Modeling and Analysis on Production Yield and Energy Consumption of Pelleting Process

The existing studies on the pelleting process were reviewed, and then the forming process of pelleting was introduced. Furthermore, the models describing the production yield and energy consumption of pelleting were presented. Based on the models, the influence of the pelleting structure parameters, die speed on the production yield and energy consumption were discussed. The results showed that larger pellet mill was preferred and the proper speed of the die should be selected to increase the production yield and reduce the energy consumption.

Solid state transformation of <i>cis</i>and <i>trans</i>methylcyclopentadienyl molybdenumdicarbonyltriphenylphosphineiodide on pelleting utilizing different diluents

[(η5-C5H4Me)Mo(CO)2PPh3I] undergoes solid state transformation on the formation of a good pellet for FT IR measurement. There was a formation of the products mixture on pelleting using different diluents of group I metal salts on either the cis or the trans isomer of the [(η5-C5H4Me)Mo(CO)2PPh3I] complex. The cis or the trans isomer gave the same IR spectra i.e. a mixture of cis and trans isomer of the complex. It does not matter the isomer started with in the course of solid state transformation reaction, an equilibrium ratio of 30/70 (trans/cis) will still be achieved. The solid state IR spectra show very strong peaks at νco 1957, 1947 and strong peaks at 1867, 1853 cm–1. The individual IR cis/trans isomer will therefore show at 1947 and 1853/1957 and 1867 cm–1. The solution IR spectra gave, cis = 1961, 1875 and trans = 1963, 1882 cm–1 in dry CHCl3. Hence, most of the solid state IR measurement of the organometallic complex of the type (η5-C5H4Me)Mo(CO)2(PPh3)I on pelleting will give isomer mixture.

Pelleting Diets Impairs TRAMP Prostate Carcinogenesis

Diets rich in soy products may reduce the risk of prostate cancer (PCa). Daidzein, the major isoflavone present in soy germ, can be metabolized by the gut microbiota into equol. The effects of daidzein and equol on PCa have not been well studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding 2% soy germ, 92 ppm daidzein, or 88 ppm equol diets on the progression of PCa in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. 3-week old male C57BL/6 X FVB TRAMP mice were weaned from our breeding colony and immediately acclimated to an AIN-93G control diet for one week. At 4 weeks of age, mice (n = 30 per diet group) were randomized to one of four pelleted study diets until 18 weeks of age. Unexpectedly, we did not detect any statistical differences in cancer incidence between diets. We suggest that these results are due to the physical attributes of the pelleted diets in the current study. Mice fed pelleted diets had reduced food intake and significantly decreased body weights (p < 0.001) compared to previous studies. A reduction in food intake is known to reduce cancer incidence in a number of cancer models and is likely to have contributed to the decrease in expected cancer incidence in the current study. In conclusion, we suggest that the hardness of the diets pellets could result in a decreased cancer incidence in TRAMP mice.

Pelleting characteristics of selected biomass with and without steam explosion pretreatment

Processing and densification of agricultural biomass into high density and durable pellets are critical to facilitate handling,storage and transportation.Biomass pelleting experiments were designed to conduct single and pilot scale pelleting of non-treated and steam exploded barley,canola,oat and wheat straw grinds acquired from 6.4,3.2,1.6 and 0.8 mm hammer mill screen sizes at 10%moisture content(wb).Single-pelleting was performed by applying compression pressures of 31.6,63.2,94.7,and 138.9 MPa using a close-fit plunger die assembly(die length 135.3 mm and diameter of(6.30±0.5)mm).During pilot scale pelleting,customization of ground straw material was performed by adding steam exploded biomass in increments of 25%to non-treated ground straw for respective biomass at specific grind size.Ground straw samples were conditioned to 17.5%moisture content and 10%flaxseed oil was added to increase the bulk density and flowability of grinds,which resulted in the production of pellets.The quality of pellets from single pelleting experiments was ascertained by measuring their respective density and durability.In addition,the change in pellet density was measured after a storage period of one month to determine its dimensional stability.It was determined that applied pressure and pre-treatment were significant factors affecting the pellet density.Also,bigger grind sizes and lower applied pressures resulted in higher pellet relaxations(lower pellet densities)during storage of pellets.The pilot scale pellet mill produced pellets from ground non-treated straw at hammer mill screen sizes of 0.8 and 1.6 mm and customized samples having 25%steam exploded straw at 0.8 mm.It was observed that the pellet bulk density and particle density are positively correlated.The density and durability of agricultural straw pellets significantly increased with decrease in hammer mill screen size from 1.6 mm to 0.8 mm.Customization of agricultural straw by adding 25%of steam exploded straw by weight is possible,but it did not improve pellet quality.In addition,durability of pellets was negatively correlated to pellet mill throughput and was positively correlated to specific energy consumption.

