The Analysis of the Basic features of Peasant Households with Different Income levels——A Case of 259 Peasant Households in Three Villages of Hebei Province,China

According to the urban and rural income levels and the national poverty line,peasant households are classified into poor households,middle-income households and wealthy households.Based on the investigation data of 259 peasant households in three villages of Hebei Province,the features of family structure,economy,ideology and communication of peasant households with different income levels in current status are analyzed.The result shows that there are great differences in family structure,ideology,economy and communication of peasant households with different income levels.The low-income households are featured by unreasonable family structure,heavy burden,conservative behavior and blocking information.While the middle and high income households are good at communicating and willing to take risk and armed with high skills.Based on this,relevant suggestions are put forward to promote the development of peasant households,such as optimizing family structure,cultivating the capacity of the core numbers of the family,guiding households to choose a suitable development path,encouraging farmers to work out,ensuring the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers,flourishing rural culture,and setting up good platform for the communication of households.

Investigation on the Concurrent-Business Behavior of Peasant Households during the Planting Structure Adjustment in Karst Mountainous Area

Based on the survey data of 150 peasant households in typical Karst mountainous area in the year 2009, causations, characteristics and influence factors of the concurrent-business behavior of peasant households during planting structure adjustment are analyzed. Result shows that there is significant positive correlation between the concurrent-business income and the household income of farmers. And the concurrent-business behavior has the tendency to be popular among the young farmers with the characteristics of relative concentration, strong will of farmers and the significant impact of education degree on the concurrent-business income. Information, capital, skill, and market awareness are the main factors affecting the concurrent-business behavior of peasant households. Countermeasures to optimize the concurrent-business behavior of peasant households are put forward, such as strengthening the skills training for farmers to improve the cultural quality of peasant households, establishing modern rural financial service system to offer capital support for the development of peasant households, setting up information base of rural labor force to provide more information and channels for the concurrent-business behavior of peasant households, and enhancing the cultivation of farmers' market awareness to improve their ability to adapt to market economy.

Research on Reclaimed Land Quality Based on Peasant Households' Behaviors——A Case of the Reclaimed Land in Liuxin Country,Xuzhou,China

The quality of reclaimed land not only relates to the way of reclamation,but also has close relations to farmers' living standard and households' behaviors.Taking the farmland in the reclamation region of the Liuxin County,Tongshan Town,Xuzhou as the survey objects,we conduct a survey on peasant households in the reclamation region by the way of questionnaire.The data collected from the survey are analyzed by using scientific statistical methods,including SPSS software and Excel.The results show that in the investigation of peasant households' perceptual knowledge towards the quality of reclaimed land,42.5% of them holds the satisfactory and extremely satisfactory attitudes,which take relatively high percentage.As a result of the increase of non-agricultural income,6% of peasant households are indifferent to the quality of the reclaimed land.During the investigation of peasant households' rational knowledge towards the quality of the reclaimed land,the nitrogen content and organic content in soil filled by pulverized fuel ash are significantly lower than that in the soil filled by coal gangue and that in soil in the contrast area.The current production and planting pattern of peasant households has not improved the quality of farmland in the reclaimed area effectively and most peasant households still use the traditional way of cultivating.Hence,it is necessary to strengthen the guide on the thought patterns of peasant households,to cultivate scientifically and to enhance the quality of reclaimed farmland.The yields of the reclaimed farmland are low in the primary year,but with the increases of input and the restoration of the land,the annual yields will increase gradually,and gradually approaches to the usual yields.Based on it,the corresponding countermeasures are put forward:for one thing,improving soil alkalescency and enhancing soil fertility;for another thing,attaching much attention to technological directions,scientific cultivation and carry out the standards of reclamation strictly.

