Peat properties of a tropical forest reserve adjacent to a fire-break canal

Tropical peat comprises decomposed dead plant material and acts like a sponge to absorb water,making it fully saturated.However,drought periods dry it readily and increases its vulnerability to fire.Peat fires emit greenhouse gases and particles contributing to haze,and prevention by constructing fire-break canals to reduce fire spread into forest reserves is crucial.This paper aims to determine peat physical and chemical properties near a fire-break canal at different fire frequency areas.Peat sampling was conducted at two forest reserves in Malaysia which represent low fire frequency and high fire frequency areas.The results show that peat properties were not affected by the construction of a fire-break canal,however lignin and cellulose content increased significantly from the distance of the canal in both areas.The study concluded that fire frequency did not significantly influence peat properties except for porosity.The higher fibre content in the high frequency area did not influence moisture content nor the ability to regain moisture.Thus,fire frequency might contribute differently to changes in physical and chemical properties,hence management efforts to construct fire-break canals and restoration efforts should protect peatlands from further degradation.These findings will benefit future management and planning for forest reserves.

Genetic relationship between formation,accumulation and migration and dispersion of peat materials in Paleogene——Take the Qiongdongnan Basin as an example

Coal-type source rocks include both coal and terrigenous marine source rocks.By studying the distribution of secondary depressions,uplifts,as well as the characteristics of peat formation and accumulation in the northern marginal sea basin of the South China Sea,and combining them with coal formation characteristics observed in other basins,five genetic theories on the relationship between peat accumulation and dispersed organic matter accumulation are proposed.The northern marginal sea basin of the South China Sea is characterized by“disadvantageous coals formation and favorable terrigenous marine source rocks formation.”This paper provides a distribution map of coal seams and terrigenous marine source rocks in the Qiongdongnan Basin and determines their distribution patterns.Research shows that the migration of sedimentary facies in the basins and inner depressions led to the formation and migration of the peat accumulation centers.In addition,the vertical migration of the peat accumulation centers led to planar migration,which is actually a type of coupling relationship.Previous research results have revealed that the formation of coal-type source rock is multi-phased.The marginal sea basin is composed of several fault-depression basins,with each basin developing a second order of depression and uplift.There is no unified basin center or depositional center to be found.As a result,the concentration centers of coal-forming materials also vary greatly.Based on the distribution characteristics of coal-type source rocks in different basins within the marginal sea basins of the South China Sea,the research results have practical significance and provide guidance for exploring coal-type oil and gas reservoirs in this area.

The Peat-Organic-Soil in the Hula Valley

The main soil type, principle contributor of nutrients and available agricultural land in the Hula Valley is the organic Peat. Nevertheless, the relative contribution of Phosphorus from the Hula Valley to the Lake Kinneret inputs is lower than regional outsourcing. The Nitrogenic matter, mostly Nitrate migration from the Peat soil is significant. The implementation of efficient development is the key factor of Hula Land use. The financial beneficial success of the Hula land use is therefore dependent of Peat soil properties. The porosity of the Peat Soil is high and preferential pathway volume is low and Hydraulic Conductivity is therefore low. Consequently, the Mobile Spray Irrigation line was found as most suitable for cultivation in Peat Soil. Enhancement of Summer irrigation creating moisture elevation reduces Phosphorus migration from Peat Soil and is therefore recommended and recently implemented.

Physicochemical and Bacteriological Profile of Bilanko and Ngamakala Peat Bog Soils (Republic of Congo)

