Peat swamps at Giral lignite field Western India： understanding the modelling of Barmer basin, Rajasthan, evolution through petrological

The lignite samples collected from Giral lignite field of Barmer basin have been subjected to petrological investigation. The data generated has been discussed to understand the evolution of the paleomires of these lignites. The present study reveals that these low rank C coals are chiefly composed of huminite group macerals, mainly telohuminite and detrohuminite, while liptinite and inertinite group macerals occur in subordinate amounts. Not much variation in the maceral composition from Seam-I to Seam-VIII has been observed. Barmer lignites are characterized by a very high GI （〉10） and moderate TPI indicating topogenous mire in the basin which was permanently flooded. The GI and TPI values and the petrography-based facies critical models indicate that these lignites originated mostly under wet forest swamp to clastic marsh having telmatic to limno-telmatic conditions with a moderate rate of subsidence and a very slow fall in ground water table. Further, the GWI and VI values are suggestive of mesotrophic to rheotrophic hydrological conditions having the dominance of herbaceous to marginal aquatic vegetation. There were spells of periodic drowning of peat especially during the formation of Seam-VII. Moderately high concentration of calcium in these lignites along with the presence of framboidal pyrite indicate enhanced sulphate-reducing bacterial activity present in carbonate and sulphate-rich waters in the basin during peat formation.

Assessment of the Influence of Oil Palm and Rubber Plantations in Tropical Peat Swamp Soils Using Microbial Diversity and Activity Analysis

In this study, tropical peat swamp soils from Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve (GSKBB) in Indonesia was evaluated to assess the impact of oil palm and rubber plantations on this unique organic soil through comparisons with soils from a natural forest using a polyphasic approach (chemical and molecular microbial assays). Changes in the ammonium, nitrate and phosphate concentration were observed in soils converted to agricultural use. Soil enzyme activities in plantation soils showed reduced β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase and acid phosphatase activities (50% - 55% decrease). PCR-DGGE based analysis showed that the soil bacterial community from agricultural soils exhibited the lowest similarity amongst the different microbial groups (fungi and Archaea) evaluated (34% similarity to the natural forest soil). Shannon Diversity index values showed that generally the conversion of tropical peatland natural forest to rubber plantation resulted in a greater impact on microbial diversity (ANOVA p < 0.05). Overall, this study indicated substantial shifts in the soil microbial activity and diversity upon conversion of natural peatland forest to agriculture, with a greater change being observed under rubber plantation compared to oil palm plantation. These findings provided important data for future peatland management by relating changes in the soil microbial community and activities associated to agricultural practices carried out on peatland.

CELLULOSE DECOMPOSTION IN TROPICAL PEAT SWAMPS

Given that organic soil is a complex substrate and there are many environmental factors which directly or indirectly control its decomposition processes, the use of standard substrate simplify the system in that the effect of substrate quality could be eliminated and influence of certain environmental conditions such as edaphic factors, acidity and moisture could be focused on. In addition to the forest floor, decomposition potential down the peat profile can also be examined. Cotton strip assay was used to estimate decomposition potentials in tropical peat swamp occupied by different Shorea Albida peat swamp forest communities, The' Alan Batu' , the ' Alan Bunga' , the' Alan Padang' and the 'mixed Alan'forest communities. Greatest decay rates on the peat surface took place during the wet period. The moist condition of the wet months appeared to favour the growth and stimulate activities of decomposer population and soil invertebrates.Generally, 50% of cotton tensile loss is achieved after four weeks of exposure. The results suggest that cellulose decomposition is influenced by the environmental variables of hydrological regime, water-table fluctuation, aeration, moisture availability,waterlogging and the resultant anaerobiosis, peat depths, and micro-sites characteristics. Decomposition of cellulose is inhibited by waterlogging and the resultant anaerobiosis in thelower segment of the cotton strip during wet periods and under dry conditions in the surface segment of the cotton strip during periods of less rain.