Willingness of Rural Households in Mountainous Areas towards Land Transfer——A Case of Beiliang Village, Wuxiang County, Shanxi Province

In this paper, the Beiliang Village, Wuxiang County of Shanxi Province is chosen as the study object. The methods investigation and interview are applied. And then the status quo of land transfer is analyzed from the aspects of private land transfer, the form of land transference, the land transfer fee, the contracts of the land transfer and farmers' knowledge on land transfer law and so on. Through the investigation and research on peasant households' willingness towards land transfer and the factors that affect the land transfer, the willingness of farmers' land transfer in recent years are transferred. Farmers' land transfer willingness in recent years is clear. On the strength of the analysis, the scientific basis for the reasonable transfer of land in mountainous areas is put forward for optimizing the land distribution and promoting the sustainable and healthy development of rural economy. The countermeasures aim at accelerating land transfer, increasing farmers' income; stringing the development of rural education, increasing the support on three agricultural problems concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers, and standardizing the rural land transfer behaviors are put forwarded as well.

Peasant Household Oriented Land Circulation from the Perspective of State Governance

Based on the state governance background of peasant household oriented land circulation,I analyzed characteristics of peasant household oriented land circulation.The characteristics mainly include uncertain definition of rural land circulation,significant off-media feature of land circulation,long-term land circulation contract,farmers' preference of peasant household oriented land circulation,and progressive path of land circulation.The essential feature is the progressive mode of land circulation.Under the existing property right,it realizes the perfect combination of modern production factors and traditional agricultural,and the combination of traditional family safeguarding function and modern social mutual growth spirit.Thus,it shows relative independence and manifests the idea of common prosperity.The opportunity cost of peasant household oriented land circulation is minimal,institutional cost will increase circulation risk,and what's more,the cost for state governance of peasant household oriented land circulation is minimal.It comes to conclusion that building proper and harmonious land circulation mechanism is responsibility of central government and favorable for healthy development of peasant household oriented land circulation.

耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响——以常德市为例

提高水稻生产生态效率是协同实现保障粮食产量稳增长与减少粮食生产环境损耗双目标的关键路径,耕地作为农业生产活动最基本的生产资料之一,探索耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响对促进农业适度规模化经营和耕地可持续利用具有重要意义。本文基于粮食生产微观主体——农户的视角,从理论上揭示耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响,并利用常德市416份农户问卷调查数据,运用随机前沿分析法构建效率测算模型和影响模型进行实证检验。研究表明:农户耕地规模化水平和水稻生产生态效率均有待提升,样本农户中较小规模农户数量最多,占总样本的94.95%,较小规模农户仍是农业生产的主力;农户水稻生产生态效率均值为0.830,还存在0.170的提升空间。耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率有显著影响,二者并非简单线性关系而是呈“倒U型”关系,且拐点所在区间为1.2~1.4 hm2;农户水稻生产生态效率还受到户主受教育程度、抚养比、农业收入占比的显著正向影响和户主年龄的显著负向影响。因此,应在尊重较小规模农户将长期存在这一现实的基础上,进一步推进耕地适度规模经营并培育新型农户,以促进水稻生产生态效率提高。

农户土地流转决策意愿及其影响因素:基于重庆荣昌区的实证

随着脱贫攻坚战的全面胜利和乡村振兴战略的深入,山地丘陵区的土地流转日益引起社会各界的关注。基于农户家庭禀赋的内生视角,探讨了土地流转与农户家庭特征的关系,并利用调查获取的重庆市荣昌区333份农户问卷数据,构建了影响农户土地流转决策意愿的变量指标体系,通过Logistic回归模型分析发现:农户土地流转决策意愿在一定程度上取决于其家庭禀赋特征,影响因素的显著性排序为农户性别>种植业收入比重>农户年龄>人均耕地面积>耕地破碎程度,说明男性在家庭决策中仍然发挥着主导,而户主年龄、家庭种植业收入比重、家庭人均耕地面积、承包耕地破碎程度与土地流转决策意愿均存在较为强烈的反向作用关系。因此,构建稳定长期的土地流转关系,在政策设计上应注意弥补农户家庭禀赋上的短板,并通过收益分配共享机制促进其经济状况或发展能力改善。

