Effects of paclobutrazol application on plant architecture,lodging resistance,photosynthetic characteristics,and peanut yield at different single-seed precise sowing densities

The key to high-yielding peanut cultivation is the optimization of agricultural production practices.Regulating single-seed precise sowing(SSPS)density and paclobutrazol(Pbz)application concentration are effective practices that increase peanut yield by improving plant architecture,lodging resistance,and photosynthetic characteristics.Therefore,we conducted a two-factor field optimization experiment for the sowing density(D1:1.95×10^(5)plants ha^(-1),D52:2.40×10plants ha^(-1),D3:2.85×10^(5)plants ha^(-1),and D4:3.30×10^(5)plants ha^(-1))and Pbzapplication concentration(P0:0 mg L^(-1)and P1:100 mg L^(-1)).The objective was to optimize agricultural production practices and provide a theoretical basis for highyielding peanut cultivation by evaluating the effects of sowing density and Pbzapplication on plant architecture,lodging resistance,photosynthetic characteristics,and yield.The results showed that at the same Pbzapplication concentration,increasing sowing density increased lodging percentage and reduced leaf photosynthetic capacity.At the same sowing density,Pbzapplication reduced lodging percentage by decreasing plant height(PH),improving lignin biosynthesis-related enzyme activities,and enhancing stem puncture strength(SPS)and breaking strength(SBS).The paclobutrazol-induced alterations in plant architecture and lodging resistance improved light transmission at the middle and bottom leaf strata,resulting in the increase in relative chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate(Pn)of leaves.Furthermore,D3P1treatment had the highest peanut yield among all treatments.In summary,the production strategy combining the sowing density of 2.85×10^(5)plants ha^(-1)with the application of100 mg L^(-1)Pbzwas found to be the optimal agricultural production practice for giving full play to production potential and achieving higher peanut yield.

Improving Seed Germination and Peanut Yields by Cold Plasma Treatment

This study explored the effects of cold plasma treatment on seed germination, plant growth, and peanut yield. Cold plasma treatment improved germination and seedling growth, and the 120 W treatment produced the best effect. Germination potential and germination rate were markedly raised by 150% and 21%, respectively. Germination was accelerated and the uniformity of emergence improved. The apparent contact angle was decreased by 53%. Seedling shoot and root dry weights increased by 11% and 9%. Leaf area, leaf thickness, leaf nitrogen concentration, chlorophyll contents, and dry weight at the fruiting stage, together with plant height, stem diameter, and root dry weight at the mature stage were all markedly raised by the cold plasma treatment. The cold plasma treatment enhanced yield components, such as branch numbers per plant, pod numbers per plant, and 100 pod weights by 8%, 13%, and 9%, respectively, compared to the control. Furthermore, the yield improved by 10%. These results suggested that cold plasma treatment improved germination, plant growth, and yield, which might be due to the cold plasma increasing the leaf area, nitrogen concentrations, and chlorophyll contents.

Excessive manure application stimulates nitrogen cycling but only weakly promotes crop yields in an acidic Ultisol:Results from a 20-year field experiment

Population growth and growing demand for livestock products produce large amounts of manure,which can be harnessed to maintain soil sustainability and crop productivity.However,the impacts of excessive manure application on crop yields,nitrogen(N)-cycling processes and microorganisms remain unknown.Here,we explored the effects of 20-year of excessive rates(18 and 27 Mg ha^(–1)yr^(–1))of pig manure application on peanut crop yields,soil nutrient contents,N-cycling processes and the abundance of N-cycling microorganisms in an acidic Ultisol in summer and winter,compared with none and a regular rate(9 Mg ha^(–1)yr^(–1))of pig manure application.Long-term excessive pig manure application,especially at the high-rate,significantly increased soil nutrient contents,the abundance of N-cycling functional genes,potential nitrification and denitrification activity,while it had a weaker effect on peanut yield and plant biomass.Compared with manure application,seasonality had a much weaker effect on N-cycling gene abundance.Random forest analysis showed that available phosphorus(AP)content was the primary predictor for N-cycling gene abundance,with significant and positive associations with all tested N-cycling genes.Our study clearly illustrated that excessive manure application would increase N-cycling gene abundance and potential N loss with relatively weak promotion of crop yields,providing significant implications for sustainable agriculture in the acidic Ultisols.