The Conservation of Ground Water Levels in the Peat Swamp Forest at Ayer Hitam North Forest Reserve, Muar in Johor, Malaysia

The management of peat swamp forests in Malaysia contends with two major issues: forest fires and the effects of abandoned forest-logging drainage systems or canals. Forest fire occurs during low rainfall season related to the local people activities. The drainage networks change the hydrological function of the intact forest ecosystem. A key function of the hydrological system in the undisturbed forest is to absorb water during rainfall season, thus delaying downstream runoff and preventing flash floods. The objective of the project described here is to restore the hydrological function of peat swamp forest (PSF) at Ayer Hitam North Forest Reserve (AHNFR) in Muar, Johor, Malaysia. The oil palm plantations, especially in the southern part of the area affect the forest reserve. Water flows out of the forest reserve through the drainage system constructed for managing these plantations. In 2016 and 2017, two water block structures or check dams were constructed near the boundaries of the forest reserve to hold the water and raise the groundwater level in the forest reserve. The implementation of the check dams at the two locations has conserved the groundwater level and subsequently, about 1.2 million m3 of water was saved annually from leaving the forest reserve from each of the check dam. This project is also part of the Coca-Cola Company’s sustainability commitment for water strategy with the global that is to replenish 100% of the equivalent volume of water consumed in their products and production by 2020. Replenishment is the key sustainability commitment for the Company.

Depositional Model for Peat Swamp and Coal Facies Evolution Using Sedimentology, Coal Macerals, Geochemistry and Sequence Stratigraphy

As one of the most important source rocks and reservoirs of unconventional natural gas, the sedimentary environment and mode of peat swamp（the predecessor of coal seam） is important to the coal seam＇s spatial distribution, material composition, hydrocarbon generation potential, reservoir physical properties, etc. To reveal the depositional characteristics and history of environmental change in a terrestrial basin during a period of peat accumulation, the Middle Jurassic aged #7 coal from Gaoquan in the Qaidam Basin（NW China） was investigated using sedimentology, maceral composition, geochemistry and sequence stratigraphy. Based on identification of the sedimentary shoreline break belt, wave energy depletion point and position of wave base, the peat swamp system can be subdivided into（1） lakeside plain,（2） low energy lakeshore,（3） high energy lakeshore, and（4） shallow lake subfacies. A new method for determining coal facies is proposed based on the combination of environmental parameters including oxidation-reduction levels, energy conditions and the influence of terrigneous sediments. The evolution of the coal seam shows that peat was deposited mainly in the low energy lakeshore and lakeside plain subfacies. Five types of sequence stratigrpahic surface and two types of parasequence were identified. Forced lake regressions and normal lake regressions are attributed as the causes of sequence boundaries. The sequence stratigraphic framework comprises six sequences and corresponding system tracts, and the curve of base-level for each demonstrates a characteristic initial period of slow rising followed by fast rising and then returning to slow rising. A model indicating the relationship among base-level changes, coal facies evolution, and the environmental features in the swamp is proposed that shows the environmental features of the swamp were controlled by both base-level changes and coal facies. Accompanying depositional environment changes from a lakeside plain to lakeshore and shallow lake caused by increasing rate of base-level rise, water paleosalinity, acidity and the percentage of woody plants decrease, and the bog type alters from the low marsh to raised bog.

Integration of SEM/WDX elemental mapping and micromorphology to determine mineralogical traits of peat soils(case study：Northern Iran)

We explored the potential use of combining wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(WDX) and micromorphology of thin sections to identify minerals in peat soils. Peat soil minerals from three peats and swamps across Golestan Province in northern Iran were first characterized by micromorphological studies. Soils were composed mainly of quartz, muscovite, biotite, pyroxene,sericitized Fe-nodules, and iron-rich garnet. In addition,micromorphological results indicated that Galougah Coastal Swamp sections contained some inorganic residue with biological origin including oyster and limpet, which may be related to the swamp's location near Gorgan Gulf.In order to determine mineralogical properties of samples,twelve unknown grains were chosen for elemental concentration map studies. Quartz, garnet, ilmenite, calcite,and pyroxene in Suteh samples; epidote and Fe-nodule in Ghaleh-Ghafeh Peat Swamp; and barite, phyllosilicates,and calcite in Galougah were identified by WDX mapping of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, C, Ba, S, and Ti. Composition of the oysters' body was also analyzed by WDX for Si, Ca, Fe,and C. The results indicated that most of the minerals in all sections likely formed through weathering, inheriting their composition from the parent rock. This research suggests that merging micromorphology and SEM/WDX image techniques can be useful in confirming the presence of mineral particles in soil science.

