In vitro anti-hyaluronidase activity of Sri Lankan low grown orthodox orange pekoe grade black tea(Camellia sinensis L.)

Objective:To access the anti-hyaluronidase activity of Sri Lankan low grown orthodox orange pekoe（OP） grade black tea with a view to develop an anti-aging skin formulation.Methods:Five concentrations（0.125,0.250,0.500,1.000 and 2.000 mg/mL） of black tea brew（BTB） were made using a freeze dried sample of Sri Lankan low grown orthodox OP grade black tea which was prepared according to international organization for standardization specification.Epigallocatechin gallate（EGCG） was used as the reference agent（concentrations tested:0.012,0.025,0.050,0.100 and 0.200 mg/mL）.Anti-hyaluronidase activity of BTB and EGCG in vitro were ascertained spectrometrically using hyaluronic acid（from rooster comb）and bovine testicular hyaluronidase.Results:The results revealed that BTB had moderate[IC50=（1.09±0.12） mg/mL]and dose dependent（r2=0.94） anti-hyaluronidase activity.EGCG also exhibited dose dependent（r2=0.93,P【0.05） anti-hyaluronidase activity which was superior[IC50=（0.09±0.00） mg/mL]to BTB.Conclusions:Sri Lankan low grown orthodox OP gradc black tca has promising antihyaluronidase activity in vitro and has the potential to be used as an anti-aging cosmaceutical.In addition,it may prove useful as a beverage in the management of allergy,some joint diseases and cnvenomation.

小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主Heines peko抗性遗传分析及SSR标记

用中国条锈菌生理小种对欧洲鉴别寄主Heines peko进行抗条锈性遗传机制研究,将为挖掘新的抗条锈基因、培育优良抗条锈性品种奠定基础。用Heinespeko与小麦感病品种铭贤169杂交、自交获F1、F2和F3代群体。对亲本及其后代分别在苗期接种条中30号、条中31号、条中32号和水-4,进行遗传分析。结果表明,Heines peko对条中30号小种的抗性由1对隐性基因控制。对条中31号、水-4的抗性均由1显1隐2对基因互补或抑制作用控制,Heines peko对2个小种的抗性可能由相同基因控制。对条中32号的抗性是由2对隐性基因相互抑制控制。利用分组分析法(BAS)对抗条中30号小种的遗传群体进行分子作图,筛选到1个位于2AS与抗条中30号小种基因连锁的SSR标记Barc212,用Barc212对170个F2代单株分析表明,该基因与Barc212引物扩增位点的遗传距离为10.6cM。Barc212可作为抗条中30号基因的SSR标记。

In vitro pancreatic lipase,cholesterol esterase and cholesterol micellization inhibitory activity of Sri Lankan low grown orthodox Orange Pekoe grade black tea(Camellia sinensis L.)

Objective:To access the pancreatic lipase,cholesterol esterase and cholesterol micellization inhibitory activities of Sri Lankan low grown orthodox Orange Pekoe grade black tea made from uppermost tender leaves and unopened buds of Camellia sinensis L.Methods:Black tea brew(BTB)was made according to International Organization for Standardization 3103 specifications and concentrations of BTB tested were 37.5,75.0,150.0,300.0 and 600.0μg/mL for antilipase and anti-cholesterol esterase assays and 0.25,0.50 and 1.00μg/mL for cholesterol micellization inhibitory assay.Results:The results showed that BTB of Sri Lankan low grown orthodox Orange Pekoe grade black tea has marked and dose-dependent(r^(2)=0.95)cholesterol micellization inhibitory activity in vitro comparable to epigallocatechin gallate,the reference drug used.In contrast,BTB had only mild but dose-dependent(r^(2)=0.94)inhibitory activity against pancreatic lipase and weak inhibitory effect(up to 13.17%)on pancreatic cholesterol esterase.Conclusions:It is concluded that consumption of BTB of Sri Lankan low grown orthodox Orange Pekoe grade tea as a beverage may be a useful strategy in the management of hyperlipidaemia.

