壳磁性生物炭对水体中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附研究

通过FeCl_(3)溶液浸渍法制备磁性花生壳生物炭(FeC),将铁氧化物引入生物炭孔隙中,利用铁氧化物的磁响应性和对含Cr(Ⅵ)阴离子的吸附特性,探讨应用FeC将铬从水体和土壤中分离的可能性。结果表明,FeC中铁元素含量为9.66%,BET比表面积为365.32 m^(2)·g^(-1),都高于原状生物炭(PsC),饱和磁化强度为4.72 emu·g^(-1),具有较好的超顺磁性,通过磁选方式易分离。FeC铬吸附量随初始浓度的增大而逐渐增大,Langmuir方程对吸附过程拟合度较Freundlich方程高,理论最大铬吸附量Q0为31.25 mg·g^(-1)。当溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度为100 mg·L^(-1)时,FeC添加量增加到7 g·L^(-1)时,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率大于99%,吸附量随溶液pH值的升高而下降,吸附铬过程符合准二级动力学模型。可见,该磁性生物炭可应用于铬污染水体的修复,能分离去除水体中的铬。

Properties of bio-pellets obtained from walnut and peanut shells

Energy is considered a measure of development in today’s world.In recent years,the increasing global population has led to a growing demand for energy.Due to the limited availability of fossil fuels and the environmental harm they cause,there has been a shift towards renewable energy sources worldwide.Among these renewable energy sources,biomass technology is clean,eco-friendly,and highly energy-efficient.Its implementation not only contributes to energy production but also plays a significant role in rural development.Within the realm of biomass,the production of bio-pellets is essential for the sustainable utilization of healthy,eco-friendly,and organic waste materials for energy purposes.The pelletization process offers several advantages,including an increase in the volumetric heat value of the material,reduced transportation and storage costs,improved combustion characteristics,and a decrease in particle emissions into the atmosphere.This study focuses on the production of bio-pellets by mixing walnut shell(WS)and peanut shell(PS)materials in five different ratios(100%WS,50%WS+50%PS,75%WS+25%PS,25%WS+75%PS,100%PS).The moisture content,ash content,volatile matter content,fixed carbon content,and drop resistance of the obtained pellets have been determined.

花生壳微晶纤维素改性聚乳酸的性能及机理

花生壳采用碱解、酸解、脱色等处理后制得微晶纤维素(MCC),将其作为填料加入到聚乳酸(PLA)中,通过溶液流涎成膜的方法制得不同MCC含量的MCC/PLA复合膜。分析了碱解过程中氢氧化钠浓度对MCC收率的影响、MCC含量对MCC/PLA复合膜性能的影响及其作用机理。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、万能力学试验机等对MCC及MCC/PLA复合膜结构及性能进行表征和分析。结果表明,花生壳通过碱解、酸解、脱色等处理,将木质素等物质大量去除,制得MCC;MCC的加入,影响了PLA结晶结构的规整度及完善程度,降低了复合膜的熔融温度;随着MCC含量的增加,MCC/PLA复合膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率呈先增加后降低的趋势,均大于纯PLA的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率。当MCC的含量为5.6%时,MCC/PLA复合膜的拉伸强度为36.5 MPa,断裂伸长率达到最大值1.7%,与纯PLA相比,分别提高了52.1%和30.8%;SEM结果表明,该含量的MCC在PLA中分散均匀,复合膜光滑平整。

花生RIL群体出仁率的遗传特性分析

出仁率是花生的产量性状之一,是籽仁产量的重要影响因子。本研究以花育44×DF12构建的重组自交系(RIL)群体为试验材料,出仁率作为表型数据,利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对3个环境下的出仁率进行遗传特性分析。结果表明,3个环境下的出仁率的最适遗传模型均为4MG-AI,即4对加性—上位性主基因调控,3个环境下的主基因遗传率分别为91.93%,90.60%,96.85%。本研究结果为出仁率遗传机制挖掘奠定了重要理论依据。

花生壳黄酮-海藻酸钠/低酰基结冷胶复合膜在冷鲜猪肉保鲜中的应用

为提高冷鲜猪肉的货架期,制备了不同质量分数(0.15%、0.30%、0.45%)的花生壳黄酮(peanut shell flavonoids,PSFs)-海藻酸钠/低酰基结冷胶(sodium alginate/low-acyl gellan gum,SA/LGG)复合膜,并将其用于改善冷鲜猪肉的贮藏品质。结果表明,PSFs增加了PSFs-SA/LGG复合膜分子间的相互作用;在显著提高复合膜的厚度、拉伸强度和阻隔性能(P<0.05)的同时,也降低了其透光率和断裂伸长率(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,PSFs-SA/LGG复合膜能有效抑制冷鲜猪肉贮藏期间菌落总数、pH值、总挥发性盐基氮值的上升,延缓脂质的氧化,将冷鲜猪肉的货架期延长至9 d。因此,PSFs-SA/LGG复合膜有望作为生物活性材料应用于食品保鲜领域。

花生荚果去尾与分级试验台的设计与试验

针对现有花生脱壳前处理花生荚果分级装置研究缺失现状,设计了一款去尾分级清选试验台。试验台上部去尾装置采用振动筛和去尾锯片组合形式将花生荚果尾巴给予清除,通过理论数据计算分析得出振动筛面最优设计参数;通过对锯片局部优化设计与去尾力学图解分析方法,确定锯片关键尺寸最佳设计参数与去尾力学性能;下部分级装置采用条缝式双滚筒组合结构形式,利用花生荚果尺寸特性差异,将不同尺寸花生荚果进行有效分级处理,通过力学图解分析方法,得出分级滚筒所需最佳电机驱动转速,采用Workbench有限元分析软件对分级滚筒筛进行了模态分析,得出其固有频率,能够满足实际作业需求。试验结果表明:去尾锯片驱动电机转速为340 r/min、条缝筛式双滚筒驱动电机转速为38 r/min时,该试验台的去尾率为98.8%、分级率为98.3%,作业性能较好,能够满足花生脱壳前处理需求。该装置的试制成功可为提高花生脱壳机脱壳质量提供配套设施。