Use of Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) Phenotyping to Predict Pod and Seed Yield in Organic Peanuts

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a highly nutritious food that is an excellent source of protein and is associated with increased coronary health, lower risk of type-2 diabetes, lower risk of breast cancer and a healthy profile of inflammatory biomarkers. The domestic demand for organic peanuts has significantly increased, requiring new breeding efforts to develop peanut varieties adapted to the organic farming system. The use of unmanned aerial system (UAS) has gained scientific attention because of the ability to generate high-throughput phenotypic data. However, it has not been fully investigated for phenotyping agronomic traits of organic peanuts. Peanuts are beneficial for cardio system protection and are widely used. Within the U.S., peanuts are grown in 11 states on roughly 600,000 hectares and averaging 4500 kg/ha. This study’s objective was to test the accuracy of UAS data in the phenotyping pod and seed yield of organic peanuts. UAS data was collected from a field plot with 20 Spanish peanut breeding lines on July 07, 2021 and September 27, 2021. The study was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 blocks. Twenty-five vegetation indices (VIs) were calculated. The analysis of variance showed significant genotypic effects on all 25 vegetation indices for both flights (p < 0.05). The vegetation index Red edge (RE) from the first flight was the most significantly correlated with both pod (r = 0.44) and seed yield (r = 0.64). These results can be used to further advance organic peanut breeding efforts with high-throughput data collection.

Timing and splitting of nitrogen fertilizer supply to increase crop yield and efficiency of nitrogen utilization in a wheat–peanut relay intercropping system in China

Agronomically optimizing the timing and rates of nitrogen(N) fertilizer application can increase crop yield and decrease N loss to the environment. Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)–peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) relay intercropping systems are a mainstay of economic and food security in China. We performed a field experiment to investigate the effects of N fertilizer on N recovery efficiency, crop yield, and N loss rate in wheat–peanut relay intercropping systems in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China during 2015–2017. The N was applied on the day before sowing, the jointing stage(G30) or the booting stage(G40) of winter wheat, and the anthesis stage(R1) of peanut in the following percentage splits: 50-50-0-0(N1), 35-35-0-30(N2), and 35-0-35-30(N3), using 300 kg N ha-1, with 0 kg N ha-1(N0) as control. ^(15)N-labeled(20.14 atom %) urea was used to trace the fate of N in microplots. The yields of wheat and peanut increased by 12.4% and 15.4% under the N2 and N3 treatments, relative to those under the N1 treatment. The ^(15)N recovery efficiencies( ^(15)NRE) were 64.9% and 58.1% for treatments N2 and N3, significantly greater than that for the N1 treatment(45.3%). The potential N loss rates for the treatments N2 and N3 were23.7% and 7.0%, significantly lower than that for treatment N1(30.1%). Withholding N supply until the booting stage(N3) did not reduce the wheat grain yield; however, it increased the N content derived from ^(15)N-labeled urea in peanuts, promoted the distribution of ^(15)N to pods, and ultimately increased pod yields in comparison with those obtained by topdressing N at jointing stage(N2). In comparison with N2, the N uptake and N recovery efficiency(NRE) of N3 was increased by 12.0% and 24.1%,respectively, while the apparent N loss decreased by 16.7%. In conclusion, applying N fertilizer with three splits and delaying topdressing fertilization until G40 of winter wheat increased total grain yields and NRE and reduced N loss. This practice could be an environment-friendly N management strategy for wheat–peanut relay intercropping systems in China.