WATER TABLE AND REDOX CONDITIONS IN DEEP TROPICAL PEAT

Redox potential in the well developed tropical peat swamp in Brunei was studied for a year.Generally the redox potential measurements showed a large variation,ranging from-234 mV to 727 mV.The expected rise in redox values did not take place following the drop of water table during the dry months of June to September.The redox value at 100 cm depth indicated that the soil remained reduced throughout the year in spite of the lowering of water table below 150 cm in all sites during dry period.Similarly the redox values did not decrease rapidly following flooding when the water table rose to the surface.This phenomenon could be attributed to the topography of the peat dome which facilitated the fast lateral movement of water and thus promoted oxygen supply down the peat profile,though not great enough to reach the 100 cm depth.The rapid lateral flow of water in the outer Alan batu site facilitated aeration,but in the inner sites remained which was reduced because of the slower water movement.The slower initiation of the reducing condition was likely due to the presence of nitrate which has accumulated as a result of ammonium oxidation during the relatively long aerobic period.Differences in the distribution of redox potential with depth are possibly explained by the different permeability of peat affecting flow patterns and residence time of water.The nature and compactibility of the peat might have slowed the diffusion rates of O2 into the lower layer.Though the bulk density of the peat was low,the composition of the peat might influence the peat permeability and hydraulic conductivity.The tree trunks are not decomposed or large branches must have lowered permeability compared to the other peat material.

小兴安岭草本泥炭沼泽土壤有机碳、氮和磷分布特征

对小兴安岭草本泥炭沼泽湿地土壤有机碳、氮和磷含量分布特征进行研究。结果表明:漂筏苔草湿地土壤有机碳含量最高,有机碳平均含量为438.40g/kg,平均碳密度为88.99kg/m3,碳储量为35.40kt/km2,且10～20cm碳含量高于其他土层。修氏苔草湿地土壤有机碳含量随土层加深而逐渐减少,平均碳含量为98.74g/kg,碳密度为56.27kg/m3,碳储量为20.03kt/km2。2类湿地土壤全氮、水解氮和速效磷垂直变化均表现为随土层加深而逐渐减少,漂筏苔草湿地土壤全氮、水解氮、全磷和速效磷含量均高于修氏苔草湿地,分别是修氏苔草湿地的271%、548%、132%和216%。漂筏苔草湿地40cm土层氮、磷储量分别是修氏苔草湿地的4.40和1.33倍。土壤有机碳与全氮、水解氮、全磷和速效磷呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),土壤有机碳、氮、磷均与土壤密度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。

琼东南盆地古近纪泥炭沼泽破坏与重建作用对煤型源岩物质形成的控制

煤系及煤层是重要的烃源岩类型,已引起广泛重视。以中国南海琼东南盆地为例,剖析泥炭沼泽破坏、重建作用与煤及陆源海相烃源岩形成的成因关系,归纳了泥炭沼泽破坏作用与泥炭物质形成和聚集的“源-汇系统”的特点。研究认为风暴事件是异地煤和陆源海相烃源岩形成的主要动力因素之一,并在此基础上建立了中国南海边缘海盆地泥炭风暴沉积模式。泥炭沼泽破坏和重建作用与泥炭物质的形成、分散及聚集过程是相互作用的关系,且具有复杂多变性;泥炭沼泽破坏作用使泥炭物质被大部或全部分解或搬运,而重建作用则是在适宜的气候条件下使泥炭沼泽发育的过程得以恢复;风暴事件是南海新生代盆地泥炭沼泽发生破坏作用以及泥炭物质被远距离搬运并沉积于海相环境的主要动力因素之一。风暴潮强烈地侵蚀和扰动滨岸带泥炭沼泽,导致大量泥炭碎屑物质被掀起而卷入海水中,经由风暴重力流和浊流搬运,最终沉积形成含有陆源海相有机质的烃源岩。

小兴安岭典型泥炭沼泽土壤水分物理性质研究

对小兴安岭5类典型泥炭沼泽土壤水分物理性质进行对比研究,结果表明：落叶松-杜香-泥炭藓沼泽土壤容重最小,非毛管孔隙最高,持水性最好;漂筏苔草沼泽和油桦-笃斯越桔-修氏苔草沼泽次之,修氏苔草沼泽和白桦-油桦-小叶章沼泽相对较差。落叶松-杜香-泥炭藓沼泽0~40 cm平均土壤容重为0.06g.cm-3,非毛管孔隙31.69%,总孔隙度高达87.19%,平均土壤质量含水量、最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量分别为1130.1%、1586.57%、1007.71%和882.70%,是对照林地的56.6倍、26.4倍、24.9倍和25.5倍。在5类泥炭沼泽中,白桦-油桦-小叶章沼泽0~40 cm平均土壤容重最高（0.74 g.cm-3）,总孔隙度最低（62.02%）,土壤各持水指标均最小,但其持水指标均显著高于对照林地。