Peatlands are unique and complex natural ecosystems that are part of the most important carbon reservoirs on our planet, home to a diversity of microorganisms responsible for fermentation, humification or peat. The aim is to understand chemical and biological indicators of peatland soils. This work aims to determine the physicochemical and bacteriological profile and lipolytic activity of soil bacteria in Bilanko peatlands. The bacterial profile with the production of lipases is carried out by classical microbiology techniques. The results show that the soils are moderately acidic with temperatures of 27.8˚C ± 0.01˚C for Bilanko and 27.1˚C ± 0.57˚C for Ngamakala. The electroconductivity (EC) varies from (9.52 ± 0.002) μS/cm to (39.01 ± 1.4) μS/cm with low turbidity of (2.04 ± 0.66) mg/L to (31.02 ± 0.84) mg/L and low ion concentrations with, however, a richness in phenolic compounds for Bilanko compared to Ngamakala. FMAT diversity ranged from (1.71 ± 0.88)∙104 UFC/g to (2.92 ± 0.07)∙105 UFC/g for Bilanko and (1.30 ± 0.73)∙104 UFC/g to (2.89 ± 0.06)∙104 UFC/g for Ngamakala. Bacillus loads ranged from (5.20 ± 1.40)∙103 CFU/g to (1.22 ± 0.13)∙104 CFU/g and from (1.11 ± 0.13)∙104 CFU/g to (9.20 ± 2.05)∙103 CFU/g;enterobacteria loads from (1.40 ± 0.76)∙103 CFU/g to (8.80 ± 1.73)∙103 CFU/g and from (1.01 ± 0.02)∙103 CFU/g to (9.20 ± 2.05)∙103 CFU/g;in Pseudomonas from 0 to (2.30 ± 0.53)∙102 CFU/g and from 0 to (8.90 ± 2.35)∙102 CFU/g for Bilanko and Ngamakala respectively. These results reveal a variation in bacterial similarity and distribution in the Bilanko and Ngamakala peat bogs.

Changes of grain size from peat profile in eastern mountainous area over past 2000 years,Jilin Province,Northeast China

Plenty of high-resolution paleoclimate investigations of the last thousand years were carried out to potentially predict future climate changes.Mountainous ombrotrophic peatland is one of the best recorders for high-resolution paleoclimate studies in the forest area.Grain size analysis was carried out on ombrotrophic peat profile in the eastern mountainous region of Jilin Province,Northeast China.The peat profile lasts the past 2000 a by four radiocarbon(AMS14C)ages.The results showed that the inorganic minerals in the peat profile are mainly silt,with some contribution from clay and a minor amount of sand,which are mainly due to wind dust and suspended transportation.Two paleoclimate stages are found in this peat profile by phytolith analysis,peat cellulose isotope research and historical documents:ca.45–1550 AD,relatively cold period;ca.1550 AD–present,relatively warm period.This finding is important for the initial study of paleoclimatic changes over the last 2000 a in the mountainous area of eastern mountainous area,Jilin Province,Northeast China.

A Comparison Study on the δD Value of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hydrous Pyrolysate of Herbaceous Peat with Different Water Medium

To investigate the influence of diagenetic water media on the hydrogen isotopes of individual sedimentary aromatic compounds,a series of hydrous pyrolyses were conducted on herbaceous peat.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in hydrous pyrolysed samples and their hydrogen isotopic composition characteristics were studied.The aqueous medium demonstrated a significant influence on the hydrogen isotopic composition of the individual PAHs generated during pyrolysis.The results showed that the PAHs formed after pyrolysis in the presence of a saltwater medium with high δD value from a salt lake had a heavy hydrogen isotopic composition.The PAHs formed after pyrolysis in the presence of a fresh water medium with low δD value from a swamp had a light hydrogen isotopic composition.The difference in the average PAHδD value between the two hydrous experiments varied from -174‰ to -109‰,suggesting that the hydrogen isotopic composition of individual sedimentary PAHs can reflect the source of the diagenetic water medium.In addition,a comparative study found that the hydrogen isotopes of PAHs were superior to those of n-alkanes in the same sample for diagenetic water indications.The results indicated that the exchange of water-derived inorganic hydrogen and organic hydrogen was more intensive in freshwater experiments than in saltwater experiments.With an increase in the simulation temperature,the average δD value of PAHs generated in the hydrous simulation experiments showed an increasing trend,reflecting that the δD value of sedimentary PAHs formed with the participation of diagenetic water media was still closely related to the thermal maturity of organic matter.Comparative studies showed that theδD values of different types of organic compounds produced by hydrous pyrolysis of peat were in the order,PAHs>n-alkanes>methane.