Factors affecting the quality of biomass pellet for biofuel and energy analysis of pelleting process

Agricultural biomass residue such as barley,canola,oat and wheat straw has the potential to be used for sustainable production of bio-fuels and offset greenhouse gas emissions.The biomass substrate must be processed and handled in an efficient manner in order to reduce industry’s operational cost as well as meet the requirement of raw material for biofuel production.Biomass has low bulk density,making it difficult and costly to store and transport in its native loose form.Therefore,in this study,an integrated approach to densification of non-treated and steam exploded barley,canola,oat and wheat straw was developed.During this process,the significance of major contributing factors(independent variables such as biomass type,treatment,pressure and grind size)on pellet density,durability and specific energy were determined.It has been found that applied pressure(60.4%)was the most significant factor affecting pellet density followed by the application of steam explosion pre-treatment(39.4%)for lab-scale single pelleting experiments.Similarly,the type of biomass(47.1%)is the most significant factor affecting durability followed by the application of pre-treatment(38.2%)and grind size(14.6%)for pellets manufactured using the pilot-scale pellet mill.Also,applied pressure(58.3%)was the most significant factor affecting specific energy required to manufacture pellets followed by the biomass(15.3%),pre-treatment(13.3%)and grind size(13.2%),which had lower but similar effect on specific energy for lab-scale single pelleting experiments.Overall energy analysis of post-harvest processing and densification of agricultural straw was performed,which showed that a significant portion of original agricultural biomass energy(89%-94%)is available for the production of biofuels.Almost,similar amount of specific energy is required to produce pellets from barley,canola,oat and wheat straw grinds.Customized pellets having steam exploded straw required more energy to manufacture resulting in availability of only 89%of total energy for biofuel production.

Analysis of feed pelleting characteristics based on a single pellet press device

Pelleting is the most extensively used thermal processing method in feed industry.In this article,a single pellet press device was developed to investigate the pelleting processing of animal feed.Effects of moisture content(10%-18%w.b.),preheating temperature(60°C-100°C)and maximum compression force(0.2-0.6 kN)on feed pellet were determined and analyzed,as well as energy consumption.The results showed that unit density,pellet hardness and energy consumption were 0.87-2.92 g/cm3,1.08-4.55 kg,and 3.27-12.66 J/g,respectively.Unit density was found to increase with the increase of preheating temperature and maximum compression force,but decrease with the increase of moisture content.Pellet hardness showed a first ascending then descending trend with the increase of moisture content,but exhibited a positive relationship with both preheating temperature and maximum compression force.Energy consumption increased with the increase of maximum compression force,but exhibited descending trends with the increase of moisture content and preheating temperature.Due to its features of low cost,high efficiency and easy control,the single pellet press device has a wide application prospect in feed processing.

Simulation of deuterium pellet ablation and deposition in the EAST tokamak with HPI2 code

Pellet injection is a primary method for fueling the plasma in magnetic confinement devices.For that goal the knowledges of pellet ablation and deposition profiles are critical.In the present study,the pellet fueling code HPI2 was used to predict the ablation and deposition profiles of deuterium pellets injected into a typical H-mode discharge on the EAST tokamak.Pellet ablation and deposition profiles were evaluated for various pellet injection locations,with the aim at optimizing the pellet injection to obtain a deep fueling depth.In this study,we investigate the effect of the injection angle on the deposition depth of the pellet at different velocities and sizes.The ablation and deposition of the injected pellet are mainly studied at each injection position for three different injection angles:0°,45°,and 60°.The pellet injection on the high field side(HFS)can achieve a more ideal deposition depth than on the low field side(LFS).Among these angles,horizontal injection on the middle plane is relatively better on either the HFS or the LFS.When the injection location is 0.468 m below the middle plane on the HFS or 0.40 m above the middle plane of the LFS,it can achieve a similar deposition depth to the one of its corresponding side.When the pre-cooling effect is taken into account,the deposition depth is predicted to increase only slightly when the pellet is launched from the HFS.The findings of this study will serve as a reference for the update of pellet injection systems for the EAST tokamak.

