Characteristics and Functions of Cooperative Economic Organizations for Water-saving Irrigation in Agricultural Development in Arid Areas

Agricultural cooperative economic organization for water-saving irrigation in arid areas is a new form of economic organization in production,operation and management during the application process of water-saving irrigation technologies.Currently,there are few researches on this cooperative economic organization.In this study,connotations of cooperative economic organizations for water-saving irrigation are specifically defined,and the characteristics and functions of this cooperative economic organization are analyzed.Based on that,several suggestions are proposed on the continuous development of cooperative economic organizations for water-saving irrigation.

Impact of taxes on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development:Evidence from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD)countries

Multiple ecological and socioeconomic problems have occurred worldwide,raising the awareness of sustainability.This study aims to examine the impact of taxes on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in the context of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.This research used effective average tax(EAT),tax on personal income(TPI),tax on corporate profits(TCP),and tax on goods and services(TGS)as the variables of taxes,and employed secondary data from 38 OECD countries covering 2000–2021.The study also used Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier(LM),Pesaran Scaled LM,Bias-Corrected Scaled LM,and Pesaran Cross-sectional dependence(CSD)tests to analyze the existence of crosssectional dependency.Then,we established the stationarity of variables through second-generation panel unit root tests(Cross-sectional Augmented Dickey-Fuller(CADF)and Cross-sectional Im,Pesaran,and Shin(CIPS)),and confirmed the long-run cointegration of the variables by using secondgeneration panel cointegration test(Westerlund cointegration test).The results showed that EAT,TPI,TCP,and TGS are positively associated with SDGs.However,the change in TPI has a smaller effect on SDGs than the change in EAT or TCP or TGS.The result of panel causality indicated that EAT,TPI,and TGS have a unidirectional causal relationship with SDGs.The study also found that TCP has a bi-directional causal relationship with SDGs.Moreover,the finding indicated that the OECD countries need to focus on tax policies to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This study is based on the theory of optimal taxation(TOT),which suggests that tax systems should be designed to maximize social welfare.Finally,we suggests the importance of taking a comprehensive approach for the managers and policy-makers when analyzing the impact of taxes on SDGs.

Research on Benefit Distribution Mechanism of Farmers’ Specialized Cooperative Economic Organization

On the basis of conducting survey in Jiaonan City,the thesis analyzes benefit distribution mechanism of farmers’ specialized cooperative economic organizations:firstly,the benefit correlation is mainly the contract correlation;secondly,the profit distribution is mainly the dividend;thirdly,patronage refund has many connotations;fourthly,the public accumulation has not yet been quantified to individual;fifthly,the government support capital is ill-defined.Based on these,the measures are put forward in order to improve benefit distribution pattern of farmers’ specialized cooperative economic organizations:firstly,reform structure of property rights and realize farmers’ ownership;secondly,change mode of decision-making,and realize farmers’ control;thirdly,increase turnover rebate and realize farmers’ benefiting;fourthly,quantify public accumulation and government support fund.

Development of New Rural Cooperative Economic Organizations from the Perspective of Institutional Analysis

Appearance of new rural cooperative economic organizations is the result of institutional change and also important institutional arrangement and innovation promoting rural development of China. At present,development of rural cooperative economic organizations is faced with problems of unsmooth operation and management mechanism,lack of supervision mechanism,internal system defect and imperfect law,weak policy support,and imperfect financial system. In this situation,government should take due responsibility from improving legal system,strengthening policy support,deepening rural market reform,and improving rural financial system.

Performance Evaluation of Rural Cooperative Economic Organizations in Hunan Province Based on Structural Equation

Using the method of structural equation and balanced scorecard,this paper establishes the evaluation indicators and evaluation model for the performance of 21 rural cooperative economic organizations in X City of Hunan Province,and analyzes the relationship between indicators and dimensions of performance evaluation indicators,in order to find the influencing factors,obstacles and successful experience concerning the development of rural cooperative economic organizations. According to model analysis and conclusions,this paper sets forth the recommendations for promoting the development of rural cooperative economic organizations in Hunan Province,in order to provide a scientific basis for the institutional design and mechanism innovation of rural cooperative economic organizations in Hunan Province.

Construction of the Government Support and Evaluation Index System of Farmers' Cooperative Economic Organizations

On the basis of expounding the necessity of evaluation index system of farmers' cooperative economic organization,the three first level indexes including organization development index,member development index and social development index and 13 second level indexes including aggregate capital of cooperative organization,annual profit share of cooperative organization,annual total income of cooperative organization,etc.,are established according to the principles of Systematics and the methods of Statistics and Quantitative economics.By using the analytical hierarchy process,the weight of each index is tested and the operation result and evaluation mode is established,as well as the index standard value and comprehensive value.As for the result of the evaluation,it is suggested that the government should support the farmers' cooperative organizations in hierarchy and targeted way according to local conditions.Though the construction of index system and comprehensive score,the government should establish the entry and exit mechanism of farmers' cooperative organizations to reasonably guild the rapid development of cooperators.

