Empirical Analysis on the Peasants＇ Cultivated Land Abandonment Decision-making Behaviors in Central China and the Subjective Factors of the Peasants --Jiangxi Province Is Taken as an Example

Following China＇s rapid advance the process of industrialization and urbanization, a large number of rural labor into cities, abandoned land becomes a universal phenomenon and shows an enlarge spread trend. Therefore, the food security of our country is threatened. This article will according to the farmers＇ angle of view, from the farmers owned their own labor, land and capital three aspects, uses field survey data to analyze the relationship between the situation of human capital, employment policy, farmland status and management decision, income and investment decision-making this five aspects and land reclamation. The result shows that age, education, arable area, whether the land transfer, engaged in non-agricultural sector employment time, work area, per capita income, non-agricultural income and investment has a significant impact on arable land abandonment, and reflect the development potential of the family of peasants and a tendency of development having a positive correlation with arable land abandonment, this phenomenon reflects in our nation, the rural residents are divorced from the original rural living environment and integrate into cities, a gradual process of get rid of the original way of life in the new way.

Spatial patterns of farmland abandonment and its impact factors in the central Three Gorges Reservoir Area

The severe farmland abandonment phenomena in China have tremendously decreased the farmland usage efficiency and caused a series of profound ecological and social outcomes. The complexity of farmland abandonment necessitates a systematic research on its patterns and impact factors to underpin the dynamics of problem as well as potential solutions. This paper took Wanzhou district in the central part of Three Gorges Reservoir Area as an example to study the spatial distribution patterns of abandoned farmland at three scales, i.e., town, village, and plot, and analyzed the influence from labor transfer and farmland circulation. We conducted a survey on the distribution patterns of abandoned farmland via questionnaires at town and village scales, together with the modeling and interpretation of high-resolution aerial images taken by unmanned aerial vehicles at plot scale. Our research discloses a strong relationship between the distribution of abandoned farmland and the distance from population center at different scales. At eithertown or village scale, the abandonment proportion was recognized the highest in mid-distance areas and lowest in close-distance areas, and the per capita area of abandoned farmland increased with the distance to downtown or township. At plot scale, abandonment proportion presented exponential growth with the distance to village center, whereas the abandoned farmland was mainly distributed in the areas with distance above 500 m from the village center. Moreover, we noticed that labor transfer and farmland circulation are two important factors that influence farmland abandonment. Labor's outbound transfer distance has a positive linkage with the possibility of farmland abandonment. Finally, it is recommended that development and adoption of corresponding policies on local urbanization and farmland circulation will facilitate to alleviate farmland abandonment.

An Empirical Study of Farmers' Perception and Behavior on Farmland Abandonment in Yunnan Province

In this study,using the PRA method,we conduct a questionnaire survey on 525 farmers in 10 typical villages in Yunnan Province,and study the farmers' farmland abandonment behavior as well as their perception. Studies have shown that there are some common problems for the villages in the inner suburbs and the villages in the outer suburbs such as small scale of rural land,dispersed plots and land fragmentation,and the scale and fragmentation problems are more prominent in the villages in the inner suburbs while the dispersed plot problems are more obvious in the villages in the outer suburbs; the levels of farmland abandonment vary in different sample villages,the farmland abandonment is more prevalent in the villages in the outer suburbs,the abandonment behavior involves more farmers,and farmers tend to abandon small plots of farmland; the proportion of the abandoned farmland perceived by the farmers in the villages in the inner and outer suburbs( especially in the inner suburbs) is significantly lower than the actual proportion,and farmers' perception greatly deviates from the actual reality; some farmers have wrong perception of farmland abandonment behavior,and even if there are farmers with correct perception,they also abandon farmland.