Molecular Identification of Isolated Bacteria from Soils in Likouala Peat Bog Area, Republic of Congo

This study aimed to the molecular identification of isolated bacteria from the soils of Likouala (Congo-Brazzaville) peat bog area. Counting and isolation were carried out on Mossel and TSB media enriched with petroleum and vegetable oil;the amplification and sequencing of 16S RNA genes by PCR and Artic Oxford Nanopore Technology. The results showed bacterial loads of (5.81 ± 1.08) × 104;(6.64 ± 1.94) × 104 et (8.56 ± 1.19) × 103 CFU/g on Mossel respectively for samples 1, 2 and 3 against (2.12 ± 4.1) × 108 et (8.15 ± 10.1) × 107 CFU/g respectively on TSB enriched with petroleum and vegetable oil exclusively with sample 2. The analysis of the 16S rRNA of the isolates gene made it possible, after PCR, agarose gel electrophoresis, sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, to identify eight (08) strains with similarities of 99 to 100% whose sequences genes placed in GenBank have made it possible to obtain accession numbers corresponding to: Bacillus thuringiensis strain (ON303633);Bacillus cereus strain (ON350770);Bacillus thuringiensis strain (ON350771);Bacillus thuringiensis strain (ON738723);Priestia megaterium strain (ON738719);Bacillus anthracis strain (ON738720);Bacillus subtilis (ON738721);Enterobacter sp (ON738722). The phylogenetic classification of strains was done and revealed two genuses which are Bacillus and Enterobacteriaceae.

Research Status, Problems and Direction of Soil Organic Carbon in Zoige Peat Wetland

Peatlands,as a special type of wetland,occupy only 3%of the Earth’s surface,but bear about one-third of the world’s soil carbon storage and play an important role in the global carbon cycle.The Zoige Wetland is located on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and its peat reserves are up to 1.9 billion tons,accounting for more than 40%of the country’s peat resources,which is an important support for China to achieve the“double carbon”goal.This paper reviews the research status and storage estimation of soil organic carbon in Zoige Wetland.The statistical results show that there is a large difference in the estimation of carbon storage in the peatland of Zoige(0.43-1.42 Pg).The reasons are mainly related to marked differences in values reported for soil densities,organic carbon levels,and accu­mulation rates.There are still great uncertainties in the estimation of wetland carbon stocks,and future studies should focus on reducing soil carbon sink uncertainties,climate change,the impact of permafrost melting on carbon sink functions,the impact of degraded ecosystem restoration and sink enhancement pathways,and other greenhouse gas functions.In order to accurately reveal the current situation and future trend of carbon sink in peat wetlands,a model-multi-source observation data fusion system was constructed to complement the observation shortcomings in key ar­eas,and provide reference and support for the construction of carbon neutral ecological civilization.

无机填料对水泥固化泥炭土强度的影响

通过无侧限抗压强度和扫描电镜试验,研究了无机填料种类和粒径对水泥固化泥炭土强度的影响.结果表明:水泥固化泥炭土强度随着石英砂掺量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,20%石英砂掺量下水泥固化泥炭土强度最高;当石英砂粒径d>1.0 mm时,水泥固化泥炭土强度提升有限,而当d<0.5 mm时,水泥固化泥炭土强度提升明显;高岭土颗粒可有效填充泥炭土孔隙,有利于水泥联结无机填料和泥炭土颗粒,且水泥联合高岭土固化泥炭土的强度明显优于水泥联合石英砂;当泥炭土含水率为600%,高岭土掺量从5%增至30%时,28d龄期水泥固化泥炭土强度的增幅为58.5%~116.6%.

