Study on Extraction of Pectin from Orange Peels

The comparison was conducted to investigate the higher extraction rate between two methods including alcohol deposition with acid hydrolysis and micro- wave-assistant extraction technique. The experimental results showed that the former method led to a better extraction effect. For the method of alcohol deposition with acid hydrolysis, the technique parameters were optimized through I.s （34 ） orthogonal e^periment based on the results of single factor experiments, after investi- gated the effect of solid to liquid ratio, pH, extraction temperature and extraction time on the pectin extraction rate. tersrm technique was employed to extract pectin. The selected parameter was obtained by means On the basis of the optimal technical parmne- of L16 （45） orthogonal experiment after studied the effect of solid to liquid ratio, extraction temperature, microwave treatment period, pH and microwave power on pectin extraction yield. Repetitive examinations of two methods were carried out separately, pectin extraction rate with the fLrst technique was 14.57% and that with the second method was 11.62%. The charac- teristics of the pectin sample prepared by alcohol deposition with acid hydrolysis were further investigated. The research demonstrated that mass percent of pectin was 87.23%. The esterification degree of pectin was 75.66% ,and pectin sample color was from creamy white to pale yellow.

Quantification of Flavonoids in Brazilian Orange Peels and Industrial Orange Juice Processing Wastes

The flavonoid content in orange peels of different Brazilian citrus varieties such as bahia, lima, lima-of-persian, morcote, pera, ponkan, seleta, cravo, kinkan and pomelo was assessed. Industry processing juice wastes such as bagasse, bagasse residues, animal feeding bagasse, pulp WEUE and CORE-wash were also analyzed. The HPLC analysis indicates that the most abundant flavonoids found in these Brazilian citrus peels are hesperidin and naringin. The solvents used are selective for flavonoid extraction, and depending on their polarity, glycoside or aglycone flavonoids are extracted. The use of multivariate analysis shows that DMSO is the best solvent to extract glycosides flavanones while hexane displays high selectivity in the extraction of polymethoxylated flavones. The flavonoids present in the orange wastes, obtained at different stages of the industrial processing, are qualitative and quantitatively different. The identification and quantification of the flavonoid composition in each Brazilian citrus variety were evaluated and allowed the selection of the best solvent for the extraction of each specific class of flavonoids. These compounds were found to be more abundant in the fruit peels than in their juices, revealing their great industrial potential. The residual portion of the processing juices is also rich in flavonoids, depending on the processing step.

Thermodynamic Properties of Chromium (III) Ion Adsorption by Sweet Orange (<i>Citrus sinensis</i>) Peels

The adsorption of Cr (III) ion from aqueous solution using orange peels as adsorbent was investigated using batch equilibrium technique. The research is significant as it’s aimed at investigating the suitability of orange peel, a waste product as adsorbent for the adsorption of Cr (III) ions from aqueous solution. Orange peel as an adsorbent is resource-saving and has an environmental friendly behavior. Adsorption envelope experiment was conducted using a constant Cr (III) ion concentration of 0.1 M, adsorbent dose of 2.5 g and a temperature of 30°C at varying solution pH of 2, 4, 7, 9 and 12 respectively with pH of 2 having the highest adsorption and therefore it was selected for use in the adsorption isotherm experiment. Adsorption isotherm experiment was conducted at varying temperatures (30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C), concentration (0.1 M, 0.2 M and 0.3 M) Cr(NO3)3. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG, ΔH, ΔHr, ΔA, and ΔS were calculated from the experimental data which showed that the adsorption process is feasible, spontaneous and followed physisorption mechanism 9H2O and adsorbent dosage (1 g, 1.5 g and 2 g) respectively. The experimental results were tested using Langmuir, Freundlich, Linear and Temkin adsorption isotherm models. The experimental data best fitted the Freundlich isotherm model. The experimental results revealed the suitability of orange peel which is a waste product as effective adsorbent for the sorption of chromium (III) ions from aqueous solution.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Orange and Lemon Peel Extract and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Properties