High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite all-pellet integrated burden optimization and softening-melting behavior based on flux pellets

High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HVTM)is a crucial polymetallic-associated resource to be developed.The allpellet operation is a blast furnace trend that aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the future.By referencing the production data of vanadium-titanium magnetite blast furnaces,this study explored the softening-melting behavior of high-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite and obtained the optimal integrated burden based on flux pellets.The results show that the burden with a composition of 70wt%flux pellets and 30wt%acid pellets exhibits the best softening-melting properties.In comparison to that of the single burden,the softening-melting characteristic temperature of this burden composition was higher.The melting interval first increased from 307 to 362℃and then decreased to 282℃.The maximum pressure drop(ΔPmax)decreased from 26.76 to 19.01 kPa.The permeability index(S)dropped from 4643.5 to 2446.8 kPa·℃.The softening-melting properties of the integrated burden were apparently improved.The acid pellets played a role in withstanding load during the softening process.The flux pellets in the integrated burden exhibited a higher slag melting point,which increased the melting temperature during the melting process.The slag homogeneity and the TiC produced by over-reduction led to the gas permeability deterioration of the single burden.The segregation of the flux and acid pellets in the HVTM proportion and basicity mainly led to the better softening-melting properties of the integrated burden.

Effect of titanium on the sticking of pellets based on hydrogen metallurgy shaft furnace:Behavior analysis and mechanism evolution

Direct reduction based on hydrogen metallurgical gas-based shaft furnace is a promising technology for the efficient and low-carbon smelting of vanadium-titanium magnetite.However,in this process,the sticking of pellets occurs due to the aggregation of metal-lic iron between the contact surfaces of adjacent pellets and has a serious negative effect on the continuous operation.This paper presents a detailed experimental study of the effect of TiO2 on the sticking behavior of pellets during direct reduction under different conditions.Results showed that the sticking index(SI)decreased linearly with the increasing TiO2 addition.This phenomenon can be attributed to the increase in unreduced FeTiO3 during reduction,leading to a decrease in the number and strength of metallic iron interconnections at the sticking interface.When the TiO2 addition amount was raised from 0 to 15wt%at 1100°C,the SI also increased from 0.71%to 59.91%.The connection of the slag phase could be attributed to the sticking at a low reduction temperature,corresponding to the low sticking strength.Moreover,the interconnection of metallic iron became the dominant factor,and the SI increased sharply with the increase in re-duction temperature.TiO2 had a greater effect on SI at a high reduction temperature than at a low reduction temperature.

Diffusion and reaction mechanism of limestone and quartz in fluxed iron ore pellet roasting process

The increase to the proportion of fluxed pellets in the blast furnace burden is a useful way to reduce the carbon emissions in the ironmaking process.In this study,the interaction between calcium carbonate and iron ore powder and the mineralization mechanism of fluxed iron ore pellet in the roasting process were investigated through diffusion couple experiments.Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to study the elements’diffusion and phase transformation during the roasting process.The results indicated that limestone decomposed into calcium oxide,and magnetite was oxidized to hematite at the early stage of preheating.With the increase in roasting temperature,the diffusion rate of Fe and Ca was obviously accelerated,while the diffusion rate of Si was relatively slow.The order of magnitude of interdiffusion coefficient of Fe_(2)O_(3)-CaO diffusion couple was 10^(−10) m^(2)·s^(−1) at a roasting temperature of 1200℃for 9 h.Ca_(2)Fe_(2)O_(5) was the initial product in the Fe_(2)O_(3)-CaO-SiO_(2) diffusion interface,and then Ca_(2)Fe_(2)O_(5) continued to react with Fe_(2)O_(3) to form CaFe_(2)O_(4).With the expansion of the diffusion region,the sillico-ferrite of calcium liquid phase was produced due to the melting of SiO_(2) into CaFe_(2)O_(4),which can strengthen the consolidation of fluxed pellets.Furthermore,andradite would be formed around a small part of quartz particles,which is also conducive to the consolidation of fluxed pellets.In addition,the principle diagram of limestone and quartz diffusion reaction in the process of fluxed pellet roasting was discussed.

