Similarities and differences in the peering-jump behavior of three grasshopper species （Orthoptera： Caelifera）

The peering-jump behavior was studied for the common field grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus, the meadow grasshopper C. parallelus and the alpine grasshopper Miramella alpina （Orthoptera, Caelifera）. It was found that immediately before jumping M. alpina executes primarily unilateral object-related peering movements, with approximately twice the amplitude and velocity of the predominantly bilateral object-related peering movements of the other two species. Whereas M. alpina almost always jumped toward the black stripes in the experimental arena, the other species jumped toward both the black stripes and the white spaces between them. All three species preferred the same pattern of black stripes, which permitted them to view one black stripe frontally, with an additional black stripe to the left and right, in the lateral visual field. The similarities and differences in the peering-jump behavior of the three grasshopper species is discussed with regard to visual perception （parallax cues） and environmental adaptation.

The Relationship between Father-Love Absence and Loneliness:Based on the Perspective of the Social Functionalist Theory and the Social Needs Theory

Fathers play an important role in adolescents’development,which is significant for their development and influences their mental health,including feeling of loneliness.However,the effects and mechanisms of father-love absence on individual loneliness are not clear.Based on the social functionalist theory and the social needs theory,this study examines the influence of individual fatherlove absence on loneliness and its underlying mechanisms.A questionnaire survey was administered to 319 junior high school students and 1,476 high school students.The results showed that adolescents with father-love absence had higher levels of loneliness,and that father-love absence affected loneliness levels through mediating pathways of individual gratitude,peer relationships,and gratitude to peer relationships.This study not only confirms the negative effects of father-love absence on adolescents’loneliness,but also explains the mediate roles of individual gratitude and peer relationships.It enriches the theoretical system related to family education and has important theoretical and practical implications for further interventions on adolescents’mental health from the perspective of fatherless parenting.

The Effectiveness of Peer Feedback on Second Language Writing

Peer feedback is a widely utilized practice in writing classrooms for second languages(L2)that has drawn a lot of attention.While some support the practice because of the clear advantages that peer feedback offers students,others doubt its efficacy.Comparing various forms of feedback is therefore necessary,as is determining the effects that peer feedback has on students and the variables that might affect how successful peer feedback is.This paper focuses on the usefulness of peer feedback for L2 writing,based on a review of studies on the subject.The findings imply that the functions of peer and teacher feedback are distinct,and that peer feedback is advantageous to both parties,particularly to the supplier.The attitudes and cultural backgrounds of the students are among the other factors that affect how effective peer feedback is.Lastly,some implications for future research and education are presented.

Can Social Support be Protective against Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents from 24 Low- and Middle-Income Countries?

Background:Adolescents are highly vulnerable to depressive symptoms worldwide partially because of limited social supports.However,it still remains largely unknown regarding the associations between social support(s)and depressive symptoms among adolescents living in low-and middle-income countries(LMICs).The aim of this study aimed to explore the associations between different types of social support and depressive symptoms in adolescents from LMICs.Methods:Data were retrieved from the Global School-based Health Survey(GSHS)in which 92,551 adolescents(50.6%females)were included with mean of 15.6 years.Depressive symptoms in the past one month as the dependent variable were measured in combination with social support(was measured by“During the past 30 days,how often were most of the students in your school kind and helpful?”).Multivariable logistic regression and meta-analysis of country-wise estimates were performed to investigate the associations between social support and depressive symptoms,and the heterogeneity of the associations across the countries,respectively.Results:The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 30.9%of adolescents from LMICs.Peer support and parental connectedness were two major factors that were significantly associated with depression symptoms in adolescents.However,the associations of peer support and parental connectedness with depressive symptoms were significant in males and females,respectively.The country-wise analysis indicated that varied inconsistency(small to large)across the associations of peer support and parental connectedness with depressive symptoms in adolescents.Conclusion:Results in this study provides multi-national evidence of the protective roles of social support against depressive symptoms among adolescents.However,the association between social support and depression symptoms may be moderated by sex and types of social support.Although we found that social sup-port may be an important protective factor against depressive symptoms in adolescents from LMICs,specifically designed interventions should be implemented based on sex difference and country difference.

Diffusion tensor imaging in the courtroom:Distinction between scientific specificity and legally admissible evidence