Researches on Agricultural Cooperative Economic Organization Promoting Agricultural Insurance Development

The advantages of cooperative economic organization being the effective carrier of agricultural insurance development are analyzed. Firstly, cooperative economic organization promotes scale management and solves the problem of decentralized operation of small households. Secondly, cooperative economic organization can settle the problem of peasants' low systematization. Thirdly, cooperative economic organization can largely reduce the costs of agricultural insurance operation. Fourthly, cooperative organization decreases moral risks as well as adverse selection to some extent. Lastly, cooperative organization, to a certain degree, reduces the risks of agricultural production and increases the insurability of agricultural risks. Meanwhile, limitations of agricultural cooperative economic organization being the carrier of agricultural insurance operation are pointed out. Firstly, cooperative economic organization has limited coverage and small size of organization, which is harmful to the diversification of agricultural risks. Secondly, cooperative economic organization lacks capital funds and its development is not standard, which is not perfect for the function exertion as a carrier. Lastly, members of professional cooperative organization have low cultural qualities, which restrict the implementation of agricultural insurance. The modes of farmers' cooperative economic organization promoting agricultural insurance development are proposed, including mode of agricultural insurance cooperative ( mutual corporation), mode of "leading enterprises (companies) + professional cooperative organization (planting majors) + insurance" and mode of professional cooperatives serving as agricultural insurance agent. Last of all, the promoting role of agricultural insurance in agricultural cooperative economic organization is briefly illustrated.

Profits and Costs of the Development of Rural Cooperative Economic Organizations

Through analyzing the economic profits of rural cooperative economic organizations,the following conclusions are obtained.The rural cooperative economic organizations can get the economic profits which are in accordance with the demands of market-oriented economy.The rural cooperative economic organizations can benefit from sharing the knight service provided by the government;from reducing and avoiding various kinds of risks in operation and from applying the agricultural technology and standardization production.Besides,the organizations can share the profits bought along by the standardized production of agricultural production and their members can enjoy the profits bought by socialized service system.In addition,the rural cooperative economic organizations can enjoy the profits produced by the agricultural management integration strategy.What' more,they can increase profits by reducing the transaction costs;enlarging scale and enjoying the brand advantages.The analyses of the costs of the development of rural cooperative economic organizations mainly include the organizing costs,operation costs,restriction costs and cooperation costs.We think that the slow development of rural cooperative economic organizations is caused by their high operation cost and the impediment of external environment.In the end,the countermeasures on strengthening the research on the theory,promotion,education and training of rural economic cooperative organizations and intensifying the supports on the policies of rural economic cooperative organizations are put forward.

The Governance Structure and Performance of Agricultural Cooperative Economic Organizations in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

On the basis of questionnaire survey results of 100 agricultural cooperative economic organizations in Three Gorges Reservoir Area,this article uses the structural equation modeling as analysis tool to conduct empirical analysis of the governance structure and performance of agricultural cooperative economic organizations. The results show that the ownership structure has the most critical impact on the performance of cooperative organizations,and the impact coefficient is as high as 0.92; the importance of oversight mechanism is basically equivalent to that of the council structure for cooperative organizations,and the impact coefficient is 0.87 and 0.86,respectively,second only to the ownership structure; the size of members' quit capacity also has a very important impact on the performance of organizations,with impact coefficient of 0.74. Thus,the problems influencing the performance of organizations,in the current governance structure of agricultural cooperative economic organizations in Three Gorges Reservoir Area,are pointed out. Finally,corresponding countermeasures are put forward.

Rural Cooperative Economic Organized United Association: A Case Study of Baoding City of Hebei Province

Taking its development in Baoding City as an example, we introduced service fields of rural cooperative economic organized united association. It mainly includes setting up service platform and providing scientific and technological services; organizing economic and trade negotiation and exchange, and promoting farmer-supermarket partnership; providing financial services and solving fund-raising problems. In line with these fields, we analyzed existing problems: (i) regional development is unbalanced and organization lacks internal connection; (ii) the development in some counties (cities) is to be improved, and the promotion effect is not significant; (iii) there is shortage of talent and the innovation strength is not enough; and (iv) it lacks system and management lacks restriction mechanism. Finally, we put forward countermeasures and recommendations: strengthen propaganda and cultivate farmers' cooperative awareness; incorporate rural cooperative economic organized united association into formal system arrangement, and absorb professional talents; innovate upon organization system of rural cooperative economic organized united association and improve service methods; improve internal operating mechanism and innovate upon working contents of rural cooperative economic organized united association at new development background.