Chemical Fertilizer Reduction and High Yield Cultivation Technique for Peanut

For a long time,the amount of fertilizer applied to peanuts in China has been much higher than that of other main peanut producing countries.At the same time of increasing production,chemical fertilizers have also brought many adverse effects,which have brought potential threats to the sustainable development of peanut production.While continuously increasing the yield,reducing the amount of chemical fertilizer has become an urgent problem to be solved in peanut production of China.Based on the research results of our team,this paper appropriately absorbed the latest research progress of chemical fertilizer reduction in related fields,and established the cultivation technique for peanut fertilizer reduction and high yield under different cultivation modes,to realize the synchronization of fertilizer reduction and yield increase for peanut production.The technique includes two parts:common technology and different cultivation mode fertilization schemes.The former includes crop rotation,proper deep tillage,application of organic fertilizer,selection of nutrient-efficient varieties,topdressing of foliar fertilizer,etc.,the latter includes film mulching spring peanut,continuous cropping field,acidified soil,peanuts interplanting with wheat,and summer direct sowing,etc.This technique provides a technical support for the chemical fertilizer reduction of peanut production in China.

Study on Key Techniques for Precise and Quantitative, Stable and High Yield Cultivation of Peanuts in Eastern Henan Region

Peanut is a main industrial crop in the eastern Henan region. Its benefits directly affect the economic income of local farmers. Therefore, scientific cultivation of peanuts is an important way to increase farmers' income in the eastern Henan region. This paper firstly introduced the key techniques for precise and quantitative, stable and high yield cultivation of peanuts in the eastern Henan region. From the field selection, scientific seed selection, precise quantitative sowing, fertilizer and water management, chemical control technologies, prevention and control of pests and diseases, and timely harvesting, it made an in-depth analysis. It is expected to provide data references for further improvement of stale and high yield cultivation technical system, and provide technical guidance for raising the peanut planting level of peanut growers.

Effects of Calcium Application Rate on Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield of Peanut

The effects of calcium application rate on dry matter accumulation and yield of peanut were studied under high-yielding field condition. The variety used for the study was Tang A8252( Spanish peanut). The results showed that number of full fruit,dry weight per plant,kernel yield,and pod yield all increased with calcium application increased,and they decreased when calcium application rate was more than150 kg/ha. Both the height of main stem and the length of side shoot decreased with calcium application increased. Therefore,to obtain the optimal agronomic character index and the highest yield benefit,the suggested calcium application rate would be 150 kg/ha for peanut.

Analysis on Major Agronomic Traits and Yield of Huayu Series of Peanut Cultivars under Mulched Drip Irrigation

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the appearance of major agronomic traits and yield potential of Huayu series of peanut cultivars under the condition of mulched drip irrigation, so as to provide core parent materials for new peanut cultivar breeding in Xinjiang during Thirteenth Five-Year Plan. [Method] A total of 16 peanut cultivars of Huayu series were studied systematically by field experiment and laboratory analysis. In addition, the main stem height, lateral branch length, pod number per plant, 100-pod weight, 100-kernel weight, pod length, pod width and yield of different peanut cultivar were compared. [Result]Under the condition of mulched drip irrigation, the appearance of major agronomic traits of peanut cultivars in Xinjiang was better than that in Shandong areas. In Xinjiang, the yields of the peanut cultivars were increased in varying degrees. However,there were some differences in appearance of major agronomic traits, as well as yield, among different peanut cultivars. Among all the peanut cultivars, the single-plant productivities of Huayu 22, Huayu 28 and Huayu 50 were higher than those of the other cultivars, and the yields of Huayu 33 and Huayu 50 were higher than those of the other cultivars. Meanwhile, the late two cultivars' comprehensive traits were excellent. [Conclusion] In the high-yielding breeding of peanut in Xinjiang, Huayu 33 and Huayu50 can be used as core parent materials. Under the condition of mulched drip irrigation, their yield potential can be further explored.

Cultivation Techniques for High-quality and High-yield Spring Peanut in East Henan Province

Groundnut,also known as peanut,has high economic and medicinal value. A member of the legume crops,it is rich in various nutrients and is one of the main oil crops for processing high-quality edible oil. Compared with other cash crops,planting peanuts can bring greater economic benefits to farmers. In this paper,we summarized techniques of cultivating spring peanut in open fields for years,and explored the problems and difficulties in the cultivation management process,in order to provide technical guidance for the farmers to carry out high-yield spring peanut production.