Interest and uptake of science and medicine peer-reviewed literature by readers outside of a paper’s topical subject,field or even discipline is ever-expanding.While the application of knowledge from one field or discipline to others can stimulate innovative solutions to problems facing modern society,it is also fraught with danger for misuse.In the practice of law in the United States,academic papers are submitted to the courts as evidence in personal injury litigation from both the plaintiff(complainant)and defendant.Such transcendence of an academic publication over disciplinary boundaries is immediately met with the challenge of application by a group that inherently lacks in-depth knowledge on the scientific method,the practice of evidence-based medicine,or the publication process as a structured and internationally synthesized process involving peer review and guided by ethical standards and norms.A modern-day example of this is the ongoing conflict between the sensitivity of diffusion tensor imaging(DTI)and the legal standards for admissibility of evidence in litigation cases of mild traumatic brain injury(mTBI).In this review,we amalgamate the peer-reviewed research on DTI in mTBI with the court’s rationale underlying decisions to admit or exclude evidence of DTI abnormalities to support claims of brain injury.We found that the papers which are critical of the use of DTI in the courtroom reflect a primary misunderstanding about how diagnostic biomarkers differ legally from relevant and admissible evidence.The clinical use of DTI to identify white matter abnormalities in the brain at the chronic stage is a valid methodology both clinically as well as forensically,contributes data that may or may not corroborate the existence of white matter damage,and should be admitted into evidence in personal injury trials if supported by a clinician.We also delve into an aspect of science publication and peer review that can be manipulated by scientists and clinicians to publish an opinion piece and misrepresent it as an unbiased,evidencebased,systematic research article in court cases,the decisions of which establish precedence for future cases and have implications on future legislation that will impact the lives of every citizen and erode the integrity of science and medicine practitioners.

基于“情感”的英语戏剧表演课程“PEER”教学模式建构与实践

学生情感能力的培养在人文教育中具有重要地位,关于英语戏剧表演课程的探究更不能脱离“情感”这一要素。英语戏剧表演课程在体验式学习论和输入-互动-输出交际理论基础上,以“情感”为切入点,建构由“感知-探索-表达-反思”构成的“PEER”教学模式。将情感感知、情感表达、情感反思融入文本解读与表演实践两个维度,并综合多项教学活动,引导学生“由外而内”进而“由内而外”地感知、调动与表达特定情感,以提升学生情感能力。课程教学效果的提升则可以从文本解读、舞台设计、戏剧表演、学习习惯、教师素养五个方面着手,以积极应对教学中的常见问题,推动课程教学情感目标的实现。

Culture, Beliefs, Attitude and Peer Group Influence on Female Genital Mutilation in Southeast Nigeria

Background: Female Genital Mutilation is still practiced in Ebonyi State in Southeast Nigeria, despite the complications that follows it and government legislation against the practice. Aim: To determine the impact of Culture, Beliefs, attitude and Peer Group Influence on the persistence Female Genital Mutilation practice in the State especially in the rural areas. Materials and Methods: Qualitative study that used Focused Group Discussion and In-depth interviews for data collection. Those willing and given consent were recruited into the group discussion according to age, marital status, educational level and their location in the state. In-depth interviews were used with the Stake Holders, Opinion Leaders, Traditional Rulers and the Clergy. Result: A total of 454 participants were recruited from the 13 local government areas of Ebonyi State but only 420 (92.5%) participated. The age ranges of participants were 25 to 35 years for single males and females while the married participants male and female were aged 35 to 70 years. One hundred single females (23.8%) and 94 single males (21.4%) participated while 97 (23.1%) married women and 95 (22.6%) married men participated. Out of the 26 health workers recruited only 22 (5.2%) participated. Four traditional rulers, 4 women leaders, 4 youth leaders and 2 clergy 12 (2.9%) in number had in-depth interviews. All the participants had knowledge of FGM and its practice. Rural health workers are getting more involved. ‘Female Genital Crushing’ is replacing actual cutting. The participants all agreed there is no benefit and the practice should stop. Conclusion: Female Genital Mutilation is secretly practiced and is getting replaced by “Female Genital Crushing” perpetrated by rural health workers as well as mothers, fathers, traditional birth attendants and the peer group playing a major role with low knowledge of the Law against Female genital mutilation.

Online Peer Advice: Giving Advice on Chinese Social Networking Sites

This study investigates advice-giving in peer-to-peer comment sections on Chinese social networking sites. The results show that advice, explanation, experience, and assessment are the four most frequent discursive moves in Chinese advice given by peers on social networking sites. Involvement, mitigation, and face-threatening strategies are also utilized frequently by those peers to give directives and express empathy and solidarity on Chinese online sites, thereby building supportive relationships among them in online communities. The online peer advice-giving in this study is influenced by multiple aspects of the platform, participants, and language use, presenting distinctive characteristics that differ from other studies.

Teaching Practice Communities in Higher Education:Roles and Strategies

In view of the problem of lacking peer coaching among college teachers,taking teachers in local universities in Hangzhou as the research subject,the paper analyzes the relationship between peer coaching and teachers’professional development.The paper then proposes to establish teaching practice communities in higher education,which is of great significance to improve the teaching quality and promote the professional development of university teachers.Strategies for constructing teaching practice communities are also discussed.