人口老龄化对农户创业的影响——基于CLDS 2016年数据的实证分析

基于人口老龄化的视角,以农户创业为研究对象,利用中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)2016年的数据,构建Logit回归模型,并引入对农户创业有重要影响的外出务工意愿和互联网使用2个关键变量分别作为中介变量和调节变量,探寻人口老龄化对农户创业的影响及其影响机制。结果表明,人口老龄化会显著抑制农户创业,也会抑制农户家庭户主的外出务工意愿,外出务工意愿在人口老龄化与农户创业之间存在部分中介作用,互联网使用在人口老龄化与农户创业之间存在调节作用,使用互联网弱化了老龄化对农户创业的抑制作用,通过更换实证模型和缩小样本进行稳健性检验之后,结论仍然成立。通过分群体、分教育层次和社会网络水平进行异质性分析发现,人口老龄化对农户创业的抑制作用在不同教育层次、不同社会网络水平下存在异质性。为此,要强化农村网络建设,鼓励更多的外出务工者返乡入乡留乡就业创业,为乡村振兴提供人才支撑,共同建设美丽富饶的幸福乡村。

农户资本禀赋、参与治理与河长制治水绩效研究

沿河农户作为直接利益相关者参与治水有助于弥补“官方河长”的治理效能不足。基于陕西和宁夏的560份农户调研数据,采用结构方程模型,分析“农户资本禀赋→参与治理→河长制治水绩效”的内在作用机理。结果显示:农户的自然资本和文化资本显著正向影响参与行为,物质资本显著负向影响参与行为,经济资本显著正向影响参与意愿,社会资本显著正向影响参与意愿和参与行为;社会资本通过参与治理的部分中介作用显著正向影响治水绩效,且参与治理内部存在“参与意愿→参与行为”的显著正向影响;整体效应上,参与治理作为中介促进农户资本禀赋对治水绩效的影响,且治理效果存在“生态绩效→社会绩效→经济绩效”优先次序。基于结论,为提升河长制治水绩效,建议强化农村生态文明、社会文明、物质文明、精神文明和政治文明建设,为农户参与治水资本赋权;完善农户为“民间河长”的参与制度规范,并构建农户可及的治水信息发布机制、多渠道信访窗口和对策采信投票栏。

共同富裕视阈下农户参与电商经营对收入的影响研究

随着农村电商的蓬勃发展,农户倾向于采用电商模式进行销售,促进了农户增收和农村经济发展。本文基于CRRS数据,采用倾向得分匹配法,实证检验农户参与电商对收入的影响。研究表明,农户参与电商帮助其家庭收入实现42.4%~46.8%的增加;不同地区的农户参与电商经营的增收效应具有异质性。针对培育和壮大农村电商市场主体,为政府政策制定与农户参与电商实践方面提供可行的建议。

消亡与存续:从农户生存逻辑重读近代家庭棉纺织业的发展--以江南和华北棉纺织区为例

近代手工棉纺织业在资本主义工业冲击下呈现多层次发展格局,在空间维度上表现为瓦解与持续并存,时间维度上则是在整体衰弱的趋势中出现短暂复苏。除市场和制度等宏观影响因素外,还需从生产决策的主体——农户来考察这一历史变化。人口压力、副业的可选择性与相对收益、家庭消费水平和消费行为以及以性别、代际为基础的家庭劳动分工不同程度地影响农户手工纺织生产决策。是否从事手工纺织是农户基于成本收益计算后的理性决策。

农户对水稻绿色生产的认知与采纳研究

以水稻绿色生产为研究主题,运用计量经济学方法,从农户个体、家庭环境、土壤地块和资源技术4个方面,分析了农户对水稻绿色生产的认知情况和影响水稻绿色生产技术采纳的主要因素。结果表明,务农年限、种植规模、采取侧深施肥、年龄及年农业总收入等对采用节肥型技术影响较大;务农人口、地块分布、参加职业技能培训次数、采取侧深施肥、村合作社培训和其他部门培训等对采用节药型技术有较大影响;文化程度、年农业总收入、灌溉方法等对采用节水型技术影响较大;种植规模、参加职业技能培训次数、农技站培训、采取侧深施肥、年农业总收入和无人机喷洒法等对采用秸秆还田技术影响较大。因此,有必要从鼓励青年人才返乡创业、链接专业组织提供服务、提高绿色生产金融补贴以及集约生产扩大规模效应4个方面着手推进水稻绿色生产。