High-yield and High-efficiency Standardized Cultivation Technique for Wheat Interplanting with Peanuts

Through wheat interplanting with peanuts,it is able to make full use of the light and heat resources in the growing season to achieve high yield of both wheat and peanuts in two seasons of one year.Wheat interplanting with peanuts is one of the main cultivation methods of wheat and oil crop double cropping system,and has very broad development prospects in the Huang-Huai-Hai region.This paper summarized high-yield the high-efficiency and standardized cultivation techniques for wheat interplanting with peanuts,including crop rotation,proper deep ploughing,balanced fertilization,rational matching of fine varieties,interplanting at suitable time,sowing according to certain specification,and enhancing the field management.This can be used as reference for high-yield and high-efficiency standardized cultivation technique for wheat interplanting with peanuts.

不同气象条件对高油酸花生产量的影响

以河南、山东等5个花生主要产区培育的19个高油酸花生新品种为材料,于2019年~2021年连续3年在郑州种植,采集3年间花生关键生育期(6月~9月)的旬平均气温、旬降水量和旬日照时数等气象数据,结合各个品种的产量数据进行综合分析。研究结果表明,不同的品种对于气温、降水量和日照时数的敏感程度不同,冀花16、冀花11对开花下针期的温度和日照时数比较敏感,该时期的异常高温会致使其产量明显下降。中花413、中花412和花育917的产量与旬降水量成显著负相关,耐涝程度较差。对品种的稳定性分析表明,开农1768、南充1704、冀农16、开选016、花育961、郑农花25、郑农花23、冀农11、花育633和1508G等10个高油酸品种为年际间稳定性较好的品种,研究结论为高油酸品种的培育及深入利用提供了指导。

花生高产攻关实收单产12982 kg/hm^(2)技术分析

为进一步挖掘花生高产潜力,示范带动大面积单产提升,自2013年开始山东省农业科学院花生栽培与生理生态创新团队连续组织高产攻关,产量相继突破实收单产11250 kg/hm^(2)、11700 kg/hm^(2)、12000 kg/hm^(2),其中2023年最高产达到12982 kg/hm^(2)。本文从栽培技术、气候条件、产量构成等方面分析了高产纪录产生原因,并对投入、产出进行了比较。栽培技术方面,集成应用了单粒精播、全程可控施肥、生物菌剂耦合、三防三促调控的高产栽培技术体系,通过充分发挥单株生产潜力、构建高质量群体来实现高产,为下一步单产突破13500 kg/hm^(2)提供技术支撑。

黑控肥对花生植株性状、产量及肥料利用的影响

为探索花生减量增效施肥技术,明确新型花生专用肥的施用效果,采用田间小区试验,以不施肥(CK1)和普通复合肥常规用量(CK2)为对照,设置黑控肥用量梯度,分别为750 kg/hm^(2)(T1)、675 kg/hm^(2)(T2)、600 kg/hm^(2)(T3)、450 kg/hm^(2)(T4),研究不同处理对花生生长发育及肥料利用状况的影响。结果表明:4个黑控肥处理可降低株高和侧枝长,提高主茎绿叶数和饱果数,其中T2、T1处理的百果质量、百仁质量、出米率和产量均高于其他处理;4个黑控肥处理的综合农学利用率均高于CK2,其中T2处理的肥料贡献率和农学利用率均显著高于CK2;T2、T1处理的花生收益均较CK2增加。经隶属函数法综合评价,675 kg/hm^(2)黑控肥(T2)处理效果最好。

不同施氮水平对黑钙土花生碳氮代谢相关酶活性、产量和品质的影响

为探讨黑钙土花生适宜施氮量,本研究以吉花25为试验材料,共设置6个氮肥水平,分别为施用纯氮0、112.5(传统施肥,N1)、90(减氮20%)、79.5(减氮30%)、159(增氮40%)、225 kg/hm^(2)(增氮100%),研究了氮肥对花生碳氮代谢相关酶的活性、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥会提高硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,但过量施用氮肥会抑制NR、GS、GDH、SS和SPS活性。各施氮处理产量均高于对照,在传统施肥的基础上减氮施肥20%(施氮量90 kg/hm^(2))时,花生产量最高,与对照相比增产9.21%,相较于传统施肥增产1.57%,说明减氮20%即可既满足花生生长发育的氮肥需求,同时又能保证叶片中碳氮代谢相关酶的活性,增强了花生对氮素的吸收与利用的能力,并通过降低单株秕果数和单株单果数,提高单株双果数、百果重和百仁重,最终提高花生产量。

