Comparison of the effects of submerged laser peening,cavitation peening and shot peening on the improvement of the fatigue strength of magnesium alloy AZ31

To investigate the improvement in the fatigue strength of magnesium alloy by peening methods,magnesium alloy AZ31 was treated by submerged laser peening(SLP),cavitation peening(CP),and shot peening(SP),and the fatigue properties were evaluated by a plane bending fatigue test.In the case of SLP,both the impact induced by laser ablation(LA)and that caused by laser cavitation(LC),which developed after LA,were used.In the present study,the fatigue life at a constant bending stress was examined to determine the suitable coverage.It was found that the fatigue strengths at N=10^(7)for the SLP,CP,and SP specimens treated by each optimum condition were 56%,18%,and 16%higher,respectively,than that of the non-peened(NP)specimen,which was 97 MPa.The key factors in the improvement of fatigue strength by peening methods were work hardening and the introduction of compressive residual stress.

Effect of Shot Peening on Surface Damage Evolution Behavior of Cu-19Ni Alloy

Shot peening is a surface modification technology with the metal surface nano machine(SNC),which can modify the surface microstructure and extend the fatigue life of Cu-19Ni alloy.The hardness,damage evolution and mechanical properties were investigated and characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM),laser confocal microscope(LSM)and material surface performance tester(CFT).The results showed that the surface roughness and friction coefficient of Cu-19Ni alloy decreased with the increase of shot peening duration and diameter,while the microhardness and strength increased.Moreover,with the increase in shot peening duration and diameter,SEM observation showed that the fracture dimples became smaller,meanwhile,with the increase of small cleavage planes,shear tearing ridges and the thickness of the surface nano layer,the fracture mode gradually evolved from plastic to brittle fracture.The uniaxial tensile test of shot peened Cu-19Ni alloy was carried out by MTS testing machine combined with digital image correlation technology(DIC).The evolution of Cu-19Ni surface damage was analyzed,and the evolution equations describing the damage of large deformation zone and small deformation zone were established.The effect of shot peening on the damage evolution behavior of Cu-19Ni alloy was revealed.

A new method of welding with trailing peening for controlling welding stress and distortion

In order to control welding stress and distortion, a new welding with trailing peening method based on the electromagnetic hammer was developed. This method uses the idea of constant frequency pulse width modulation for designing the control circuit of peening force and peening freqneney. The peening force can be adjusted between 0 and 1 000 N and the peening frequency ranges from 0 to 25 Hz. Peening force is applied to the weld metal and the weld toe during the welding by peening head. The experiments show that the method is portable and flexible, and it can adjust the distribution state of welding residual stress, making grain refinement. When the peening force is changed to 700 N and the peening frequency to 3 Hz, both the transverse and longitudinal residual stresses will drop obviously.

Water and Shot Peening of Aluminum 7020

Water jet peening is a young technology compared to the traditional shot peening.It is a suitable method to induce compressive residual stresses in surface layers of materials with low tensile strength.The roughness is relatively low.In this study,water jet peening and shot peening is compared concerning induced compressive residual stresses and roughness at Aluminum 7020.These two parameters influence essentially the durability of a component.

Numerical Calculation and Experimental Research on Residual Stresses in Precipitation-hardening Layer of NAK80 Steel for Shot Peening

Shot peening can improve fatigue strength of materials by creating compressive residual stress field in their surface layers,and offers a protection against crack initiation and propagation,corrosion,etc.And fatigue fracture and stress corrosion cracking of NAK80 steel parts are improved effectively.Currently there lacks in-depth research in which the beneficial effect of the residual stress may be offset by the surface damage associated with shot peening,especially in terms of the research on the effective control of shot peening intensity.In order to obtain the surface residual stress field of NAK80 steel after shot peening,the samples are shot peened by pneumatic shot peening machine with different rules.The residual stress in the precipitation-hardening layer of NAK80 steel is measured before and after a shot peening treatment by X-ray diffraction method.In order to obtain true residual stress field,integral compensation method is used to correct results.By setting up analytical model of the residual stress in the process of shot peening,the surface residual stress is calculated after shot peening,and mentioning the reason of errors occurred between calculated and experimental residual stresses,which is mainly caused by the measurement error of the shoot arc height.At the same time,micro hardness,microstructure and roughness in the precipitation-hardening layer of NAK80 steel before and after shot peening were measured and surveyed in order to obtain the relation between shot peening strength and surface quality in the precipitation-hardening layer.The results show that the surface quality of NAK80 steel is significantly improved by shot peening process.The over peening effect is produced when the shot peening intensity is too high,it is disadvantageous to improve sample＇s surface integrity,and leading to reduce the fatigue life.When arc high value of optimal shot peening is 0.40 mm,the surface quality is the best,and the depth of residual stress in the precipitation-hardening layer reaches to about 450 μm.Numerical calculation is very useful to define the process parameters when a specific residual stress profile is intended,either to quantify the benefits on a specific property like fatigue life or to help on modeling a forming process like shot peen forming.In particular,the proposed parameter optimization in the progress of shot peening and effective control of the surface texture provide new rules for the quantitative evaluations of shot peening surface modification of NAK80 steel.