Construction and Evaluation of the Theoretical Model of Citrus Cooperative Organization

Based on the general overview of cooperative economic organizations of citrus industry at home and abroad,theoretical model of the modernization,industrialization and marketization of Citrus Cooperative Organization is established.After selecting the indices,such as the scale of production,the scale of management,the rate of encouraged farmers,and the market competitiveness,quantitative evaluation index system for modernization,industrialization and marketization is established.Then,Citrus Cooperative Organization is divided into three stages,such as primary stage,intermediate stage and senior stage.After evaluating the modernization,industrialization and marketization of citrus industry in the United States,Spain and South Africa,it is pointed out that the Citrus Cooperative Organization in China at present is at the primary stage.Finally,policy direction of the development of Citrus Cooperative Organization in China is pointed out.

Deepening Economic Cooperation in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization:Opportunities,Barriers and Approaches

Over the past 17 years, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has made significant progress in regional economic cooperation. The membership expansion has brought opportunities, but the internal and external negative factors that hinder in-depth development of economic cooperation still need to be properly addressed.

农村集体经济组织成员资格认定的逻辑脉络及其展开

农村集体经济组织成员资格认定是农村集体产权制度改革的基础性工作,集体所有权主体的确定是该问题研究的逻辑起点。集体所有权不具有共有和总有等所有权构造类型的特征,同时投资关系说和类比国有资本授权经营体制论都不能对农村集体经济组织的产生渊源进行合理解释。在民法规范语境下,应将农村集体经济组织确定为集体所有权主体。就成员资格和成员权利的关系而言,两者相伴而生,成员资格实质上是从权利主体角度对成员权的描述,为成员权在主体面向的表达。基于此,集体成员资格认定的法律实质是对农民所享有的集体经济组织成员权予以确权。我国农村传统经营方式决定了农户是基本经营单位,从逻辑上应当将家庭成员与以家庭为单位取得权益的关系确定为按份共有,集体经济组织成员权主体应为集体经济组织成员而非农户。城乡二元体制导致户籍这一本质上与成员权利取得不具因果关系的因素被纳入认定标准之中,其证明作用不应被忽视。在传统路径下,应构建以出生事实为核心、其他亲缘关系为辅助的主体判断路径,同时明确列举其他除外情形,形成正反双向的认定机制。在农村集体产权制度改革背景下,基于股权类型设置,集体固有成员与股份经济合作社股东在范围上并非完全一致,未来应以恢复农村集体经济组织和集体成员权的私法属性为目标,分阶段对农村集体经济组织成员权制度进行渐进性改革。

考虑新机场投运的多式联运组织演化博弈——以北京大兴国际机场为例

为迎合市场需求,激发北京市新机场及周边企业运输潜力,发展多式联运并合理调动运输供给资源成为关键。通过建立航空运输企业、公路运输企业及多式联运经营人三方演化博弈模型,对各参与方组建多式联运组织的策略、选择演化路径及合作机制进行研究。各参与方在成本投入与可获得的额外收益之间权衡,决策是否选择组成联运组织。研究过程中设置合作意愿,对多式联运组织各参与方策略选择的演化路径进行仿真分析,并分别改变业务规模系数、运输收益系数及新市场损失系数,就各参与方行为对其策略选择的演化结果进行分析。结果表明:各参与主体初始意愿的变化对多式联运组织的建立和有效运营产生直接影响,即运输企业对合作策略的初始意愿是多式联运组织形成的关键;经营人企业的行为策略选择也将影响航空运输企业和公路运输企业的成本付出与新市场带来的额外收益获得,组织内部因素(例如合理收益分配)有助于促进多式联运组织有效形成;组织业务规模、市场发展状况变化等外部环境因素也对多式联运组织成员的意愿值有所影响,即不同运输企业行为会影响经营人企业的经营态度,也将作用于组织的演化方向及到达均衡状态的演化时间。