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extracts of orange and lemon peels, as a reducing agent, and silver nitrate salts as a source of silver ions is a promising field of research due to the versatility of biomedical applications of metal nanoparticles. In this paper, AgNPs were synthetized at different reaction parameters such as the type and concentration of the extracts, metal salt concentration, temperature, speed stirring, and pH. The antibacterial properties of the obtained silver nanoparticles against E. coli, as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of the synthesized silver nanoparticles, were investigated. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to confirm the formation of AgNPs. In addition to green biogenic synthesis, chemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles was also carried out. The optimal temperature for extraction was 65˚C, while for the synthesis of AgNPs was 35˚C. The synthesis is carried out in an acidic environment (pH = 4.7 orange and pH = 3.8 lemon), neutral (pH = 7) and alkaline (pH = 10), then for different concentrations of silver nitrate solution (0.5 mM - 1 mM), optimal time duration of the reaction was 60 min and optimal stirring speed rotation was 250 rpm on the magnetic stirrer. The physical properties of the synthesized silver nanoparticles (conductivity, density and refractive index) were also studied, and the passage of laser light through the obtained solution and distilled water was compared. Positive inhibitory effect on the growth of new Escherichia coli colonies have shown AgNPs synthesized at a basic pH value and at a 0.1 mM AgNO3 using orange or lemon peel extract, while for a 0.5 mM AgNO3 using lemon peel extract.

Characterization of adsorptive capacity and mechanisms on adsorption of copper, lead and zinc by modified orange peel

A novel adsorbent was prepared by modifying orange peel with sodium hydroxide and calcium chloride. The morphological and characteristics of the adsorbent were evaluated by infrared spectroscopy （IR）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and N2-adsorption techniques. The adsorption behavior of Cu^2＋, Pb^2＋ and Zn^2＋ on modified orange peel （SCOP） was studied by varying parameters like pH, initial concentration of metal ions. Equilibrium was well described by Langmuir equation with the maximum adsorption capacities for Cu^2＋, Pb^2＋ and Zn^2＋ of 70.73, 209.8 and 56.18 mg/g, respectively. Based on the results obtained in batch experiments, breakthrough profiles were examined using a column packed with SCOP for the separation of small concentration of Pb^2＋ from an excess of Zn^2＋ followed by elution tests. Ion exchange with Ca^2＋ neutralizing the carboxyl groups of the pectin was found to be the predominant mechanism.

Analysis of Orange Peel Defect in St14 Steel Sheet by Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD)

In this paper, the orange peel defect in the surface range of the st14 steel sheet has been investigated using the electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) technique. It has been found that the orange peel defect in the st14 steel sheet was resulted from the local coarse grains which were produced during hot-rolling due to the critical deformation in dual-phase zone. During deep drawing, the coarse grains with {100}<001> microtexture can slip on the {112}<111> slip system to form bulging and yields orange peel defects, while the coarse grains with {112}<110> orientation do not form the defect as the Schmid factor of {112}<111> slip system in it equals zero.

Effective removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions by orange peel xanthate

Preparation of orange peel xanthate and its adsorption behaviors of five heavy metals(Cu 2+ ,Cd 2+ ,Pb 2+ ,Zn 2+ and Ni 2+ ) were studied.FTIR spectra,Zeta potentials and TG analysis were used to characterize prepared orange peel xanthate.Effects of various parameters including equilibrium pH,initial metal ion concentration and adsorption time on the adsorption processes for the five metal ions were investigated.It was found that for all five metal ions,the adsorption isotherms agreed Langmuir model very well and the maximum adsorption capacities of Cu2 +,Cd 2+,Pb 2+,Zn 2+and Ni 2+were obtained as 77.60,76.57,218.34,49.85 and 15.45 mg/g,respectively.All adsorption processes can attain equilibrium within 20 min and kinetics was well fitted by psesudo-second order equation.It is proposed that the adsorption mechanism was complexation.

Analysis of surface orange peel of aluminum-alloy automobile sheet by using of EBSD and X-ray diffraction

The formation cause of orange peel of aluminum-alloy automotive sheet after tensile deformation was analysed by using X-ray diffraction and electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD).The test results showed that formation cause of surface orange peel after tensile deformation related to product texture and nonuniform deformation during the tensile process.The grain size has significant effect on deformation uniform and texture formation.Coarse grains were easy to produce nonuniform deformation and texture,which would produce surface orange peel after tensile deformation.