Spatial pattern and mechanisms of farmland abandonment in Agricultural and Pastoral Areas of Qingzang Plateau

With the rapid development of social economy and urban−rural integration,the phenomenon of farmland aban-donment worldwide has proved to be one of the main trends of land use and land cover change(LUCC),and profoundly affected the rural landscape and regional ecological environment.Restricted by the natural environ-ment,economic development and backward agricultural technology,the phenomenon of farmland abandonment is also common in the Qingzang Plateau(QP).Therefore,this paper adopted the spatial autocorrelation method to analyze the spatial pattern of abandonment in the agricultural and pastoral areas of the Qingzang Plateau(APA−QP)in 2017,and the geographically weighted regression(GWR)model to explore the effects of geograph-ical resources,socio-economic development and location conditions on farmland abandonment.This study found that:1)From 2015 to 2017,the abandoned farmland area in the APA−QP was approximately 18.23×10^(4)ha,with an overall abandonment rate of 15.18%.On the whole,it showed the distribution characteristics of“strong in the south and weak in the north,strong in the east and weak in the west”.2)There were positive spatial correlation between both abandoned area and abandonment rate in the APA−QP,showing“concave”and“convex”patterns,respectively,mainly concentrated in the Huang−shui Valley and the Southeast Tibet;while in the western and northern regions,the degree of abandonment was relatively low.3)Farmland abandonment in the APA−QP was mainly driven by the geographical environment changes and farmers’decision−making on farmland utilization.There was significant spatial heterogeneity on farmland abandonment associated with the impact of geographical resources,socio−economics and location conditions.The geographical resource factors had a positive impact on the abandonment,and were strongly constrained by natural geographic conditions such as altitude and slope.The farmland resources in the Qingzang Plateau are limited,but are of strategic significance for the sustainable development of agriculture in the whole Qingzang Plateau.In order to realize the rational distribution of agricul-ture and animal husbandry and the sustainable utilization of farmland resources in the plateau region,land use strategies should be implemented according to regional differences and regional advantages in order to ensure the ecological environment security of Qingzang Plateau.

Intraregional Agricultural Characteristics Critical in Explaining Farmland Abandonment:Evidence from Chugoku and Shikoku Region of Japan

Since the 1980 s,Japan has witnessed an unprecedented decline in agriculture chiefly due to farmers’aging,depopulation,and unfavorable socio-economic conditions.This development has resulted in an increase of farmland abandonment(FLA)across the country.However,it remains unclear as to how and to what extent FLA is influenced by intraregional agricultural characteristics.As such,this article discusses the issue of FLA by taking a closer look at the Chugoku and Shikoku region,as it has experienced the highest FLA rates in Japan in recent years.For this analysis,a total of 25 indicators retrieved from the census of agriculture and forestry at the former municipalities scale were selected to describe intraregional agricultural characteristics.We employed principal component analysis(PCA)to evaluate agricultural characteristics,while multiple linear regressions(MLR)was applied to explore their correlations with FLA and spatial variations.First,there are strong intraregional differences in the agricultural characteristics across the Chugoku and Shikoku region,with eight different principle components(PCs)describing their characteristics.Second,variables measuring agricultural characteristics explain nearly 52.8%of the variation in FLA in our sample.The sales orientation and scale of agriculture have the strongest negative correlation to FLA in the region,while the status of agricultural succession displays the strongest positive correlation to FLA.Third,in areas where agriculture is more stable and easier to maintain,FLA is more strongly influenced by changes in agricultural characteristics than by geographical variations.We argue that localized approaches and policies for future management need to take intraregional differences in agricultural characteristics and FLA into account.Our findings help to explain spatial variations in agricultural characteristics and FLA in regional contexts,suggesting the need for better-informed farmland use policies to mitigate further abandonment.

Differentiation of Peasants and Its Impact on Farmland Function

The implementation of the field responsibility system liberated peasants from the land and started the differentiation of peasants＇ occupation. With the differentiation of peasants＇ occupation and income differentiation, the functions of farmland also change accordingly. Based on the analysis of statistical data. the study found that over the past 30 years, the degree of occupational differentiation of peasants has become more and more complete, and income differentiation has also expanded. At the same time, the security function of traditional farmland is declining, but peasants pay more and more attention to the property function of farmland.