凌云白毫茶红条茶萎凋工艺研究

【目的】探讨凌云白毫茶红条茶萎凋工艺,为提高凌云白毫茶红条茶品质提供技术参考。【方法】设计3个梯度的萎凋叶含水量56.00%~59.99%、60.00%~63.99%和64.00%~68.00%及3个梯度的萎凋时间15、17和19 h进行不同萎凋试验,对样品进行感官审评及主要理化成分检测。【结果】萎凋叶含水量60.00%~63.99%时,茶样香气浓郁,汤色红亮,滋味浓厚,叶底红亮;茶多酚保留量适当,咖啡碱含量低,茶黄素及茶红素含量均较高。萎凋时间为17 h时,香气甜香浓郁,茶汤红亮,滋味浓厚鲜爽,叶底红亮;茶多酚、氨基酸、茶黄素、茶红素含量均较高。【结论】凌云白毫茶红条茶萎凋最佳工艺为控制萎凋时间为17 h,萎凋叶含水量60.00%~63.99%。

日照白毫乌龙茶初制过程主要生化成分的变化

以日照白毫乌龙茶为研究对象,研究其初制过程中主要生化成分如茶多酚、儿茶素总量、游离氨基酸、咖啡碱以及儿茶素组分(EGC、C、EGCG、EC、ECG),儿茶素氧化产物(茶黄素、茶红素、茶褐素)含量的变化。结果表明,水浸出物含量高于国家标准;茶多酚、儿茶素总量明显下降;游离氨基酸含量在整个初制过程中总体呈上升趋势;咖啡碱与可溶性糖含量在整个初制过程中总体呈下降趋势;儿茶素组分以酯型儿茶素EGCG和ECG变化剧烈;儿茶素氧化产物TF、TR和TB含量呈上升趋势,毛茶的TR/TF比值约为12.10。此外,还对日照白毫乌龙茶与红茶、闽台乌龙茶主要生化成分进行了比较分析,以研究日照白毫乌龙茶的特点。

清代北商的茶叶贸易

清代政府称从张家口到中俄恰克图贸易的商人为"北商";从归化城携带茶叶售与新疆南台、喀什噶尔、安集延国贸易的商人为"西商"。从十九世纪上半叶就有俄国学者开始研究中俄茶叶贸易,中国学者因缺乏贸易资料,主要征引俄文《俄中通商历史统计概览》。如今从蒙古国国家档案局找到的恰克图商贸档案,统计1816年至1871年从事中俄贸易字号约有161家,重要的字号约50家,大多来自山西著名的家族,如榆次常氏、祁县乔氏和郭氏、平遥侯氏、汾阳王氏等,他们都同时拥有数个字号。1854年时连咸丰皇帝都知道他们以贸易致富,家产成百上千万两。俄人阿·科尔萨克研究茶叶的名称有商号茶、山西白毫茶、普通白毫茶。在恰克图的档案记载,十九世纪上半叶商人卖的多数是福建的君眉茶,以榆次常氏、祁县郭氏的商号茶质量最好。祁县乔氏、平遥侯氏、汾阳王氏贩卖的茶大多是两湖的白毫茶和青茶,质量较普通。大家熟知的大盛魁茶庄巨盛川、三玉川;渠氏的长盛川、长裕川等,都是较晚出现的字号。清朝考虑统治蒙古的政策因素,张家口的关税未能像粤海关遽增,但在张家口官员摊派给茶商各种兵粮、捐输、生息银两,他们对地方财政有重要贡献。

FAAS法测定凌云白毫茶中8种微量元素

采用硝酸-高氯酸（4∶1）消解样品,火焰原子吸收法测定广西凌云白毫茶茶叶中8种微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cr和Cd的含量,结果表明凌云白毫茶中含有丰富的微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn,对人体健康非常有益。8种元素含量为Fe〉Zn〉Mn〉Cu〉Ni〉Cd〉Cr,不含Pd,各元素的回收率在95.5%-106.0%之间,该方法灵敏度高,操作简单、快速,结果准确,是白毫茶微量元素测定的理想方法。