高中英语教学:探索“Peer Pressure”对青少年的影响

引言在现代教育中,“Peer Pressure”(同伴压力)已逐渐成为高中英语教学中的核心议题。在这关键的成长阶段,青少年对外界评价极为敏感,尤其在英语学习这一领域。同伴压力在高中英语教学中的影响。高中英语不仅是语法和词汇的学习,更关乎跨文化交际和批判性思维的培养。同伴压力可能会改变学生的学习动机,导致他们选择不适合的学习策略,甚至影响学习成果。例如,过于追求分数可能会使学生失去真正的交际能力。

基于P2P系统应用层组播在流媒体中的应用

由于live流是一种高带宽的应用,甚至当为数不多的客户同时采用单播从一个源请求流时,也可以使服务器的带宽饱和。作为有效解决方法的IP组播因为缺乏广泛的支持而逐渐被应用层组播代替。本文在peer to peer系统上采用以树为基础的应用层组播结构,实现用客户自己的带宽传输流媒体以缓解服务器附近的拥塞问题。在该结构中,每个客户peer端在应用层与传输层之间加入peering层,实现结点之间的协调和建立、维护组播树。

一种基于信誉和风险评价的分布式P2P信任模型

针对目前大规模P2P系统不能有效处理恶意节点攻击的问题,该文提出一种新的基于信誉与风险评价的P2P系统信任模型,该模型考虑到节点的动态行为影响信任度计算的不确定性,引入风险因素,并提出采用信息熵理论来量化风险,将实体之间的信任程度和信任的不确定性统一起来。仿真试验及分析表明,该信任模型能够有效识别恶意节点,相比已有的一些信任模型较大程度地提高了系统成功交易率,可以使节点之间更有效地建立信任关系。

基于P2P技术的流媒体服务模型研究

探讨了现有的流媒体集中式(客户机-服务器-客户机)服务模型,及现阶段基于该方式的各种改进服务方式:内容传播网络、集群服务器、组播技术。研究了基于P2P技术的流媒体混和式服务模型,并在Windows操作系统下用Java2语言对该模型客户端进行实现,并且指出该模型的优点和不足之处。

P2P信任模型研究

在Peer-to-Peer网络中,由于节点的异构性、自治性等特点,节点兴趣和评价标准的不同会造成对服务节点的不公平评价,影响P2P网络的服务质量.针对这一问题,提出一种基于节点兴趣差异的P2P信任模型,用于量化和评估推荐的可信程度,根据节点间的兴趣相似性来确定对推荐的采纳程度,访问节点更倾向于相信与自身兴趣相似的推荐节点的评价.给出了推荐信息的放置方法及信任值求解算法.分析及仿真实验表明,该模型可以有效地提高P2P网络的服务质量.

一种基于Peer-to-Peer技术的Web缓存共享系统研究

提出了一种基于 peer to peer技术的分布式Web缓存共享系统:BuddyWeb.该系统的核心理念是让企业网络中的所有PC能够相互共享浏览器中的本地缓存,从而形成一个高效的、大规模的分布式缓存共享系统,并使系统具备易管理、易实现、低成本等优点;接着详细阐述了 BuddyWeb的工作原理和算法策略;然后,针对 Buddy Web系统的特性提出了仿真实验模型和评估方法.实验结果证明了BuddyWeb在命中率、网络通信流量负荷、系统响应延迟等诸方面均能取得令人满意的效果.

一种改进的Chord路由算法

如何有效地确定存储给定数据项的节点在P2P中非常重要。Chord是一种比较成功的P2P路由算法,但是Chord的路由表存在严重的信息冗余。提出了一种对Chord的改进算法,继承了Chord算法简单、高效、可靠、负载平衡及开销少的优点,对Chord的路由表提出了改造,增加了路由表中的有效信息,提高了查询效率。

基于CFS的P2P文件共享系统的研究

文章提出一种基于CFS的P2P文件共享系统。

太阳能喷射式制冷系统能耗与经济性分析

选用大金的1P挂壁机FTXD25DV2C,对蒸气压缩式制冷循环(VCRC)和太阳能喷射式制冷循环(SERC)进行了能耗比较.能耗从火用和一次能源能效比(PEER)方面分析,SERC的火用效率为0.065,VCRC的火用效率可以达到0.392 1.SERC在集热器和喷射器中能源的利用率不高,火用损失最大.VCRC的一次能源能效比为2.60,而与此相比SERC的一次能源能效比为5.26.但是即使SERC的使用寿命是VCRC的3倍,SERC的初投资的年度化成本依然比VCRC高出三分之一.

Peer-to-Peer环境下的信任模型研究

开放、共享、匿名的peer-to-peer网络已经取得了越来越多的应用,无中心时等的特性也吸引了越来越多的用户,但同时也成为了网络攻击者传播恶意内容或病毒的温床。由于其网络中的节点不受约束,节点间存在着自愿的交易行为,因此节点之间的信任很难通过传统网络的机制来制约和建立。本文旨在通过借鉴人类社会网络中的信任关系来建立一种信任模型,通过定义一系列信任的因子,用以制约用户行为,同时为用户寻求服务前提供参考。最后通过和其他信任模型的对比,我们的模型能够有效地激励用户提供反馈,遏制节点的不诚实行为。

一种减少网间P2P流量的Peer选择算法

为合理引导对等网络(P2P)的流量,减少关键位置的带宽占用,该文以常用P2P软件BitTorrent(BT)为例,提出一种基于片段融合度的peer选择算法,使得在BT下载效率降低很少的同时,减少了BT流量。通过建模与分析,证明该算法可以大大减少P2P的网间流量。