Optimization of pelleting parameters for producing composite pellets using agricultural and agro-processing wastes by Taguchi-Grey relational analysis

Agricultural and agro-processing sector produces large stream of by-products that are either discarded or are underutilized.Lignocellulosic biomass especially crop residues’potential to green energy development has been investigated.Material conditions as process variable was made a centerpiece of investigation in the present study since several parameters in the feedstock mixture come into interplay during pelletization.Moisture,binders,blending ratio,particle size,and principle feedstock material were the parameters of our interest in finding their effect on physical and thermochemical characteristics.It is also an endeavor to investigate low cost binder options in producing composite pellets of high quality.A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array experimental design was employed and Taguchi based Grey relational analysis was performed to determine the best combinatorial optimization of factor levels settings for producing best pellets.The optimal parameter level settings for pelletization was determined to be 3.18 mm wheat feedstock material blended with pine shavings at 60/40 ratio.An analysis of variance(ANOVA)was conducted to identify the contribution of each parameter.The magnitude of the significant impacts of parameters on performance characteristics were in the order of binder>blend ratio>grind>feedstock material.Results also showed that the physico-chemical characteristics of the pellets were concomitant with the proportion of ingredients or recipes in a blend.

Probing deactivation by coking in catalyst pellets for dry reforming of methane using a pore network model

Dry reforming of methane(DRM) is an attractive technology for utilizing the greenhouse gases(CO_(2) and CH_(4)) to produce syngas. However, the catalyst pellets for DRM are heavily plagued by deactivation by coking, which prevents this technology from commercialization. In this work, a pore network model is developed to probe the catalyst deactivation by coking in a Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst pellet for DRM. The reaction conditions can significantly change the coking rate and then affect the catalyst deactivation. The catalyst lifetime is higher under lower temperature, pressure, and CH_(4)/CO_(2) molar ratio, but the maximum coke content in a catalyst pellet is independent of these reaction conditions. The catalyst pellet with larger pore diameter, narrower pore size distribution and higher pore connectivity is more robust against catalyst deactivation by coking, as the pores in this pellet are more difficult to be plugged or inaccessible.The maximum coke content is also higher for narrower pore size distribution and higher pore connectivity, as the number of inaccessible pores is lower. Besides, the catalyst pellet radius only slightly affects the coke content, although the diffusion limitation increases with the pellet radius. These results should serve to guide the rational design of robust DRM catalyst pellets against deactivation by coking.

Effect mechanism of aluminum occurrence and content on the induration characteristics of iron ore pellets

With the intensified depletion of high-grade iron ores,the increased aluminum content in iron ore concentrates has become unavoidable,which is detrimental to the pelletization process.Therefore,the effect mechanism of aluminum on pellet quality must be identified.In this study,the influence of aluminum occurrence and content on the induration of hematite(H)and magnetite(M)pellets was investigated through the addition of corresponding Al-containing additives,including alumina,alumogoethite,gibbsite,and kaolinite.Systematic mineralogical analysis,combined with the thermodynamic properties of different aluminum occurrences and the quantitative characterization of consolidation behaviors,were conducted to determine the related mechanism.The results showed that the alumina from various aluminum occurrences adversely affected the induration characteristics of pellets,especially at an aluminum content of more than 2.0wt%.The thermal decomposition of gibbsite and kaolinite tends to generate internal stress and fine cracks,which hinder the respective microcrystalline bonding and recrystallization between Fe2O3particles.The adverse effect on the induration characteristics of fired pellets with different aluminum occurrences can be relieved to varying degrees through the formation of liquid phase bonds between the hematite particles.Kaolinite is more beneficial to the induration process than the other three aluminum occurrences because of the formation of more liquid phase,which improves pellet consolidation.The research results can further provide insights into the effect of aluminum occurrence and content in iron ore concentrates on downstream processing and serve as a guide for the utilization of high-alumina iron ore concentrates in pelletization.