不同材料复合添加对土壤铬形态的影响

以铬污染黄壤为研究对象,选择有机材料(泥炭)、pH值调节剂(沸石)、生物炭(鸡粪)3种不同种类的土壤重金属污染改良剂,采用正交试验L_(9)(3^(4))设计和室内盆栽试验,考察不同复合材料组对土壤中重金属铬形态、pH值、有机质含量的影响。结果表明:沸石的添加提高了土壤pH值、有机质含量,增加了土壤可还原态、可氧化态铬含量;鸡粪的添加通过提高土壤pH值从而增加土壤可还原态铬的含量;泥炭的添加提高了土壤有机质含量、土壤可氧化态铬含量,降低了土壤可交换态铬含量。

泥炭土腐殖酸环境室内模拟试验研究

为能提供一种贴合天然环境的泥炭土腐殖酸环境,通过在冲洪积黏性土中掺入胡敏酸(Humic Acid, HA)试剂和富里酸(Fulvic Acid, FA)试剂人工制备泥炭土试样,并将试样浸泡在富里酸液中来模拟泥炭土腐殖酸环境。采用腐殖酸含量检测试验、扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM)、X射线衍射(X-Ray Diffraction, XRD)、X射线荧光光谱(X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy, XRF)和无侧限抗压强度(qu)试验来评估模拟效果及可行性。结果表明,在pH值为6.0的浸泡液中浸泡90 d后,试样中富里酸实测质量分数超过了初始掺量,而胡敏酸的实测质量分数相较于初始掺量表现出波动性。试样中孔隙随着腐殖酸掺量的增加而逐渐发育连通,试样所含的原生矿物主要为石英和云母,主要元素为O、Si、Al和Fe。通过与天然泥炭土环境对比分析,揭示了模拟的腐殖酸环境在微观特征上与天然腐殖酸环境具有相似性。宏观力学试验结果表明,模拟试样的qu随腐殖酸掺量的增加而降低,对比分析显示模拟试样的力学性能与天然泥炭土的力学性能接近。以上结果表明,采用所提出的方法可以模拟出与天然泥炭土环境相近的泥炭土腐殖酸环境。

滇池湖相沉积泥炭土参数测定与剪切特性研究

有机质含量和含水率对泥炭及泥炭质土(简称泥炭土)的力学性质及工程特性影响都很大,但现有的规范、规程及标准对高有机质含量土的含水率(ω)及有机质含量(w u)测定标准不明确,各单位测试结果差异较大。为明确高有机质含量土的ω及w u测定标准,开展不同灼烧温度及灼烧时间下的测试试验。滇池湖相沉积土的场地一般都有3~5层层状分布的泥炭土,现对不同埋深的5层泥炭土进行从低至高围压下的三轴固结不排水(CU)试验,探究不同埋深及围压下其应力-应变的变化规律及演化机理。试验发现:泥炭土随围压增大应力-应变关系曲线呈现“分层”现象,最大偏应力对应的应变随深度增加而减小,线型随围压和土样埋深而发生改变,孔隙压力系数总体随着深度的增加而减小,并提出CU试验泥炭土破坏应变控制标准。以上研究进一步加深了对泥炭土力学特性的认识,也为明确ω及w u的测定标准提供了试验依据。

昆明泥炭土压缩指标与基本物理指标相关性研究

泥炭土作为一种对建筑物沉降有着重要影响的特殊土,其压缩指标是影响工程安全的关键指标。对昆明地区勘察数据中的压缩系数和压缩指数进行了回归分析,并建立了回归模型,开展了昆明地区4个不同场地泥炭土一维固结试验,基于试验结果和国内外类似经验公式验证了回归模型的适用性。结果表明:压缩系数α_(1-2)、压缩指数C_(c)与天然含水率ω_(0)、初始孔隙比e_(0)具有高度相关线性关系,其中压缩指数与初始孔隙比的关系为C_(c)=0.15e_(0)-0.17;回归模型与试验结果及国内外类似经验公式有较好的一致性。