Quantitative analysis of orange peel during tension of 6063 alloy spun tubes

Severe surface roughening during plastic deforming of aluminum alloy parts can produce ＂orange peel＂ defects. To analyze ＂orange peel＂ of 6063 aluminum alloy tube quantificationally, the tensile tests of trapezoidal specimens were carried out. The tubes with different grain sizes were obtained by spinning and subsequent annealing heat treatment. The macroscopical behavior of surface roughening was characterized by surface roughness Ra using a laser scanning confocal microscope. The corresponding microscopic behavior was reflected by microstructures of specimens and in-situ observation using electron back-scattered diffraction（EBSD）. The obtained results show that the surface roughness increased firstly with increasing strain and then decreased slightly. There was a critical strain for aluminum alloy tube, below which ＂orange peel＂ defect would not occur. For the tube with a mean grain size of 80, 105, 130 and 175 μm, the critical strains were 10.17%, 5.74%, 3.15% and 1.62%, respectively. Meanwhile, the surface roughening behavior was produced by serious inhomogeneous deformation between grains as strain increased, and was aggravated as the grain size increased due to the larger local deformation in larger grains.

Kinetic and thermodynamic studies on biosorption of Cu(Ⅱ) by chemically modified orange peel

Cu(Ⅱ)biosorption by orange peel that was chemically modified with sodium hydroxide and calcium chloride was investigated.The effects of temperature,contact time,initial concentration of metal ions and pH on the biosorption of Cu(Ⅱ)ions were assessed.Thermodynamic parameters including change of free energy),(Θ-G enthalpy)( Θ -H and entropy(-S Θ)during the biosorption were determined.The results show that the biosorption process of Cu(Ⅱ)ions by chemically treated orange peel is feasible,spontaneous and exothermic under studied conditions.Equilibrium is well described by Langmuir equation with the maximum biosorption capacity(qm)for Cu(Ⅱ)as 72.73 mg/g and kinetics is found to fit pseudo-second order type biosorption kinetics.As the temperature increases from 16℃to 60℃,copper biosorption decreases.The loaded biosorbent is regenerated using HCl solution for repeatedly use for five times with little loss of biosorption capacity.

Morphology observation for surface orange peel and fracture in tension sample of aluminum-alloy sheet and characterization of nano hardness

The tension property of aluminum-alloy sheet with different microstructures is measured, and the surface and tension fracture morphology of tension sample with and without orange peel are observed by using scanning electron microscope （SEM）. Surface roughness and nano hardness of tension sample are measured. The results show that the average elongation of the samples with orange peel is lower than that without orange peel ; especially the r value of per- pendicular to the rolling direction is much lower than that without orange peel. The tension surface of the orange peel samples is very rough; various parameters of surface roughness are higher. Under the observation of SEM, a wider slid- ing band with a micro crack on the surface of orange peel sample can be found. The various parameters of surface rough- ness without orange peel sample are near to zero, the sliding band is narrow and without micro cracks. The dimple width in tensile fracture of orange peel sample is larger than that without orange peel sample, but shear lip is narrower. The nano hardness testing results show that samples with orange peel behave high elastic modulus, high hardness, and high maximum load, but low plastic deformation depth. These mentioned features can completely describe surface and frac- ture morphology of tension samt31es with oranze peel.

Characterization of purified <i>β</i>-glucosidase produced from <i>Trichoderma viride</i>through bio-processing of orange peel waste

In the present study, solid state fermentation was carried out using orange peel waste to produce β-glucosidase from Trichoderma viride. A locally isolated fungal strain T. viride was cultured in the solid state medium of orange peel (50% w/w moisture) under optimized fermentation conditions and maximum activity of 515 ± 12.4 U/mL was recorded after 4th day of incubation at pH 5.5 and 30℃. Indigenously produced β-glucosidase was subjected to the ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex-G-100 gel filtration chromatography. In comparison to the crude extract β-glucosidase was 5.1-fold purified with specific activity of 758 U/mg. The enzyme was shown to have a relative molecular weight of 62 kDa as evidenced by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified β-glucosidase displayed 6 and 60℃ as an optimum pH and temperature respectively.