小农户的现代化:农业社会化服务的组织化供给机制探讨

在有关农业社会化服务的讨论中,受关注较多的是各类经营主体提供的市场化服务,而对村集体提供的组织化服务讨论较少。本文以寿光市蔬菜大棚的旧棚改造为案例,讨论了村集体如何作为农业社会化服务主体发挥作用。在寿光市平沙村蔬菜大棚的旧棚改造案例中,村集体通过提供统筹服务,低成本地解决了小农户在产业升级中遇到的两个难题:因农户分化而导致的利益协调难题和农户自发进行旧棚改造导致的土地低效利用难题。村集体通过“返租”土地的方式对土地进行了整合和重新规划,让有意愿进行产业升级的农户可以在规划区域内新建大棚,不愿意新建大棚的农户则可以通过旧棚置换,在规划区域外的地块上继续种植,这一规划使土地得到了最大化的利用。从该案例来看,村集体提供的是一种组织化的社会化服务,其突出特征是提供服务的过程就是对小农户的组织过程。这种组织化服务有两重实践机制:一是村集体通过对土地的统筹经营来整合土地,并在此过程中组织小农户;二是村集体在调用村民自治资源的基础上,通过化私为公和民主协商的方式来建立村庄内部的公共博弈空间,减少小农户因利益分化而产生的矛盾。本文尝试为讨论村集体在农业社会化服务中可能发挥的作用打开空间。

共同富裕背景下农产品物流体系的建设

当前的农产品物流体系,存在农产品“最先一公里”短板,农产品损耗大,物流效率低,农户参与农产品产业链的价值分配能力弱等问题。共同富裕是社会主义的本质要求,是全民富裕与全面富裕。我国农业经营主体以小农户为主要主体,因此,新时代的农产品物流体系应充分重视农户这一主体的重要性,将农户纳入农产品物流体系中,在此基础上构建“通道+节点+网络”的农产品物流体系。

农户资源差异性程度及其对农民专业合作社本质的认知影响研究——以湖南省益阳市赫山区和衡东县为例

农民专业合作社是小农户链接大市场以及实现农业规模经营的有效载体,农户之间资源差异性程度显著与否,极大地影响着农户对合作社本质的认知。运用访谈式调查和问卷调查法对湖南省衡东县和益阳市赫山区泥江口镇范围内农户的人力、自然、资金和社会等资源进行了调查,测定出其资源差异性平均指数、组合指数和综合指数均在5倍左右,表明当地农户资源差异性程度较大。采用有序Probit模型回归分析得出:影响农户对合作社本质的认知的资源因素中,外出务工经历、所处地区对其认知产生了正向的显著影响,而户主性别、收入水平则对其有着负向的显著影响。此外,农户社会资源与对村委会的态度等因素也有明显影响。最后从基层政府、村委会和农户自身三方面为提高农户对合作社本质的认知提出了相关建议。

技术采纳视角下农户高油酸花生品种选择行为研究--基于河南8个主产县区的调查数据

在农业供给侧结构性改革的大背景下,国家和各花生主产区都大力支持高油酸花生品种的选育和推广,对于保障国民经济的发展和国家粮油安全具有重要意义。运用UTAUT理论构建对河南省农户高油酸花生品种选择行为理论模型,系统研究影响农户高油酸花生品种选择意愿及行为的因素并进行实证分析。结果表明,健康意识、信息意识对高油酸花生品种选择意愿具有正向影响,而风险意识有显著的负向影响;高油酸花生品种选择意愿、高油酸花生品种选择意愿与社群影响的交互项对高油酸花生品种选择行为有显著的正向影响;高油酸花生品种选择行为对绩效期望有显著的正向影响。