沼渣替代草炭的栽培基质特性及其对番茄生长的影响

以沼渣作为草炭的替代材料,研究不同配比沼渣对栽培基质理化性质及其对番茄农艺性状和产量等的影响,探究沼渣替代草炭作栽培基质的可行性,以及沼渣替代草炭作栽培基质的最佳配比。结果表明:沼渣替代草炭后提高了栽培基质的容重、pH、EC、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,而最大持水量、田间持水量、毛管孔隙和总孔隙度降低。沼渣替代草炭后栽培基质容重为0.17~0.34 g/cm^(3),总孔隙度为61.87%~68.88%,非毛管孔隙度在11.87%~15.42%,pH在5.67~5.94,EC值在0.21~3.85 mS/cm,CK、T_(1)、T_(2)和T_(3)处理的栽培基质的理化性质均在适宜范围,而T_(4)处理(沼渣∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=6∶2∶2)的栽培基质EC值超过3.49 mS/cm,不适宜作栽培基质。沼渣替代草炭的栽培基质显著降低了番茄的株高、茎粗和叶绿素含量(P<0.05),且沼渣替代草炭的比例越高,番茄的株高、茎粗和叶绿素含量越低。但随着作物的生长,这种差异逐渐降低。沼渣替代草炭的栽培基质的番茄单果重和单株结果数低于CK。结合番茄的农艺性状和产量,CK(草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=6∶2∶2)的番茄的株高、茎粗、叶绿素含量、单果重以及单株结果数高于T_(1)、T_(2)和T_(3)处理,最适宜作为番茄栽培基质。但基于沼渣消纳的考虑,沼渣替代草炭比例低的T_(1)处理(沼渣∶草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=2∶4∶2∶2)的栽培基质也较适合在番茄栽培中推广应用。

菌肥及泥炭土浸提液对植物提取土壤Cd的影响

采用温室盆栽试验,研究菌肥和泥炭土浸提液对东南景天生物量、Cd富集特征、土壤Cd有效性和土壤理化性质及对后茬水稻在落干条件下水稻Cd的影响。结果表明,菌肥和泥炭土浸提液均能提高东南景天对土壤重金属的提取效率,其中施用两次液体菌肥的效果最好,东南景天对Cd提取量为0.34 mg·pot^(-1),是对照的3.1倍,泥炭土浸提液处理的东南景天Cd提取量为0.32 mg·pot^(-1),是对照的2.9倍,这两种处理对Cd的提取率较高,达到13%~15%,土壤全量Cd的降低幅度达到17.55%~20.41%。东南景天收获后种植水稻,落干条件下促进了水稻对Cd的吸收,稻米和茎叶的Cd提取量较对照增幅分别为30.31%~396.24%和12.36%~257.65%,其中在菌肥及泥炭土浸提液联合处理下水稻对Cd的吸收最大,稻米和茎叶的Cd含量分别为2.14 mg·kg^(-1)和2.88 mg·kg^(-1),水稻地上部对Cd总提取率达到3.15%。因此,施用两次菌肥是提高东南景天提取土壤Cd的有效措施,菌肥与泥炭土浸提液联合施用在落干条件下显著强化了水稻对土壤Cd的提取。

微生物蛋白激发子PeaT1的获得及诱导水稻抗旱性的初步研究

PeaT1是来源于极细链格胞菌(Alternaria tenuissima)的一种蛋白激发子,具有促进植物生长和提高抗逆性的功能。为了进一步研究该激发子的功能,构建了表达该蛋白质的原核表达载体pET28a-peaT1,诱导表达获得大量目的蛋白质。利用AKTA蛋白质纯化系统,通过亲和层析、离子交换层析和分子筛等纯化技术,获得高纯度的PeaT1蛋白。用不同浓度的纯化蛋白处理水稻,进行抗旱性检测,结果表明PeaT1可明显提高水稻的抗旱性。