Selection of tree species by principal component analysis for abandoned farmland in southeastern Horqin Sandy Land,China

With changes in global climate and land use,the area of desertified farmland in southeastern Horqin Sandy Land(HSL)has increased in recent years,and farmlands are being abandoned.These abandoned farmlands(AFs)nega-tively impact the local ecology.Therefore,the aim of the present study was to select suitable trees and shrubs for those AFs to prevent and control the desertification tendency.In this study,three AFs were fenced for 2 years,then 37 arbor and shrub species or varieties of 21 families were planted in the fenced AFs and grown for 10 years.The ecological adaptability of the species was evaluated and ranked using a principal component analysis.The results showed that the biodiversity of the AFs significantly improved after 2 years of fencing;the Shannon-Wiener index and species rich-ness of perennial grasses and forbs were 1.45 and 3.6 times higher,respectively,than for the unfenced AF.Among all species planted in fenced AFs,nine tree species had posi-tive comprehensive F(CF)values;Pinus sylvestris(Russian Shira steppe provenance),Populus alba‘Berolinensis’and Gleditsia triacanthos had CF greater than 1,and the first(PC1),second(PC2)and third(PC3)principal component values(F_(1),F_(2),F_(3))were all positive.Among the shrubs,only Lespedeza bicolor and Rosa xanthina f.normalis had CF greater than 0.All these results suggest that fencing improves biodiversity and that planting trees and shrubs that have higher CF values on the basis of fencing is an effective way to green and beautify AFs in HSL.

Abandoned land identification in karst mountain area based on time series SAR characteristics at geo-parcels scale

Mapping abandoned land is very important for accurate agricultural management.However,in karst mountainous areas,continuous high-resolution optical images are difficult to obtain in rainy weather,and the land is fragmented,which poses a great challenge for remote sensing monitoring of agriculture activities.In this study,a new method for identifying abandoned land is proposed:firstly,a few Google Earth images are used to transform arable land into accurate vectorized geo-parcels;secondly,a time-series data set was constructed using Sentinel-1A Alpha parameters for 2020 on each farmland geoparcel;thirdly,the semi-variation function(SVF)was used to analyze the spatial-temporal characteristics,then identify abandoned land.The results show:(1)On the basis of accurate spatial information and boundary of farmland land,the SAR time-series dataset reflects the structure and time-series response.abandoned land with an accuracy of 80.25%.The problem of remote sensing monitoring in rainy regions and complex surface areas is well-resolved.(2)The spatial heterogeneity of abandoned land is more obvious than that of cultivated land within geoparcels.The step size for significant changes in the SVF of abandoned land is shorter than that of cultivated land.(3)The SVF time sequence curve presented a strong peak feature when farmland was abandoned.This reveals that the internal spatial structure of abandoned land is more disordered and complex.It showed that time-series variations of spatial structure within cultivated land have broader applications in remote sensing monitoring of agriculture in complex imaging environments.

粤东山区耕地撂荒的影响因素及整治对策研究——以五华县为例

基于410份问卷调查数据,采用二元Logit模型,本文对粤东山区五华县农村耕地撂荒的影响因素展开研究。结果发现,在外务工人数、户主受教育程度、家庭收入主要来源、耕地收入满足家庭开支情况、耕地的主要耕作、收割方式、耕地的灌溉条件、耕地保护意识和耕地流转政策的了解情况等八个变量对农户耕地撂荒的概率有显著影响。因此,可考虑从加强农户培育与引导、强化政府服务、加强基础设施建设与集约化经营、调动多方主体协同治理等方面,采取切实有效的整治措施,有序推进撂荒耕地复耕复种。