不同季节凌云白毫绿茶的香气成分差异分析

为了解凌云白毫绿茶的主要香气成分,同时探明不同季节凌云白毫绿茶的香气成分差异。通过动态顶空-气相色谱-质谱技术对春、夏、秋3季凌云白毫绿茶的香气成分进行定性定量测定,基于茶样中各香气成分的相对含量,通过偏最小二乘-判别分析(partial least square-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)建立不同季节茶叶判别模型,然后找到对分类起关键作用的香气成分,最后通过绘制热图和层次聚类分析确定各关键香气成分在不同季节凌云白毫绿茶中的分布规律。结果表明,本研究共鉴定出37种化合物,其中醇类和醛类化合物数量较多;凌云白毫绿茶主要香气成分为芳樟醇、正戊醇、香叶醇、L-薄荷醇、异丁醛、异戊醛、壬醛、乙酸乙酯、二甲硫醚、吲哚。建立的PLS-DA模型可以将3个季节的茶样明显区分,且模型可靠;本研究最终鉴定出12种香气成分区分不同季节凌云白毫绿茶的关键化合物,分别为壬醛、β-紫罗兰酮、L-薄荷醇、3,5-辛二烯-2-酮、反-橙花叔醇、苯甲醇、正戊醇、十三烷、顺式-2-戊烯-1-醇、顺-茉莉酮、十四烷、叶醇。结合热图及12种香气成分的聚类分析,表明L-薄荷醇和β-紫罗兰酮在秋茶中相对含量最高,是凌云白毫秋茶区别于春茶和夏茶的特征香气成分,主要表现为花香、果香、薄荷味;苯甲醇和正戊醇在春茶中相对含量较高,是凌云白毫春茶区别于夏茶和秋茶的特征香气成分,主要表现为果香、杏仁苦味;壬醛、3,5-辛二烯-2-酮、反-橙花叔醇在夏茶中相对含量最高,是夏茶的特征香气成分,香气主要为柑橘柠檬香、水果甜香。

凌云白毫茶多糖超声波提取工艺优化及其抗氧化效果

以凌云白毫为原料,优化茶多糖提取工艺,并探讨茶多糖的抗氧化效果。以茶多糖得率为响应值,在单因素实验的基础上采用Box-Bohnken法优化茶多糖超声波辅助热水浸提工艺。考察茶多糖对羟基自由基(·OH)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)的清除率及对油脂自氧化反应的抑制情况,评价其抗氧化效果。实验结果表明,茶多糖的最佳提取工艺为:液料比69:1 mL/g、提取温度52℃、超声时间21 min、超声功率180 W,实测茶多糖平均得率为(4.84%±0.04%),接近模型预测值5.06%(<5%)。抗氧化效果测试结果表明,茶多糖清除·OH、DPPH·的IC_(50)分别为0.262、0.438 mg/mL,且其抗氧化能力与浓度成正向关系。同时,茶多糖可抑制油脂的自氧化反应,延长油脂在常温常压环境中的保存时间。凌云白毫茶中茶多糖的含量较为丰富,且具有良好的抗氧化效果,可为凌云白毫在国内外的深度推广提供数据支撑。

Folin-Ciocalteu法测定凌云白毫茶中茶多酚的含量

采用福林酚法（Foliu-Ciocaheu）测定凌云白毫茶提取液中总多酚的含量,结果表明,福林酚试剂和待测液为5∶1,Na2CO3溶液浓度为7.5%,在25℃下反应60 min,白毫茶多酚浓度在0~80μg/m L时与其吸光值有良好线性关系。方法操作简单、结果重现性好,证明该法可用来测定茶叶中提取物中总多酚的含量。