新疆阿尔泰山不同泥炭地记录的全新世大气粉尘信息及其影响因素

本文以中国西北阿尔泰山铁力沙汗和哈拉萨孜泥炭地为研究对象,结合AMS^(14)C年代框架,高分辨率测定两处泥炭地柱芯中的微量元素和常量元素,分析中国西北高山区泥炭记录的全新世大气粉尘历史沉降过程及其影响因素。研究发现:铁力沙汗和哈拉萨孜记录的全新世大气粉尘通量分别为22.74~76.92 g/(m^(2)·a)和18.60~198.38 g/(m^(2)·a)。与铁力沙汗相比,哈拉萨孜泥炭中矿物元素主要来源于大气沉降,表现为早全新世和早−中全新世时期粉尘通量较高,中全新世后粉尘通量较低,更能代表区域粉尘活动历史变化。阿尔泰地区泥炭记录的全新世粉尘通量高于季风区,且在中全新世后通量下降的特征,与季风区泥炭记录的高粉尘通量的结论相反。粉尘来源和气候环境是导致不同区域粉尘通量变化存在差异的主要原因。中国西北干旱区粉尘源区的湿度和温度通过影响植被覆盖状况,对区域大气沉降过程产生影响,但局地环境和冻土变化差异,也会导致区域内不同载体记录的大气粉尘信息存在明显差异。本研究对更全面更准确地认识区域大气环境变化过程及其主要影响因素,具有科学意义。

Effects of peat and weathered coal on the growth of Pinus sylvestrisvar. mongolica seedlings on aeolian sandy soil

The experiment was conducted at the Ganqika Sandy Land Ecological Station in Ke抏rqinzuoyihouqi County, Inner Mongolia, in a growing season from April 28 to October 28, 2001. Peat and weathered coal were added to the aeolian sandy soil in different ratios. Two-year-old Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings and plastic pots were used in the experiment. The experimental results indicated that: 1) the peat and weathered coal could significantly improve the physical and chemical prop-erties of aeolian sandy soil, and thus promoted the growth of seedlings; 2) the effect of peat on seedling growth, including height, base diameter, root length and biomass, presented an order of 8%>10%>5%>2%>0 in terms of peat contents, and the effect of weathered coal on seedling growth presented an order of 5%>8%>10%>2%>0 in terms of weathered coal contents for height and basal diameter, 5%>8%>2% >10%>0 for root length, and 5%>2%>8% >10%>0 for biomass; 3) the effects of peat were generally greater than that of weathered coal. Meanwhile, 8% peat was the best treatment to promote the growth of P. sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings.

外施椰糠及泥炭土对高寒草甸鼠害型秃斑地的改良效果

高寒草甸鼠害型秃斑地是黑土滩型退化草地的起始阶段。为探究外施椰糠及泥炭土对秃斑地改良效果,本研究选取青藏高原东部玛曲县典型鼠害型秃斑地,以未采取治理措施的秃斑地为对照(CK),采取浅翻(SP)、浅翻(SP)+施椰糠(CF)、浅翻(SP)+施椰糠(CF)+施泥炭(PS)3种措施,调查3年内不同措施下秃斑地植物群落特征和土壤理化性状,并采用冗余分析法探讨环境因子对植物群落特征的影响。结果表明,3种处理措施下秃斑地恢复到第3年时:1)SP+CF处理下植物盖度、高度和生物量显著大于CK(P<0.05)。治理措施和年份间的交互作用,对植物盖度、高度、物种数和生物量具有显著影响。2)SP+CF处理与CK相比显著提高了土壤最大持水量、0-10 cm表层土壤N、P、有机质和C/P(P<0.05)。3)偏冗余分析表明,土壤有机质(OM)、土壤毛管持水量(Cc)和总孔隙度(Tp)对植物群落特征的方差解释净效应达显著水平(P<0.05)。综上,3种措施均可恢复秃斑地植被和土壤,其中浅翻与椰糠相结合的处理措施效果最好。

蛋白激发子PeaT1的高密度发酵及生理功能检测

PeaT1是从极细链格孢菌(Alternaria tenuissima)中提取出的一种植物蛋白激发子,具有促进植物生长,增强作物抗逆性的功能。由于该蛋白具有无残留、无毒副作用的优点,因此具有发展为生物农药的应用前景。在100L发酵罐中利用分批补料技术对PeaT1工程菌进行高密度发酵,通过AKTA蛋白纯化仪对发酵产物进行了亲和纯化,并检测了纯化所得蛋白对水稻在15℃低温下生长的影响。发酵最终菌体密度达80g/L,每升菌液纯化得到蛋白90mg,纯化所得蛋白能够促进水稻低温下的生长,具有激发子活性。