Characterization of Exo 1, 4-<i>β</i>glucanase produced from <i>Tricoderma Viridi</i>MBL through solid-state bio-processing of orange peel waste

Agro-industrial residues are primarily composed of complex polysaccharides that strengthen the microbial growth for the production of industrially important enzymes like cellulases. In the present study we aimed to characterize the Exo 1, 4-β glucanase that was indigenously produced from Trichoderma viride MBL. T. viride MBL was cultured in the Solid-State medium of orange peel (50% w/w moisture) under optimized fermentation conditions and maximum activity of 412 ± 12 U/mL was recorded after 4th day of incubation at pH 5.5 and 30℃. Exo 1, 4-β glucanase was 4.17-fold purified with specific activity of 642 U/mg in comparison to the crude extract. To confirm its purity and molecular weight, sodium dodecyl sulphate poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS- PAGE) was performed. The enzyme was shown to have a molecular weight of 60 kDa with an optimum pH and temperature of 5 and 50℃, respectively. Lineweaver-Burk reciprocal plot revealed that the kinetic constants Km and Vmax of purified Exo 1, 4-β glucanase were 76 μM and 240 U/mL.

Effects of a flavonoid-enriched orange peel extract against type 2 diabetes in the obese ZDF rat model

Effects of an enriched orange peel extract(OPE)against type 2 diabetes(T2D)were analyzed in ZDF rats which were hyperglycemic,dyslipidemic and express pro-inflammatory markers.Glucose related parameters were lowered in the lean control and metformin group as compared to ZDF vehicle controls.OPE was well tolerated and induced a decline in fasted blood glucose and increase levels of fed glucose although to a lesser degree as compared to metformin.However,OPE did not improve glucose tolerance but showed significantly elevated glucose levels.Furthermore,OPE treatment caused an increase of free fatty acids in a dose-responsive manner as well as elevated levels of cholesterol and LDL.The analysis of inflammatory mediators revealed a significant down-regulation of COX-2,ICAM-1,and TNF-˛in epididymal adipose tissue in response to OPE to a higher degree as compared to ibuprofen.In whole blood,IL-4 was upregulated in a dose-responsive manner as measured by ELISA.In summary,lipophilic OPE showed strong anti-inflammatory effects in adipose tissue,ambivalent effects against hyperglycemia,whereas hyperlipidemia was increased.Our study emphasize the complexity of anti-diabetic regimen suggesting a treatment with OPE to reduce inflammation in adipose tissue in combination with antidiabetic therapeutics as promising strategy against T2D.

Viscous-flow properties and viscosity-average molecular mass of orange peel pectin

The viscous-flow properties of pectin from the residue of orange peel after extraction of essential oil and flavonoid were studied and the viscosity-average molecular mass(Mv,ave) of this kind of pectin was determined.Experimental results show that Arrhenius viscous-flow equation can be applied to describing the effect of temperature on viscosity of this kind of orange peel pectin solutions with the average viscous-flow activation energy being 17.91 kJ/mol(depending on the concentration).Neither power equation,η =K1 cA1,nor exponential equation,η=K2exp(A2c) can describe the effect of concentration on viscosity of this kind of orange peel pectin solutions well.However,it seems that exponential equation model is more suitable to describe their relation due to its higher linear correlation coefficient.Schulz-Blaschke equation can be used to calculate the intrinsic viscosity of this kind of orange peel pectin.The Mv,ave of the orange peel pectin is 1.65×105 g/mol.

On the formation of Basu’s Type Ⅲ(peeled orange) gunshot residues

In a famous paper published in 1982, a very special class of gunshot residue particles(GSR) was named by Samarendra Basu "peeled orange", due to their particular structure, consisting of a barium/antimony core covered by an outer lead leaflet. In this class of GSR particles the surface may show nodular structures of lead. Basu proposed an explanation in terms of a nucleus of antimony and barium that captures lead vapours produced after the explosion of a cartridge into a firearm: as solidification points of antimony and barium are close one another, both higher than solidification point of lead, he stated that lead occurs as a layer around the core in peeled orange GSR particles. In this paper we study the thermodynamic of the barium/antimony alloy and we hypothesize a formation process in terms of colloidal metal growth, charged particles and electrostatic attraction. We propose an updated model of formation for peeled orange GSR particles that explains the existence of outer lead leaflet and nodules in terms of electrostatic attraction of lead nanoparticles and instability of lead droplets.