Simulation on Residual Stress of Shot Peening Based on a Symmetrical Cell Model

The symmetrical cell model is widely used to study the residual stress induced by shot peening. However, the correlation between the predicted residual stresses and the shot peening coverage, which is a big challenge for the researchers of the symmetrical cell model, is still not established. Based on the dynamic stresses and the residual stresses outputted from the symmetrical cell model, the residual stresses corresponding to full coverage are evalu- ated by normal distribution analysis. The predicted nodal dynamic stresses with respect to four corner points indicate that the equi-biaxial stress state exists only for the first shot impact. Along with the increase of shot number, the interactions of multiple shot impacts make the fluctuation of the nodal dynamic stresses about an almost identical value more and more obvious. The mean values and standard deviations of the residual stresses gradually tend to be stable with the increase of the number of shot peening series. The mean values at each corner point are almost the same after the third peening series, which means that an equi-biaxial stress state corresponding to the full coverage of shot peening is achieved. Therefore, the mean values of the nodal residual stresses with respect to a specific transverse cross-section below the peened surface can be used to correlate the measured data by X-ray. The predicted residual stress profile agrees with the experimental results very well under 200% peening coverage. An effective correlation method is proposed for the nodal residual stresses predicted by the symmetrical cell model and the shot peening coverage.

Improving the fatigue property of welded joints for AZ31 magnesium alloy by ultrasonic peening treatment

The fatigue property of AZ31 magnesium alloy and its TIG welded joints were investigated. The ultrasonic peening treatment （UPT） was used to improve the fatigue property of the TIG welded joints, which was treated at the weld toe by the UPT process. The test results show that the fatigue strength of the base metal of AZ31 magnesium alloys is 57.8 MPa, and those of the fillet joint and the transverse cross joint are respectively 20. 0 MPa and 17.2 MPa at 2 × 10^6 cycles. The fatigue strengths of two kinds of welded joints treated by the UPT are respectively 30. 3 MPa and 24. 7 MPa, which have been improved by 51.5% and 43.6%, respectively. The fatigue life of the fillet joint specimens is prolonged by about 2. 74 times and the fatigue life of the transverse cross joint specimens is prolonged by about 1.05 times when the stress range is at 40. 0 MPa.

The tribological behavior of a surface-nanocrystallized magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet after ultrasonic shot peening treatment

A magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet was processed by ultrasonic shot peening treatment to fabricate a surface nanocrystalline,and a ball-on-disk dry sliding wear test was performed to evaluate the tribological behavior after treatment.The microstructure observation indicated a gradient nanocrystalline structure was formed after USSP treatment.The microhardness at the top surface was improved from 60 HV to 145 HV after treatment.The formed nanocrystalline resulted in an easy formation of MgO patches on the surface and reduced the coefficient of friction.Moreover,the formed nanocrystalline leaded to a retard of delamination with increasing the sliding speed and applied load,which was due to its stronger sub-surface.Under high sliding speed(0.5 m/s)and high applied load(50 N),it was firstly found that the formed nanocrystalline prevented the happening of thermal softening and melting.The possible reasons accounting for the prevention of thennal softening and melting were discussed accordingly.

Improving Tribological Performance of Gray Cast Iron by Laser Peening in Dynamic Strain Aging Temperature Regime

A high and stable brake disc friction coefficient is needed for automobile safety, while the coefficient degrades due to elevated temperature during the braking process. There is no better solution except changes in material composition and shape design optimization. In the dynamic strain aging（DSA） temperature regime of gray cast iron, micro-dimples with different dimple depth over diameter and surface area density are fabricated on the material surface by laser peening（LP） which is an LST method. Friction behavior and wear mechanism are investigated to evaluate the effects of surface texturing on the tribological performance of specimens under dry conditions. Through LP impacts assisted by DSA, the friction coefficients of the LPed specimens increase noticeably both at room temperature and elevated temperature in comparison to untreated specimens. Moreover, the coefficient of specimen with dimple depth over diameter of 0.03 and surface area density of 30% is up to 0.351 at room temperature, which dramatically rises up to 1.33 times that of untextured specimen and the value is still up to 0.3305 at 400℃ with an increasing ratio of 35% compared to that of untreated specimen. The surface of textured specimen shows better wear resistance compared to untreated specimen. Wear mechanism includes adhesive wear, abrasive wear and oxidation wear. It is demonstrated that LP assisted by DSA can substantially improve wear resistance, raise the friction coefficient as well as its stability of gray cast iron under elevated temperatures. Heat fade and premature wear can be effectively relieved by this surface modification method.