土地流转、农户创业与多维相对贫困缓解--基于中国家庭追踪调查数据的实证分析

在解决绝对贫困问题之后,为实现全体人民共同富裕的远大目标,如何有效缓解相对贫困问题是后扶贫时代工作的重点和难点。土地有序流转是后扶贫时代防止返贫致贫、助力农户实现多元增收的有效路径,对驱动农户多维相对贫困缓解具有重要价值。文章基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS2018)微观数据构建多维相对贫困指标体系,采用A-F双界限法测度农户多维相对贫困状况,实证分析土地流转对农户多维相对贫困的影响效应,进一步利用中介效应模型分析农户创业的机制作用。研究结果表明:土地流转有助于缓解农户多维相对贫困,与未流转户相比,流转户陷入多维相对贫困的概率明显下降。进一步分析发现东、西部具有显著的多维减贫效应,但中部不显著;此外,土地转出的多维减贫效应明显强于土地转入。中介效应检验发现,土地流转能够通过影响农户创业实现多维相对贫困的缓解。鉴于此,提出完善土地流转制度、健全农村社会保障体系、精准做好多维相对贫困的识别工作、因地制宜制定相关创业扶持政策等对策建议,这为巩固脱贫攻坚成果、扎实推进第二个百年奋斗目标实现提供参考。

数字普惠金融何以缓解农户相对贫困——来自中西部地区1062份农户的微观证据

数字普惠金融以更低的成本提高了长尾人群对金融产品和金融服务的可获得性,对减缓相对贫困至关重要。论文基于中西部5省市1062份农户的调查数据,利用层次分析法与变异系数法合成数字普惠金融指数,利用Probit模型和中介效应模型实证研究数字普惠金融缓解农户相对贫困的总体效应、作用机制及异质性分析。研究表明:中西部地区农户相对贫困比例较高,且主观相对贫困比例高于客观相对贫困;数字普惠金融发展能显著减缓农户相对贫困,且覆盖广度的减缓效应最大;数字普惠金融可以通过促进农户创业和提升社会资本来减缓农户相对贫困;数字普惠金融对农户相对贫困的影响存在年龄、健康状况及地区经济异质性,尤其在经济发展水平较低的地区,数字普惠金融缓解农户相对贫困的作用更明显。论文为缓解农户相对贫困、夯实稳定脱贫基础、减缓收入不平等和实现共同富裕提供了理论依据和经验证据。

丘陵山区农户尺度宅基地空间重构

宅基地空间重构是优化城乡土地利用格局、促进乡村地域系统全面振兴和乡村现代化治理的有效途径。为了揭示农村宅基地利用中的乡村主体特征和行为差异,引导不同利用需求的宅基地实现差异化重构,该研究以土地适宜性评价为基础,结合农户宅基地的个体利用特征和发展需求,构建了村域农户尺度的宅基地空间重构分析框架,并以中国西南丘陵山区典型村域重庆市石柱县坪坝村为例进行实证研究,总结丘陵山区农户宅基地空间重构的基本模式,探讨农户宅基地差异化利用对宅基地空间布局优化的影响。结果表明:1)从规模来看,坪坝村有53.07%的宅基地分布在高适宜区,28.81%的宅基地零星分布在不适宜区。2)从数量来看,坪坝村有143个宅基地存在利用和发展障碍,占宅基地总数的48.97%,主要限制因素集中在宅基地集聚程度、用地标准、耕作半径和出行时间等方面。3)在布局适宜性评价基础之上,考虑农户对宅基地的差异化利用因素后,坪坝村需要重构的宅基地数量增加了1倍,规模增加了2倍。4)坪坝村宅基地重构类型可分为保留型、就地重建型、就近整合型、生产搬迁型和出行改善型5种类型,并存在搬迁模式、整合模式和置换模式3种重构模式。该研究综合宅基地的布局适宜性和重构迫切性,提出了农户尺度的宅基地空间重构方案,可为丘陵山区乡村国土空间优化提供理论与技术支撑。