Elucidating the suppression of lithium dendrite growth with a void-reduced anti-perovskite solid-state electrolyte pellet for stable lithium metal anodes

Solid-state lithium-metal batteries,with their high theoretical energy density and safety,are highly promising as a next-generation battery contender.Among the alternatives proposed as solid-state electrolyte,lithium-rich anti-perovskite(Li RAP)materials have drawn the most interest because of high theoretical Li^(+)conductivity,low cost and easy processing.Although solid-state electrolytes are believed to have the potential to physically inhibit the lithium dendrite growth,lithium-metal batteries still suffer from the lithium dendrite growth and thereafter the short circuiting.The voids in practical Li RAP pellets are considered as the root cause.Herein,we show that reducing the voids can effectively suppress the lithium dendrite growth.The voids in the pellet resulted in an irregular Li^(+)flux distribution and a poor interfacial contact with lithium metal anode;and hence the ununiform lithium dendrites.Consequently,the lithium-metal symmetric cell with void-reduced Li_(2)OHCl-HT pellet was able to display excellent cycling performance(750 h at 0.4 m A cm^(-2))and stability at high current density(0.8 m A cm^(-2)for 120 h).This study provides not only experimental evidence for the impact of the voids in Li RAP pellets on the lithium dendrite growth,but also a rational pellet fabrication approach to suppress the lithium dendrite growth.

Hydrochar Pelletization towards Solid Biofuel from Biowaste Hydrothermal Carbonization

Hydrothermal carbonization is highly applicable to high moisture biomass upgrading due to the fact that moist-ure involved can be directly used as reaction media under the subcritical-water region.With this,value-added utilization of hydrochar as solid fuel with high carbon and energy density is one of the important pathways for biomass conversion.In this review,the dewatering properties of hydrochar after the hydrothermal carbonization of biowaste,coalification degree with elemental composition and evolution,pelletization of hydrochar to enhance the mechanical properties and density,coupled with the combustion properties of hydrochar biofuel were discussed with various biomass and carbonization parameters.Potential applications for the co-combustion with coal,cleaner properties and energy balance for biowaste hydrothermal carbonization were presented as well as the challenges.

The Logistics of Production and Supply of Ag Pellets for Industrial Applications in Canada

In this work we analyze the supply of biomass from field to an in-land or port destination. The biomass is pelletized to increase its bulk density to extend its storage period and for ease of its transport. The pellet may be used for conversion to chemicals and animal bedding or for straight combustion. We analyzed supply chain in Saskatchewan where there are plenty of crop residues but widely dispersed and harvest seasons are short. We envisioned that the farmer collects bales from field and transports the bales to farmstead during the harvest season. The bales are then processed into pellets using small scale pellet equipment. A custom operator with expertise in pelletization may engage in handling and densifying the biomass. The business case for the mobile mill will be similar to the well established custom grain and forage harvesting operations. The pellets are stored in hopper bottom grain bins at the farmstead. From this point, the handling of pellets would be similar to the handling and marketing of grain. The farmer trucks a specified volume of pellets from farmstead to the nearest elevator where the pellets are transferred to larger bins or silos. Pellets are extracted from silos and loaded onto the rail cars. The Canadian freight rail companies (mainly CN) currently transport over 3 million dry tonne (dt) of wood pellets in rail cars. The pellets are hauled to marine ports on the West Coast or East Coast for export. The cost of delivering ag pellets to biorefinery or to the shipping port is $86.09/dt. This cost does not include the equivalent value of removing biomass from the farm (e.g. fertilizer replacement) and return on investment. The GHG emissions to produce and transport ag pellets add up to 185.9 kg of CO2 per dt of biomass. The cost of producing pellets without drying feedstock is $35.05/dt and the corresponding GHG for palletization amounts $146.30/dt.