地膜覆盖对夏直播垄作花生的温度效应和产量的影响

为探究地膜覆盖对夏直播垄作花生的温度效应,以及对花生生长发育和产量的影响,以露地为对照,研究了普通白膜、降解黑膜处理下土壤温度的动态变化以及对花生主要经济性状和产量的影响,并探讨温度效应与气温的关系。结果表明,普通白膜覆盖提高了土下10 cm的日最低温度和日平均温度,降低土下10 cm的日最高温度;降解黑膜覆盖降低土下10 cm的日最低温度,增加土下10 cm的日最高温度和日平均温度。不同气温区间普通白膜处理土下10 cm最低温度均值高于土表1.8~3.2℃,降解黑膜则低0.7~2.0℃;普通白膜处理土下10 cm最高温度均值低于土表1.6~6.0℃,降解黑膜则高3.1~6.3℃。土表和土下10 cm平均温度均值随气温升高而增加,不同气温区间对土表和土下10 cm平均温度均值的影响不同,普通白膜和降解黑膜间也有差异。地膜覆盖的增温效应促进了植株的生长发育,整体上有利于单株叶面积和植株干质量的增加,但生长后期有早衰现象。地膜覆盖对花生主要经济性状的影响不显著,普通白膜、降解黑膜和露地种植的花生产量分别为4286、4247和4028 kg/hm^(2),差异不显著。此外,地膜覆盖对花生根瘤数量也有影响。本研究对夏直播垄作花生高产栽培及地膜覆盖技术的应用具有指导意义。

不同氮和钙肥用量对黑花生产量和品质的影响

黑花生因富含花青素而深受消费者青睐。为了探索黑花生高产优质的适宜氮肥和钙肥用量,本研究以黑花生品种济花黑1号为研究对象,设置不同的施氮量和施钙量处理,分析比较不同处理下农艺性状、荚果成熟饱满度、产量和品质的差异。结果表明,施氮120~360 kg/hm^(2)和施钙300~600 kg/hm^(2),花生荚果产量分别较不施氮和不施钙对照增产5.95%~15.56%和5.40%~10.39%,N240和Ca450处理产量最高。氮和钙促进了花生营养生长,提高了单株结果数、单株饱果数、饱果率、百果质量、百仁质量和出米率。N120和N240处理的荚果产量和成熟饱满度差异较小,且均显著高于对照;Ca450处理的荚果产量和成熟饱满度显著高于对照,在钙处理中表现最优;最优用量之后继续增施氮肥和钙肥不利于荚果发育和产量形成。施氮和施钙提高了花生籽仁蛋白质、脂肪、总氨基酸、精氨酸等营养物质含量,增加了油酸含量和O/L比值,降低了饱和脂肪酸(硬脂酸和棕榈酸)含量,提高了黑花生的营养品质和保健价值。施氮120 kg/hm^(2)和施钙450 kg/hm^(2)是黑花生高产优质高效栽培的优选施肥方案。研究结果为黑花生氮肥和钙肥合理应用提供了依据。