唐代宣笔考辨

唐代宣笔,因其使用特殊的制作材料——紫毫,而被称为紫毫笔;又有宣城诸葛氏世代做笔,且质量较高,远近闻名,因而宣笔又被称为诸葛笔。紫毫笔和诸葛笔成了宣笔的代名词。紫毫出自宣州溧水中山兔,而非汉赵之中山郡兔毫。宣笔的制作十分精良,使用宣笔的人群非常广泛,人们对其评价也很高。宣笔作为贡笔最晚当在唐玄宗天宝年间。作为贡笔的宣笔,在质量上有着更为严格的要求。然而,经历了唐北宋的繁华后,宣笔因种种原因走向衰落。

广西凌云茶文化的生态美学探析

广西凌云有着悠久的茶文化历史和深厚的茶文化底蕴。结合生态美学、文化学相关理论及研究成果,以凌云白毫茶文化为研究对象,深入分析凌云白毫茶文化的地域性和可变性,对凌云白毫茶、茶文化特征、美学意蕴等问题进行深入研究。凌云山水孕育茶香,树、茶、城、人相互成全,相互发展,共同构建出一个平等、自然、和谐、共生的生态环境,凌云白毫茶得以从中走出一条与众不同的生态之路。

凌云白毫总黄酮提取工艺优化及其理化性质的初步探讨

以凌云白毫为原料,采用超声波辅助乙醇水溶液提取法提取其中的总黄酮,并对其理化性质进行初步研究。在单因素试验的基础上,利用响应面法设计优化试验方案,获取最佳提取工艺参数:乙醇体积分数72%、超声时间26 min、提取温度77℃、液料比51:1(mL/g)、超声功率160 W。在此条件下,总黄酮提取率为5.15%,与回归模型预测值5.27%相当(<2%)。稳定性测试结果表明,总黄酮对高温及紫外线敏感,应低温(≤60℃)避光保存。抗氧化活性测试结果表明,总黄酮具有良好的抗氧化活性,并且其抗氧化能力随黄酮质量浓度的增加而增强。

氨基酸叶面肥对有机种植条件下‘凌云白毫茶’茶树生长和茶叶品质的影响

本试验探讨喷施氨基酸叶面肥对促进有机栽培条件下‘凌云白毫茶’茶树生长和茶叶品质提升的作用。结果显示,在夏茶采摘时期喷施氨基酸叶面肥茶树的发芽密度提高17.42%,茶叶鲜重和干重分别提高9.82%和22.20%,茶鲜叶中叶绿素含量提高7.33%,茶叶中茶多酚含量提高4.77%、氨基酸含量提高10.91%、可溶蛋白含量提高2.86%、可溶性糖含量提高23.32%。在秋茶采摘时期喷施氨基酸叶面肥茶树的发芽密度提高30.37%,茶叶鲜重和干重分别提高9.09%和16.57%,茶鲜叶中叶绿素含量提高5.48%,茶叶中茶多酚含量提高11.98%、氨基酸含量提高21.54%、可溶蛋白含量提高2.27%、可溶性糖含量提高1.07%。说明氨基酸叶面肥可有效促进有机栽培条件下‘凌云白毫茶’茶树的生长及茶叶品质的提升。

香菇寮白毫茶扦插育苗繁殖技术

香菇寮白毫茶苗扦插育苗成活率低,制约其大面积生产发展。通过加强母本园建设、培养健壮扦插枝条、采用标准化扦插技术、加强肥水田间管理及病虫害防治、利用植物生长激素处理等综合措施,可以将扦插育苗成活率提高到85%以上,以扩大香菇寮白毫茶的种植面积。

由外销通草画看清代白毛茶生产贸易

18、19世纪的广州流行着一种采用写实手法绘制且多为记录现实题材的外销画,这是一种绘制在通脱木茎髓切片上的纸本水彩画,称为通草画。通草画质地轻薄,画色艳丽,其中描绘的人物、场景惟妙惟肖,详细记录了当时生产生活的情形,是研究当时社会生产生活、民俗风貌的珍贵图像资料。本文通过对中国(海南)南海博物馆馆藏的一套以白毛茶为主题的通草画进行分析研究,详细讨论了清代白毛茶的种植生产、贸易流通等方面的情况。