退耕对民勤绿洲土壤碳氮循环关键微生物及功能基因的影响

采用时空互代法,以巴丹吉林沙漠东南缘民勤绿洲不同退耕年限样地土壤为研究对象,利用微生物宏基因组测序技术,以KEGG数据库碳固定、氮代谢途径为工具,研究长期退耕对参与区域土壤碳固定和氮代谢途径的主要微生物群落组成及其功能基因变化的影响。试验共设置9个退耕年限梯度样地:未退耕耕地、退耕1年样地、退耕2年样地、退耕4年样地、退耕8年样地、退耕13年样地、退耕20年样地、退耕30年样地和退耕40年样地。结果表明:退耕明显改变了碳固定、氮代谢土壤微生物和功能基因丰度,细菌在碳固定和氮代谢两个过程中均起到主导作用;还原三羧酸循环途径、还原乙酰辅酶A途径以及3-羟基丙酸/4-羟基丁酸循环途径等为研究区土壤微生物主要碳固定途径,厌氧氨氧化途径、硝酸盐异化还原途径、硝酸盐同化还原途径、反硝化途径以及硝化途径等为研究区土壤微生物主要氮代谢途径;芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)、未分类绿弯菌属(unclassified_Chloroflexi)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces)等是区域土壤微生物碳固定主要菌属,氮代谢则以腈基降解菌属(Nitriliruptor)、芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)、土壤红杆菌属(Solirubrobacter)、未分类绿弯菌属(unclassified_Chloroflexi)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces)等为主;Gemmatirosa、未分类绿弯菌属(unclassified_Conexibacter)、未分类念珠菌门(unclassified_Candidatus Rokubacteria)、Gaiella和Geminicoccus等5个属分类土壤微生物可作为研究区退耕地碳固定途径标记性微生物种群,coxL.cutL和ACO.acnA等是研究区退耕地土壤微生物碳固定途径主要响应功能基因;腈基降解菌属(Nitriliruptor)、未分类念珠菌门(unclassified_Candidatus Rokubacteria)、Geminicoccus、未分类绿弯菌属(unclassified_Conexibacter)、土壤红杆菌属(Solirubrobacter)、未分类酸杆菌门(unclassified_Acidobacteria)和红色杆菌属(Rubrobacter)等7个属分类土壤微生物可作为研究区退耕地氮代谢途径标记性微生物种群,GDH2和E1.4.7.1是研究区退耕地土壤微生物氮代谢途径主要响应功能基因。该结果对于明确退耕影响下民勤绿洲土壤碳氮循环过程具有重要意义。

农牧交错地带撂荒地遥感识别研究--以青海省海东市乐都区为例

为了实现对耕地及时、准确的识别,借助遥感技术对农牧交错地带撂荒地进行识别提取,摸清撂荒地的空间分布特征。基于谷歌地球引擎(Google earth engine,GEE)平台,调用研究区Sentienel-1和Sentienel-2遥感影像并进行预处理,采用随机森林算法开展研究区土地利用分类研究,并通过GEE平台获取研究区2017-2022年NDVI月最大值合成数据,结合撂荒地样本和非撂荒地样本NDVI夏、NDVI春差值和NDVI夏、NDVI秋差值,设定分割阈值来提取研究区撂荒地。研究区2017-2022年总体分类精度OA均≥0.85,Kappa系数均≥0.80,整体分类效果良好,可以进行后续的耕地提取;从水平尺度看,研究区撂荒地集中分布在南北山地,其次分布在沿湟水河两岸;从垂直尺度看,随着海拔上升,撂荒率呈正态分布,撂荒地集中分布在2 000~2 500 m,撂荒率随着坡度的增加而增加,这与坡度的增加会导致耕地质量下降和农业机械的难以利用有很大关系。相较于传统土地利用遥感分类研究,借助GEE平台开展的撂荒地识别研究能够快速获悉区域尺度下的撂荒地分布情况,为提取该地区撂荒地和土地利用保护提供参考。

阴山北麓农牧交错区不同弃耕演替时期土壤质量评价

本研究采用空间代替时间的方法,以天然草地作为对照,分析了内蒙古阴山北麓农牧交错带两种不同类型的草原(荒漠草原和典型草原)中的农田及3个不同恢复年限(5年、15年和20年)弃耕地的土壤理化性质,并采用主成分分析法对土壤质量进行综合评价。研究发现,弃耕后,土壤含水率、饱和导水率、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、土壤有机碳、全磷、有效磷含量增加;土壤容重、硝态氮、铵态氮、全氮含量逐渐降低;土壤最大持水率指标在荒漠草原呈上升趋势,在典型草原下降;毛管持水率、田间持水率无显著变化(P>0.05);弃耕后,荒漠草原土壤pH降低,典型草原pH升高。基于统计分析的土壤质量得分表明,影响荒漠草原土壤质量的主要因素为土壤有机碳、非毛管孔隙度、容重、全氮,其土壤质量综合得分高低依次为天然草地>弃耕5年>弃耕20年>弃耕15年>农田,影响典型草原土壤质量的主要因子是pH、容重、饱和导水率、有机碳,其综合得分高低依次为天然草地>弃耕15年>弃耕20年>弃耕5年>农田。荒漠草原样地中,农田、弃耕地的土壤质量得分均低于平均水平,典型草原样地中弃耕15、弃耕20年、天然草地的土壤质量得分高于平均水平。由此可知,自发恢复有利于弃耕地的恢复。本研究结果表明,弃耕20年足以使典型草原弃耕地恢复至天然草地状态,但荒漠草原土壤尚未达到其最高土壤质量,需要使用更长的时间进行恢复,且针对荒漠草原与典型草原区需要制定不同的弃耕地土壤质量恢复策略。