泥炭沼泽体系的建立及其成煤模式

现代和古代大量煤沉积学事实说明 ,占据煤层主体的全盆性或大范围分布的煤层 ,发育在不同的沉积体系之上 ,与下伏沉积体系之间存在着明显的沉积间断 ,煤层形成时下伏的沉积体系已经废弃。这些煤层 (煤层组 )构成了独立的沉积体系——泥炭沼泽体系。本文论述了泥炭沼泽体系的构成和成因。

若尔盖高寒湿地土壤活性有机碳垂直分布特征

对若尔盖高寒湿地沼泽土和泥炭土的有机碳（TOC）和活性有机碳（LC）沿土壤剖面的分布特征研究表明，沼泽土的有机碳和全氮（TN）古量整体上从表层向下呈现下降趋势．中间在16～18cm处出现一个升高点，与当时的有机质来源和沉积环境有关。泥炭土有机碳沿土壤剖面并没有呈现同样的下降趋势．而是从表层向下至22cm呈现升高趋势，22cm向下才呈现下降趋势。全氮含量与有机碳含量的分布特征不同。在表层o～10cm古量较高，向下含量减小。沼泽土活性有机碳沿土壤剖面整体呈现下降趋势，变化于2．4～13．6mg／g．变异系数较大。达到53．25％。泥炭土活性有机碳沿土壤剖面规律性不明显，变化于30-45mg／g，变异系数只有11．62％。沼泽土的活性有机碳占到总有机碳的3％～17％。变化较大；而泥炭土的活性有机碳占到总有机碳的7％～12％，变化较小。沼泽土和泥炭土的有机碳活度（L）最大值并不是出现在表层，而是在表层稍微向下的部分（8～10cm）。再向下有机碳活度呈现下降的趋势。

太原西山煤田7号煤层古泥炭沼泽植物群落及其演替

山西太原西山煤田斜道沟太原组７号煤层古泥炭沼泽植物群落由菌藻类、石松类、节蕨类、真蕨类、种子蕨类以及科达类等植物所组成。科达植物在群落中占据优势地位，鳞木和辉木为亚优势类群。科达植物的２个种Ｓｈａｎｘｉｏｘｙｌｏｎｓｉｎｅｎｓｅ和Ｐｅｎｎｓｙｌｖａｎｉｏｘｙｌｏｎｔｉａｎｉｉ很矮小，适合于在覆水较深、营养较贫乏的环境中生活。另１种科达植物Ｓｈａｎｘｉｏｘｙｌｏｎｔａｉｙｕａｎｅｎｓｅ可能生活于泥炭沼泽中地势较高的地方或泥炭沼泽的边缘。鳞木、封印木和芦木的生态解剖学特征表明它们都适合于在泥炭沼泽中生活．树蕨辉木可能生活于泥炭沼泽的边缘．７号煤层古泥炭沼泽植物群落经历了由早期的鳞木、辉木和科达Ｓｈａｎｘｉｏｘｙｌｏｎｔａｉｙｕａｎｅｎｓｅ占优势的植物群落，到中期的芦木类较占优势的植物群落以及晚期的矮小科达Ｓｈａｎｘｉｏｘｙｌｏｎｓｉｎｅｎｓｅ和Ｐｅｎｎｓｙｌｖａ－ｎｉｏｘｙｌｏｎｔｉａｎｉｉ占优势的植物群落这样１个演替过程，反映了泥炭沼泽覆水程度逐渐增强、营养状况渐趋贫乏的演化趋势。

从神木煤田2^（－2）煤层煤岩特征看泥炭沼泽演化

在研究神木煤田２－２煤层煤岩特征的基础上，划分了三种泥炭沼泽类型，即开阔水体草本沼泽、陆地森林沼泽和潮湿森林沼泽。泥炭沼泽由三角洲平原上的浅水湖泊演化而来并经历了三个演化阶段。成煤植物早期以草本为主，中期和后期以木本为主。森林火灾和洪泛事件在中期最为频繁。