Advanced Strategies to Mobilize Crop Residue to Replace Coal in India

Various published data show the amount of crop residue available annually in India may range from a low of 90 to a high of 180 million tonnes. Different types of crop residue are collected from farmers depending on the geography and crop pattern for instance, in north India rice straw and cotton stalks are collected while in central India soya husk and sugarcane tops are collected. Baling and transporting straw from the field, though appear to be an option for safe disposal, will be feasible only when alternate, effective and economically viable usage methods are identified and facilities and infrastructure for ex-situ management methods are created. One immediate short term use of the residue is to replace 5% - 7% of the 670 million tonnes of coal India currently consumes to generate power. The farmers will benefit from the sale of their excess crop residue. The scheme will reduce pollution due to residue burning practices. Replacing coal will cut the GHG emissions. The challenge is to mobilize the crop residue collection and timely delivery to power plants. The data and calculations in this monogram show that it is economical for the farmer to remove the crop residue from the field quickly by using modern balers, to pelletize the biomass in small-scale distributed pellet plants, to store pellets in the modern steel bins and finally to deliver the pellets to coal plants by using rail transport. The delivered cost is estimated at around Rp 6.78/kg. The Government of India encourages the power plants to pay at least Rp 10/kg for the delivered biomass in the form of pellets. The current monogram analyzes the organization of an efficient supply chain in the State of Haryana India to ensure a sustainable modern enterprise.

The Application of Electron-Beam Welding in Pellet Mold Preparation

This paper provides insight into the application of electron-beam welding in pellet mold preparation,highlighting the importance of the combination of electron-beam welding and pellet mold preparation in the fields of microstructure joining and micro-and nanostructure preparation.Precise material joining and microstructure fabrication can be achieved by the precise control of electron-beam welding and the shape adjustment of pellet molds.These applications hold significant potential in the modern industrial field,providing robust support for the development of new materials and the growth of the petrochemical industry.This paper asserts that in the future,the ongoing development of electron-beam welding and pelletizing template technology will unlock new possibilities in the field of petrochemicals,fostering progress in science and technology.

本体的推理研究

针对OWL所描述的本体,介绍了本体推理机的构成,重点阐述了Jena语义Web编程框架中内置的几种推理模式,并通过叠加外部推理机Pellet来弥补单一推理机在推理能力方面的不足.以一个小型本体为例,通过运用Jena内置的推理模式和叠加外部推理机的方式对本体的推理进行了探索和验证.

激活的富血小板血浆促进Pellet培养的脂肪间充质干细胞成软骨样分化

目的探讨激活的富血小板血浆(PRP)对Pellet培养的人脂肪来源间充质干细胞向软骨样细胞分化及相关信号通路的影响。方法添加不同比例(5%、10%和15%)的激活PRP,检测不同培养时间(1、3、5、7、9、11 d)脂肪干细胞的增殖能力。将采用Pellet培养的P3代的h ADSCs分为3组,对照组、激活PRP组和含TGF-β3的软骨诱导组,持续培养21 d后,阿利新蓝和苏木精-伊红染色进行软骨分化鉴定,real-time PCR测定Sox-9、Aggrecan和II型胶原的基因表达,DMMB法测定胞外基质中GAG含量,Western blot进一步检测对照组和激活PRP组中Sox-9、Gli-1和BMP-2蛋白的表达。结果 MTT实验结果显示,在10%激活PRP培养条件下,11 d的生长时间内hADSCs的增殖率最适宜。阿利新蓝和苏木精-伊红染色显示,激活PRP组和软骨诱导组中软骨表达呈阳性。Real-time PCR结果表明软骨诱导组其Sox-9、Aggrecan和II型胶原mRNA表达的能力高于激活PRP组(P<0.05)。GAG实验结果显示,软骨诱导组促GAG分泌的能力优于激活PRP组(P<0.05)。Western blot结果显示,相比对照组,激活PRP组中伴随Gli-1和BMP-2的蛋白表达升高,而Sox-9蛋白表达随之升高。结论激活PRP刺激hADSCs的最适增殖能力的浓度比例为10%。激活PRP和软骨诱导剂对脂肪干细胞成软骨分化中的诱导表达具有相似的能力,激活PRP对h ADSCs诱导成软骨作用与Hedgehog和BMP信号通路有关。