农地撂荒与粮食生产——一个非线性关系的考察

农地撂荒现象已经受到学界广泛关注,但关于农地撂荒对粮食生产的影响还缺乏有效的定量评估。通过将农地撂荒与粮食生产纳入统一分析框架,并使用2017年中国农村家庭追踪调查数据(CRHPS)进行实证检验。研究发现:(1)农地撂荒对粮食产出的影响存在门槛效应,即农地撂荒需要达到一定规模才会影响粮食产出。(2)机制分析表明,农地撂荒与粮食产出之间的非线性关系是由于撂荒地块的质量差异与剩余地块要素配置水平变化共同引起的。小规模的撂荒主要涉及劣等地块,造成的粮食损失相对较小;同时,撂荒劣等地块还会提升剩余地块上的要素配置水平,带来粮食增产的效果,从而部分抵消了粮食损失。然而,这种增产效果会随着非农就业规模的增加而逐渐减弱。(3)进一步分析表明,引进农业技术和提高人力资本水平可以有效削弱农地撂荒对粮食产量的不利影响。文章强调,当前阶段的农地撂荒主要以产粮率较低的劣等地为主,并未对粮食安全构成明显威胁。此外,是否有必要采用行政手段促使劣等地块复耕种粮,应予以审慎考虑。相比之下,退耕还林(草)或改种其他经济作物等措施可能更具可行性和潜在优势。

外出务工、家庭汇款对耕地撂荒的影响——基于流失效应与收入效应的分析

本文借助家庭内部分工理论构建外出务工影响耕地撂荒的理论分析框架,并基于2016—2018年中国劳动力动态调查数据实证分析外出务工对耕地撂荒的影响及其作用机制。研究结果显示,外出务工所带来的流失效应造成农户耕地生产有效劳动力投入不足,引致耕地撂荒行为的发生。同时,农户外出务工在非农部门获取超额的劳动回报,由此产生的收入效应并不会正向作用于农业生产性投资,实际导致了耕地保障功能的削弱,反而加剧了耕地撂荒。机制分析结果表明,外出务工主要是通过增加家庭汇款影响农户耕地撂荒行为。异质性分析结果显示,专业户家庭外出务工在一定程度上能够降低耕地撂荒行为的发生;外出务工对具有社会保障的农户家庭耕地撂荒的影响更为突出。因此,在保证农户拥有长期稳定的外出就业岗位和社会保障的基础上,要有效引导土地流转和托管,鼓励开展多种形式的农业适度规模经营以缓解耕地撂荒。

基于决策树与NDVI时序变化检测的撂荒耕地的地形特征研究——以重庆市巫山县为例

[目的]揭示山区撂荒耕地的地形特征,为区域土地资源管理和农业可持续发展提供科学参考,[方法]以重庆市巫山县为研究区域,利用谷歌地球引擎(Google Earth Engine,GEE)云平台上的Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI和Sentinel-2数据,采用决策树与时间序列NDVI变化检测法,对2017—2021年研究区的撂荒地信息进行提取和分析。[结果](1)从时间序列特征上看,研究区内撂荒地面积整体呈上升趋势,2017—2021年的增加量为2123.50 hm^(2),增长率为19.61%,区间内曲线形态上表现为“W”字形特征。空间上撂荒地呈全局分散,局部集中特征,主要沿着水系走向分布,显著集中于河流两侧,周边被坡耕地围绕。(2)研究区内撂荒地在不同的高程带和坡度带分布不同。撂荒地主要集中于高程1000 m以下和坡度5°~20°范围内。高程1500 m以下的区域,撂荒地面积和撂荒率表现“先增后减”的规律,2019年达到最高点;高程1500 m以上的区域,撂荒地面积和撂荒率随着时间的变化呈现“先减后增”的规律,在2020年达到了最低值。(3)撂荒地在不同地形位等级下的分布指数表现为持续减少型,地形梯度1级、2级的分布指数大于1,为撂荒地的优势区。[结论]决策树与NDVI时序变化检测法结合能够精准识别撂荒地,识别精度为83.59%。