水分梯度对若尔盖高寒湿地土壤活性有机碳分布的影响

沿自然原因和人为原因形成的水分梯度,对若尔盖高寒湿地沼泽土和泥炭土的有机碳(SOC)和活性有机碳(LC)进行了研究。研究表明,若尔盖高寒湿地沼泽土有机碳和全氮沿水分梯度(减小)变化趋势一致,即在表层0—10cm湿润环境中的有机碳和全氮含量远高于淹水环境和过渡地带,而10—30 cm沿水分梯度差异变小。泥炭土的有机碳和氮素含量在湿润环境远大于淹水(流水)环境。这说明当时的挖沟排水疏干沼泽使得相当一部分土壤有机碳或者释放到大气中,或者随水流流失。沼泽土活性有机碳在表层0—10 cm沿水分梯度升高;在10—30 cm差异变小,与有机碳和氮素的变化趋势一致。泥炭土的活性有机碳沿水分梯度升高,与泥炭土有机碳和氮素变化趋势一致。这一方面反映了两种土壤类型成土过程的不同,另一方面也反映了自然原因和人为原因造成的差异。沼泽土的碳氮比沿水分梯度有降低的趋势而泥炭土的碳氮比沿水分梯度有升高的趋势。此外,高寒沼泽土碳氮比,pH值以及机械组成都是影响土壤有机碳,氮素和活性有机碳的重要因子。

淮南煤田8煤层中黄铁矿的特征研究及成因分析

借助光学显微镜和扫描电镜(SEM)揭示了淮南四个井田8煤层中黄铁矿的显微和亚微结构特征。煤层中黄铁矿的形态主要有莓球状、团块状、结核状及解理裂隙充填状。通过此次研究发现在属低硫煤的淮南煤田中,顾桥井田的黄铁矿含量偏高。结合酸碱指数(AAI)、盐度指数(SI)和滞留指数(RI)三个灰成分指相参数判定,顾桥井田中黄铁矿含量相对较高,原因是其沼泽水体的还原性较强、盐度大及水动力条件差。莓球状和结核状黄铁矿形成的原因是粘土矿物的晶格上铁与H2S反应发育而成,而充填胞腔或者沉积裂隙的黄铁矿,大多是因局部强还原微环境所致。

河南山西组二_1煤古泥炭沼泽的类型及演化

河南省山西组二_1煤成煤古泥炭沼泽的类型及演化可明显地分为3个区:豫北区,二_1煤形成于上三角洲平原的淡水森林泥炭沼泽;豫西西部区,形成于泻湖海湾演化来的半咸水草本和森林泥炭沼泽,底部分层成煤植物为草本,煤层形成于最大海退期,结束于一次短暂的海侵;豫西中东部区,形成于潮坪演化来的淡水森林泥炭沼泽,上部分层形成于半咸水泥炭沼泽,结束于一次短暂的海侵。

峨眉山冷杉衰亡原因的初步研究

本文是对峨眉山冷杉衰亡原因的多学科综合考察结果,研究结果表明,峨眉山冷杉衰亡与毁灭性病虫害以及土壤、植物中Al的含量没有明显相关,但与沼泽化程度关系极为密切。峨眉山金顶附近的酸性降水,促进了泥炭藓的生长和沼泽的发展。

滕南、大屯矿区含煤岩系成因层序分析

滕南、大屯矿区石炭二叠纪含煤岩系山西组是由三角洲沉积体系单元构成的１个成因地层单位，可进一步划分为３个生长层序，代表了河控三角洲进积浅水海湾的充填过程。２条北西－南东向主分流河道是本区沉积体系单元配置及其演化的控制因素，泥炭沼泽主要发育于分流间洼地。决口扇、子三角洲朵体的建设和废弃在很大程度上支配了泥炭沼泽发育的范围和泥炭堆积的过程，是造成本区煤层分叉的基本动力机制。根据煤岩类型组合和地球化学参数可将主采煤层区分为有序的成因层序，大体反映了泥炭沼泽的充水动态过程。

煤相研究进展

文章从煤岩特征、泥岩沼泽类型、古植物群落、地下水位、水动力条件、古气候、水介质性质等方面系统总结了煤相研究的新进展。