OXIDATION RESISTANCE OF NANOCRYSTAL ODS ALUMINIDE COATINGS PRODUCED BY PACK ALUMINIZING PROCESS ASSISTED BY BALL PEENING

Nanocrystal ODS （oxide dispersion strengthening） aluminide coatings were produced on a stainless steel and nickel-based superalloy by the pock aluminizing process assisted by ball peening, Pure Al powders and 1% of ultra-fine Y2O3 powders were mixed by ball milling. The ultra-fine Y2O3 powders were dispersed in Al particles. Ball peening welded the Al particles onto the substrate and accelerated the formation of aluminide coating. Nanocrystal ODS aluminide coatings were produced by the outward growth at a much low temperature （below 600℃） in a short treatment time. The effects of the operation temperature and treatment time on the formation of the coatings were analyzed. SEM （scanning electron microscope）, AFM （atomic force microscope）, EDS （energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy）, XRF （X-ray fluorescence spectrometer） and XRD （X-ray diffraction） methods were applied to investigate the microstructure of the coatings. High-temperature oxidation tests were carried out to evaluate the oxidation resistance of the ODS aluminide coatings.

Effects of Shot Peening Process on Thermal Cycling Lifetime of TBCs Prepared by EB-PVD

Conventional two-layered thermal barrier coatings （TBCs） are prepared by electron beam physical vapor deposition （EB-PVD） with ZrO2-8 wt% Y2O3 （8YSZ） as top coat and CoCrAlY as bond coat on disk-shaped Ni based super-alloy. In this paper, three kinds of shot peening process with different lengths of operating time were adopted for bond coating. As a result, changes took place in its surface roughness and the surface micro-hardness. A thermal cycling test at 1 273 Kx55 rain and another at room temperature for 5 min were performed to study the effects of shot peening process on the thermal cycling lifetime of TBCs. It is found that a moderate shot peening process will be able to prolong the life time. The oxidation dynamic of the as-processed TBCs basically accords with the parabolic rule, and the oxidation test also attests to the spallation between YSZ and thermal growth oxide （TGO） responsible mainly for the failure of TBCs.

Surface nanocrystallization of commercial pure titanium by shot peening

The surface nanostructures of commercial pure titanium was realized by the modified shot peening equipment commonly used in industry through the special treatment process. The results show that high-energy-shot-peening(HESP) commonly used to prepare nanostructured surface layers can be achieved by the increase of pill size, pill speed, and treatment time in the commercial shot peening equipment. XRD, SEM and TEM were used to characterize the surface layer microstructure of treated specimens. The analytic results show that the main deformation mode of commercial pure Ti is twinning. At the beginning of deformation, the dislocations are formed and twins occur within or on plane, then twins in intersection plane appear, and at last the twin characteristics disappear in the surface layer after longer treatment time. The deformation layer depth increases with treatment time in a certain period when the pill size and speed are unchanged. And in the severe plastic deformation (SPD) layer in which the twins are not identified easily by using SEM, the nanocrystalline microstructures are found under TEM. The finest grain size in the surface layer is about 40 nm, and the depth of nanostructured layers is over 60 μm. The microhardness of the nanostructured surface layers is enhanced significantly after shot peening compared with that of the initial simple.

Enhancing the surface hardness and roughness of engine blades using the shot peening process

The effects of shot peening on the mechanical properties of steel 1070 were studied to enhance the material’s properties and surface characteristics.In this study,pressure and exposure time were the main parameters governing surface hardness and surface roughness.The optimal time duration and pressure were determined after several experimental trials.Changes in hardness and surface roughness were monitored as the pressure of the shot and the exposure time were varied.Furthermore,the microstructure was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and the images were enhanced by image processing techniques to evaluate the surface changes.Pareto charts were constructed to estimate the effects of pressure and time on both surface hardness and surface roughness.The novelty of this study is the concentration on engine blades which are frequently used in aircrafts to determine the optimal time–pressure combination for shot peening to achieve suitable mechanical and surface properties.The results show that shot peening pressure(up to 482.6 kPa for 7 min)has positive effect on enhancing the surface and mechanical properties for steel 1070 blades;however,an increase in either pressure or time above that level adversely affected both surface hardness and surface roughness.