Thermodynamic and Dynamic of Chromium Biosorption by Pectic and Lignocellulocic Biowastes

Orange peel (OP) and rice husk (RH) were tested as low-cost biosorbents for Cr(III) removal from aqueous solutions. Dynamics of the biosorption process indicated that intraparticle mass transfer represents the rate-limiting step in the system that attained equilibrium at 120 min. While the OP sorbent material was capable of taking up 39.11 mg Cr(III)/g at the optimum pH 4.4, RH immobilized 3.20 mg Cr(III)/g at the optimum pH 3.0. The fitting of different sorption isotherms models resulted in the best fit with the Langmuir isotherm model. The mean free energy of the metal sorption process was in the range of 8-16 kJ/M. Abiotic Cr(VI) reduction was observed at various contact times and Cr-laden biomass was characterized by XPS, XAFS and EPR spectroscopy. These instrumental analyses confirmed that Cr(VI) removed from the solution was reduced and bound to the biomass as Cr(III). Results indicated that OP and RH materials are efficient biosorbents for eliminating Chromium from aqueous solutions.

Effect of Diet Supplementation with Food Industry By-Products on Diabetic Rats

The present research work aimed to study the effects of 3 nutritional food industry by-products (orange peels, peanut skin peels and pomegranate peel) on regulating blood glucose level. 66 male adult Sprague-Dawely rats weighing 125 ± 5 g each were used. These rats were injected with alloxan for inducing diabetes. The negative control group consisted of rats fed on basal diet, while the positive control group consisted of (3 - 11) sub-groups fed on basal diet in addition to 5%, 7.5% and 10% of nutritional food industry by-products. After 4 weeks the effect of the different experimental diets on body weight gain, organs relative weight, blood glucose level, liver functions and kidney functions was recorded for the negative group and all the positive sub-groups. The results revealed that there was non-significant difference between all relative organ weights of liver, kidney and pancreas compared to control negative. Blood glucose level significantly decreased in all sub-groups compared to the control positive group.

Batch and fixed-bed column studies of selenite removal from contaminated water by orange peel-based sorbent

Orange peel is a biomass derived from citrus processing with desirable properties for metal sorption.In recent years,orange peel has been used to remove various heavy metals and toxic oxyanions.Selenium(Se)is an essential trace element for mammals.However,when the concentration of selenium exceeds an umbral limit,it becomes toxic.In this study,orange peel was used to treat Se(IV)-contaminated water.A high sorption capacity of 32.5 mg/g was obtained at a temperature of 20℃and a pH of 2.0.Hydroxyl groups bound Se(IV)to the surface of the orange peel.The sorption process was spontaneous and endothermic.A chemical sorption mechanism was involved in the removal of Se(IV).The Thomas and modified dose-response models were used to simulate the experimental breakthrough curves.The bed depth service time model was used to calculate the critical bed depth(Z0),and the calculated Z0 value was 1.6 cm.This study reveals that orange peel is a useful sorbent for Se(IV),and can be used for the purification of Se(IV)-contaminated water.©2020 Hohai University.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Eco-Friendly Production of Silver Nanoparticles from Peel of Tangerine for Degradation of Dye

Green chemistry methods for production of nanoparticles have many advantages, such as ease of use, which makes the methods desirable and economically viable. The aim of the present work was to green synthesise silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using aqueous tangerine peel extract in different ratios (2:1, 1:1, 1:2). The formed SNPs were characterised using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The UV-Vis spectra showed that the highest absorbance was observed when the ratio of peel tangerine extract to silver nitrate solution was 1:2. The transmission electron micrographs showed the formation of poly dispersed nanoparticles. It was found that the average diameter of the nanoparticles was 30.29 ± 5.1 nm, 16.68 ± 5.7 nm, and 25.85 ± 8.4 nm, using a tangerine peel solution and silver nitrate solution ratio of 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2, respectively. The formed SNPs were evaluated as catalysts for methyl orange dye degradation, and the results confirmed that SNPs can speed up the degradation of the dye.