基于云计算平台的撂荒耕地提取方法

快速准确查明我国耕地撂荒情况对于粮食增产尤为重要,利用遥感进行撂荒地监测是一种重要手段。由于西南山区耕地破碎,撂荒地植被生长迅速与正常耕地难以区分,利用遥感提取撂荒耕地的传统方法耗时且存在算力限制,本文基于谷歌地球引擎(GEE)云平台,利用哨兵2号(Sentinel-2A)遥感影像,运用随机森林(RF)与支持向量机(SVM)两种机器学习方法进行四川省宜宾市耕地提取,并结合归一化植被指数(NDVI)阈值分割模型分割撂荒地,绘制出2018—2021宜宾市撂荒地分布图,撂荒地面积分别占耕地面积的6.37%、5.15%、4.31%、3.02%,校验总体精度达到83.87%。基于云计算平台机器学习方法并联合NDVI阈值分割模型,能利用更少实地调查样本实现大范围内撂荒地的提取。

培养农业生产专业户能抑制农地撂荒吗?

基于中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)2016年和2018年两期数据,采用Probit、OLS和2SLS计量模型,从直接效应和溢出效应两个层面实证分析培养农业生产专业户是否能够抑制农地撂荒。结果表明:从直接效应来看,相对于一般农户,农业生产专业户的农业生产要素投入更多,种粮收益更高,从而其农地撂荒发生率更低;从溢出效应来看,农业生产专业户通过转入其他农户的农地而降低一般农户的农地撂荒发生率,但不能对一般农户产生示范效应,提高一般农户的务农积极性;异质性分析显示,无论是水田还是旱地,农业生产专业户发生撂荒的概率均低于一般农户,而在各类专业户中,种植业专业户发挥主要作用。据此,建议在培育种植业专业户的同时,持续完善基础性农地产权制度建设,确保农地经营权的顺畅流转。

南方丘陵山区弃耕识别及管控对策

丘陵山区弃耕现象普遍,控制耕地撂荒规模,引导耕地有序流转,能平衡生态和耕地保护,推动乡村振兴。运用计量回归分析模型识别弃耕的特点及原因,并制定管控对策。结果表明:(1)弃耕现象较为普遍,转出地块“非粮化”程度低于撂荒地块。(2)弃耕受农业劳动力减少影响最大,其次是农业机械化条件,耕地经营规模、收入水平、户主年龄、土地质量和风险程度。文章提出通过土地综合整治工程提升农业生产条件,减少农业劳动力投入;在坚持耕地“进出平衡”的基础上,允许适度规模的耕地撂荒和农业结构调整规模,平衡耕地、生态和产业发展之间的关系;通过空间规划,优化用地结构、改善农村人居环境,使得乡村能够留住劳动力等。

非农就业是否必然加剧耕地抛荒?

利用2018年中国劳动力动态调查中的6971个农户样本数据,基于家庭生命周期和社会化服务视角,分析非农就业对耕地抛荒的影响。研究表明:非农就业总体上加剧耕地抛荒;家庭生命周期的不同阶段非农就业对耕地抛荒的影响存在显著差异,处于起步期、抚养期和空巢期的农户家庭,非农就业对耕地抛荒的影响不显著,处于负担期、稳定期和赡养期的农户家庭,非农就业显著加剧耕地抛荒;农业社会化服务能够减少因非农就业导致的耕地抛荒,但不同环节的社会化服务所发挥的作用存在差异。为减少因非农就业导致的耕地抛荒现象,应适当提升农业经营收益,促进土地掌握在有耕种能力的农户手中,大力发展农业社会化服务。

中国不在村承包者的形成机理分析

当前,中国不在村承包者与中国历史上的大地主、发达国家的不在地主都存在显著不同,其因规模狭小而不会成为食利阶层、因提高了农地利用效率而得到肯定。利用独立调查数据对不在村承包者的形成进行实证分析发现,调研样本中的不在村承包者占比为6.7%。使用probit模型、cloglog模型、工具变量法等计量工具,验证了打工时间多、打工距离远能够显著提高其形成概率的假设,该结论具有稳健性,并主要在男性、老一代农民工和典型农村地区成立。因此,应促进城市化和市民化,打破地域界限,破除农民工长时间和长距离外出打工的各种约束和歧视,促进劳动力市场信息的高效传导,完善特别针对外出农民工的社会保障体系。