施钾对夏花生产量、品质及光温生理特性的影响

【目的】探究不同施钾水平对夏花生产量、品质及生育期钾素积累动态、光温生理特性和根系形态的影响,为花生合理施钾提供科学依据。【方法】2021—2022年在河南省温县进行钾肥用量田间试验,供试品种为豫花22,设施钾量0(K0)、45 kg·hm^(-2)(K45)、90 kg·hm^(-2)(K90)、135 kg·hm^(-2)(K135)和180 kg·hm^(-2)(K180)5个处理,于成熟期测定夏花生荚果产量和品质,并分别于苗期、花针期、结荚期、饱果期测定叶片SPAD值、冠层光合有效辐射和冠层温度,分析植株钾积累量和根系形态。【结果】随施钾量增加,两年度花生荚果产量可分别用“线性+平台”和“一元二次方程”拟合,适宜施钾量分别为164和135 kg·hm^(-2),施钾处理平均增产17%。成熟期籽粒粗蛋白、含油量和氨基酸含量均随施钾量增加呈先升高后趋于稳定趋势。与不施钾相比,施钾处理籽粒粗蛋白、含油量和氨基酸含量两年度平均增幅分别为7.85%、3.98%和13.97%,效果显著。运用Logistic方程对夏花生钾素积累量进行非线性回归拟合,得出施钾主要提高了花生钾素最大积累速率(Vmax)和平均积累速率(Vmean),推迟吸收峰值的出现(Tmax),延长快速积累期(Δt)与活跃积累期(Taas),促进夏花生持续快速生长发育。此外,各生育时期冠层最高温、最低温与平均温度均随施钾量的增加显著降低;施钾135 kg·hm^(-2)可显著增加花生叶片SPAD值与冠层光合有效辐射量(APAR)和分量(FPAR),并对根系形态具有积极影响。【结论】合理施钾可显著提高夏花生产量、改善品质、促进钾素积累利用并显著改善生育期光温生理性能。本试验条件下夏花生推荐施钾量为135—160 kg·hm^(-2)。

不同耐受型花生品种对盐胁迫的生理响应及其产量差异

土壤盐渍化制约了植物的地理分布,耐盐品种的选择是提高盐渍化土地利用和维持盐胁迫下作物生长的重要途径。以前期筛选试验所鉴定的耐盐花生品种[农花5号(NH5)、铁花5号(TH5)、花育25号(HY25)]和盐敏感型花生品种[铁花2号(TH2)、阜花34号(FH34)、阜花23号(FH23)]为材料,采用水培和田间产量验证的方法,测定丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量,探究盐胁迫下不同耐受型花生生理特性和产量的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫导致花生膜系统损伤,且盐敏感型花生品种的损伤程度更为严重,相较对照,各品种MDA含量上升2.44~2.75倍。盐胁迫提高了花生叶片的抗氧化酶活性,变异系数分析显示,耐盐型品种变异系数在10.71%~16.99%,而盐敏感型花生品种变异系数最大为19.98%,且耐盐型花生品种具有更好的抗氧化酶活性(SOD和POD)。此外,相较于盐敏感型花生品种,耐盐型花生品种可以通过更强的渗透调节能力维持渗透平衡和减轻细胞膜氧化。田间产量数据表明,盐胁迫下各花生品种产量的降低主要是由饱果数减少和百仁重降低所致。综上,不同耐受型花生品种对盐胁迫生理响应特性不尽相同,基于生理特性及产量数据综合考量,NH5和HY25均呈现较好的耐盐性,适合在东北盐渍土地种植。

等带宽间作模式下不同玉米花生行比对花生光合特性和系统产量的影响

【目的】明确相同带宽条件下不同玉米花生种植行比对花生光合特性和系统产量的影响,为构建适宜行比的玉米花生带状间作模式提供理论参考和技术支持。【方法】以玉米花生带状间作系统为对象,设置玉米单作,花生单作,玉米花生间作(3.6 m的总带宽,行比分别为2∶6、4∶4、6∶2),研究不同行比对间作花生干物质积累、叶面积指数、叶片光合参数、产量构成和玉米花生系统产量的影响。【结果】3种间作模式的干物质量和叶面积指数均小于单作,其中2∶6种植模式在花生生育后期的叶面积指数较4∶4和6∶2分别提高30.07%和44.19%,等带宽间作体系下相对较少的玉米行比可以增加间作花生的叶绿素含量和光合速率,保持花生叶片较高的光合能力,从而获得产量优势。间作显著降低了玉米的穗数、穗粒数和百粒重以及花生的单株饱果数和百果重,系统产量以2行玉米6行花生的种植模式最高,为13749.9 kg/hm^(2),3种间作模式的土地当量比均大于1,且综合产量均显著高于单作玉米和单作花生。【结论】在玉米花生等带宽间作模式下,花生行比的增加缓解了玉米的荫蔽效应,改善了花生的光合能力,同时提高土地利用率,实现稳粮增油、均衡生产。