Surface nanostructures in commercial pure Ti induced by high energy shot peening

The high-energy shot peening (HESP) technique was used to obtain the surface nanocrystalline microstructure for a hcp metal titanium. XRD, SEM and TEM were applied to characterize the microstructure of the surface layer. Large amount of the deformation twins in the surface layer were observed by SEM in the specimens after HESP treatment in a shot-time, and the number of deformation twins both in a single plane and in intersecting planes increases with HESP time, until the twin character disappears completely in the top surface layer, which means that the severe plastic deformation(SPD) occurs on the surface. The XRD analysis results show that after HESP treatmen for 30 - 60 min the surface grain size decreases to nanoscale. According to the TEM images and corresponding diffraction patterns from SPD areas of the 120 min-treatment specimen, the measured grain size near the surface is about 20 - 30 nm. The grain size in deformation layer increases with the depth from the surface, and the nanostructured layer is about 20 μm in depth. Therefore, the surface nanocrystalline and a gradient microstructure from the surface to the matrix are obtained, which results in the micro-hardness decreasing from surface to the matrix gradually.

Femtosecond laser shockwave peening ablation in liquids for hierarchical micro/nanostructuring of brittle silicon and its biological application

This paper presents a new technique,termed femtosecond laser shock peening ablation in liquids(fs-LSPAL),which can realize simultaneous crack micro/nanomanufacturing and hierarchical micro/nanolaser ablation,giving rise to the formation of diverse multiscale hierarchical structures,such as macroporous ratcheted structures and enéchelon microfringes decorated with parabolic nanoripples.Through analysis of surface morphologies,many phenomena have been confirmed to take place during fs-LSPAL,including enéchelon cracks,nanostriation,ripple densification,crack branching,and selective formation of high spatial frequency laser-induced periodic surface structures of 100–200 nm in period.At a high laser power of 700 mW,fs-LSPAL at scanning speeds of 0.2 mm s^-1 and 1 mm s^-1 enables the generation of height-fluctuated and height-homogeneous hierarchical structures,respectively.The height-fluctuated structures can be used to induce‘colony’aggregates of embryonic EB3 stem cells.At 200 mW,fs-LSPAL at 1 mm s^-1 is capable of producing homogeneous tilt macroporous structures with cracked structures interleaved among them,which are the synergistic effects of bubble-induced light refraction/reflection ablation and cracks.As shown in this paper,the conventional laser ablation technique integrated with its self-driven unconventional cracking under extreme conditions expands the horizons of extreme manufacturing and offers more opportunities for complex surface structuring,which can potentially be used for biological applications.

Fretting Fatigue Improvement of Ti6Al4V by Coating and Shot Peening

Ion beam enhanced deposition (IBED) was employed to increase the fretting fatigue resistance of Ti6AI4V. CrN and TiN hard coatings were applied on the base material and shot peening was combined with the hard coatings to study the duplex effect on fretting fatigue resistance. The IBED coatings exhibited a good bonding strength. They did not spall off even after shot peening. However, an optimum composition of CrN showed better fretting fatigue resistance than that of TiN with the same processing parameters.

Effective femtosecond laser shock peening on a Mg-3Gd alloy at low pulse energy 430 μJ of 1 kHz

In this paper,microstructure evolution and hardness of Mg-3 Gd alloy treated by femtosecond(fs)laser shock peening(LSP)with direct and confined ablation m odes were investigated in detail.Under a relatively low pulse energy of 430μJ with a repetition of 1 kHz,the surface hardness of sample has been enhanced by 70%effectively.Comp a r e d with ns-LSP with pulse fluence of 71.7J/cm2,fs-LSP with pulse fluence of 34.2 J/cm2 is superior in the hardness increment,both of which are in the same order of magnitude.A distinct grain refinement of surface layer has been discovered and results in the increase of hardness.Nonuse of absorption and confining layers and the employment of the industry commercial fs laser with high repetition can inspire big potential L S P application in special metal material.©2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Chongqing University.

Influence of multiple laser shock peening treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated by electron beam melting

Laser shock peening(LSP)is an attractive post-processing method to tailor surface microstructure and enhance mechanical performances of additive manufactured(AM)components.The effects of multiple LSP treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V part produced by electron beam melting(EBM),as a mature AM process,were studied in this work.Microstructure,surface topography,residual stress,and tensile performance of EBM-manufactured Ti-6Al-4V specimens were systematically analyzed subjected to different LSP treatments.The distribution of porosities in EBM sample was assessed via X-ray computed tomography.The results showed that EBM samples with two LSP treatments possessed a lower porosity value of 0.05%compared to the value of 0.08%for the untreated samples.The strength of EBM samples with two LSP treatments was remarkably raised by 12%as compared with the as-built samples.The grains ofαphase were refined in near-surface layer,and a dramatic increase in the depth and magnitude of compressive residual stress(CRS)was achieved in EBM sample with multiple LSP treatments.The grain refinement ofαphase and CRS with larger depth were responsible for the strength enhancement of EBM samples with two LSP treatments.