尤溪“白毫乌龙茶”生产工艺技术探讨

介绍了尤溪"白毫乌龙茶"鲜叶采摘要求,晾青、晒青、摊晾、做青、发酵、杀青、摊晾回潮、揉捻、干燥等制作工艺及其外形、香气、滋味、汤色、叶底等品质特征。

In vitro antibacterial activity of Sri Lankan orthodox black tea(Camellia sinensis L.)belonging to different agro-climatic elevations

Objective:To investigate the antibacterial properties of three grades of orthodox Sri Lankan black tea belonging to the three agro-climatic elevations.Methods:Methanloic extracts of orange pekoe(OP),broken orange pekoe fannings(BOPF)and Dust No.1 belonging to three agro-climatic elevations(low,mid and high grown)were made and tested in vitro(concentration:300μg/disc)against Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria,Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 25923)(S.aureus)and Bacillus cereus(ATCC 11778)(B.cereus),and two Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa(ATCC 9027)(P.aeruginosa)and Escherichia coli(ATCC 35218)(E.coli),using agar disc diffusion assay.Gentamycin(10μg/disc)was used as the positive control and methanol as the negative control.Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)values were evaluated,using micro dilution method.Results:None of the tea extracts exerted an antibacterial action against P.aeruginosa and E.coli.In contrast mild to moderate antibacterial activity was exerted against S.aureus and B.cereus.Further gentamycin exhibited strong antibacterial activity against all the four bacterial species.Further low MIC values were evident for tea samples against the two Gram-positive bacteria.The order of anti-bacterial activity for tea extracts was Dust No.1>BOPF>OP.Conclusions:It is concluded that Sri Lankan orthodox black tea belonging to Dust No.1,BOPF,and OP pocess in vitro antibacterial activity against S.aureus and B.cereus but not against Gram-positive bacteria P.aeruginosa and E.coli.

日照白毫乌龙茶香气成分的研究

选用日照白毫乌龙茶为研究对象,采用顶空-固相微萃取(HS-SPME)法富集其香气物质和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)进行香气成分分析。结果表明:日照白毫乌龙茶共鉴定出50种组分,其中以醇类、酯类、醛类、碳氢化合物为主。日照白毫乌龙茶的主要香气组分为脱氢芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、苯甲醛、顺-己酸-3-己烯酯、己酸己酯、顺-氧化芳樟醇I、糠醛、藏红花醛等。

In vitro antifungal activity againstCandidaspecies of Sri Lankan orthodox black tea (Camellia sinensisL.) belonging to different agro-climatic elevations

Objective:To investigate the antifungal potential of different grades of Sri Lankan orthodox black tea [orange pekoe, broken orange pekoe fannings (BOPF) and Dust No. 1] belonging to the three agro-climatic elevations (low, mid and high). Methods: Antifungal activity was assessedin vitro using methanolic extracts (300μg/disc) and agar disc diffusion bioassay technique against threeCandida species,Candida albicans (C. albicans),Candida glabrata(C. glabrata), andCandida tropicalis. ketoconazole and itraconazole mixture was used as positive control (10μg/disc) and methanol was used as the negative control. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were also determined using standard protocols. Results: None of the extracts were effective againstCandida tropicalis. Furthermore, orange pekoe grade tea belonging to all agro-climatic elevations did not induce any antifungal activity againstC. albicans andC. glabrata as well. Conversely, Dust No. 1 belonging to all three agro-climatic elevations and low-grownBOPF showed moderate antifungal activity againstC. albicans andC. glabrata. Interestingly, the severity of the antifungal effect varied with agro-climatic elevations. The minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 64.00–128.00μg/mL againstC. glabrata and 128.00-256.00μg/mL againstC. albicans. Conclusions:Sri Lankan Dust No. 1 andBOPF have marked antifungal activityin vitro and offer promise to be used as a supplementary beverage in prophylaxis and during drug treatment in candidiasis.