合作经济组织何以促进乡村共同富裕——基于对浙江省“三位一体”农合联的考察

合作经济组织是实现乡村共同富裕的重要载体。浙江省“三位一体”农合联是合作经济组织的地域新形态,内含着习近平总书记“三位一体”综合合作的重要论述,符合社会主义生产力发展的根本目的,更好适应了分散农户对接大市场的现实需求,有利于促进农民与现代农业有效衔接。在价值功能上,浙江省“三位一体”农合联有利于促进农业产业化、分配均等化和服务普惠化。在实践路径上,浙江省“三位一体”农合联通过服务带共富、合作带共富、改革带共富、数字带共富以及融合带共富等路径,优化了乡村资源供给、提高了农民组织程度、提升了农民共富能力。新阶段,浙江省“三位一体”农合联应加快构建完备的为农服务体系,构建合理的利益分配机制,提升平台资源承接整合能力,形成乡村共富主体广泛参与和集体行动,扎实推进乡村共同富裕的实现。

教育数字化:经合组织的政策愿景与战略规划

新兴数字技术为教育高质量发展开辟了新路径,探究技术如何赋能教育已成为战略核心议题。经合组织教育政策委员会致力于推动全球教育系统创新与变革,开展教育研究并促进国际合作。文章基于经合组织教育政策委员会会议关于数字时代教育发展的核心议题及相关报告,梳理并分析经合组织数字教育发展的愿景与战略规划,为促进我国数字教育发展机制创新提供参考:数字教育发展应鼓励教育教学创新研究,提升师生人工智能素养,实施持续性评估以保持战略规划更新,推动跨部门、跨域合作,形成上下联动、多元协同的数字教育发展格局。

农村集体经济组织法中的四对基本关系

农村集体经济组织与村民委员会是《民法典》上规定的两类彼此明确区分的特别法人。不过,在《农村集体经济组织法》出台之后,《村民委员会组织法》应做相应修改,删去其中与村民委员会经济职能相关的内容。农村集体经济组织与公司制、农民专业合作社、供销合作社等其他农村合作经济组织有着本质区别,不宜将这些农村合作经济组织纳入《农村集体经济组织法》的调整范围。在农民集体与农村集体经济组织之间构成多元且统一关系的基础上,农村集体经济组织仅仅只是集体财产所有权的行使代表,集体财产仍然归属本集体成员集体所有,以此确立《农村集体经济组织法》的立法依据和根本定位。集体成员与农村集体经济组织成员并不同一,其资格认定标准和成员权内容也存在差异。集体成员资格认定标准是户籍要素或者居住要素,而农村集体经济组织成员资格以同时具备户籍要素、权利义务关系要素和基本生活保障要素为认定标准。

农民共同富裕:农村合作经济发展的内在逻辑与实现路径——以浙江省农村合作经济发展实践为例

农村合作经济促进农民共同富裕的实践,是马克思主义合作经济思想的继承与发展,是中国共产党合作经济发展历史经验的深刻总结,也是实现社会主义共同富裕的迫切需求。基于浙江农村合作经济发展实践,从市场机制、要素分配与新分配关系三方面构建分析框架,提出农村合作经济发展要遵循市场化规则,重点处理好合作经济主体合作所形成的新分配关系问题;从初次、再次、三次分配角度分析浙江农村合作经济实践,提出农村合作经济可以有效改善农民的收入分配,并认为实现农民共同富裕的关键在于初次分配,重点是建成以农民普遍拥有财产性收入与工资性收入为核心内容的初次分配体系;最后,从长期角度提出农村合作经济促进农民共同富裕应当规范合作经济分配关系,加快推进三项涉农改革,健全完善利益共享的合作机制,创新合作经济发展方式与深化“三位一体”农合联改革。

技能生态观:国际性经济组织技能话语的新取向

技能是各级各类教育的重要产出,更是终身教育体系内部融通与外部链接的重要纽带。伴随国际性经济组织技能话语的凸显,技能生态观得到确立与丰富化。技能生态观指运用生态学的思维方式和观点来理解并拓展技能概念及其使用情境,具体体现为技能理解的生态观、技能评估的生态观和技能发展的生态观。国际性经济组织技能话语新取向对我国教育的启示在于:在我国构建服务全民终身学习的教育体系和技能社会背景下,美好生活是技能供需匹配的生活,技能发展是学习型社会建设的引擎,构建完整的技能发展生态链有助于激活技能发展的社会学习周期。

乡村振兴背景下农村合作经济组织长效机制建设路径研究

农村合作经济组织是促进乡村经济发展的关键力量,高度重视农村合作经济组织在乡村振兴战略中的作用十分重要。在介绍农村合作经济组织的概念及功能基础上,阐述了巩固农村合作经济组织的重要意义,结合新安县农村合作经济组织发展现状,探讨了农村合作经济组织长效机制建设路径,以为农村合作经济组织发展营造良好的外部环境,夯实农村合作经济组织发展基础,加快农业农村现代化进程,持续巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果,促进乡村全面振兴。