Numerical Analysis of Perforation during Hydraulic Fracture Initiation Based on Continuous-Discontinuous Element Method

Perforation is a pivotal technique employed to establish main flow channels within the reservoir formation at the outset of hydraulic fracturing operations.Optimizing perforation designs is critical for augmenting the efficacy of hydraulic fracturing and boosting oil or gas production.In this study,we employ a hybrid finite-discrete element method,known as the continuous–discontinuous element method(CDEM),to simulate the initiation of post-perforation hydraulic fractures and to derive enhanced design parameters.The model incorporates the four most prevalent perforation geometries,as delineated in an engineering technical report.Real-world perforations deviate from the ideal cylindrical shape,exhibiting variable cross-sectional profiles that typically manifest as an initial constriction followed by an expansion,a feature consistent across all four perforation types.Our simulations take into account variations in perforation hole geometries,cross-sectional diameters,and perforation lengths.The findings show that perforations generated by the 39g DP3 HMX perforating bullet yield the lowest breakdown pressure,which inversely correlates with increases in sectional diameter and perforation length.Moreover,this study reveals the relationship between breakdown pressure and fracture degree,providing valuable insights for engineers and designers to refine perforation strategies.

Study on orientation fracture blasting with shaped charge in rock

On the basis of the theories of mechanics of explosive and rock fracture mechanics, the mechanism of crack initiation and its expansion of directional fracture controlled blasting with shaped charges in rock were studied, then the blasting parameters were designed and tested by a model test in laboratory and field experiment. The experimental and test results showed that the energy from blasting is directionally concentrated for the cumulative action. The directional expansion of cracks is satisfactory, the results of the model test and field test suggested that the orientation fracture blasting with shaped charge is a good means of excavating tunnels or cutting rock.

Lumbopelvic Fixation and Sacral Decompression for U-shaped Sacral Fractures： Surgical Management and Early Outcome

U-shaped sacral fractures are rare and often difficult to diagnose primarily due to the difficulty in obtaining adequate imaging and the severe associated injuries. These fractures are highly unstable and frequently cause neurological deficits. The majority of surgeons have limited experience in management of U-shaped sacral fractures. No standard treatment protocol for U-shaped sacral fractures has been available till now. This study aimed to examine the management of U-shaped sacral fractures and the early outcomes. Clinical data of 15 consecutive patients with U-shaped sacral fracture who were admitted to our trauma center between 2009 and 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographics, fracture classification, mechanism of injury and operative treatment and deformity angle were assessed. All the patients were treated with lumbopelvic fixation or （and） sacral decompression. EQ-5d score was applied to evaluate the patients＇ quality of life. Of the 15 consecutive patients with U-shaped sacral fracture, the mean age was 28.8 years （range： 15-55 years） at the time of injury. There were 6 females and 9 males. The mean follow- up time was 22.7 months （range： 9-47 months） and mean full weight-bearing time was 9.9 weeks （range： 8-14 weeks）. Ten patients received lumbopelvic fixation and sacral decompression, one lombosacral fixation, and 4 merely sacral decompression due to delayed diagnosis or surgery. The post-operation deformity angle （mean 27.87°, and range： 8°-90°） of the sacrum was smaller than that pre-operation （mean 35.67; range： 15-90） with no significance difference noted. At the latest follow-up, all patients obtained neurological recovery with different extents. Visual analogue score （VAS） was reduced from preoperative 7.07 （range： 5-9） to postoperetive 1.93 （range： 1-3）. All patients could walk without any aid after treatment. Eight patients were able to care for themselves and undertook some daily activities. Five patients had returned to work full time. In conclusion, lumbopelvic fixation is an effective method for stabilization of U-shaped sacral fractures with fewer complications developed. Effective reduction and firm fixation are the prerequisite of early mobilization and neurological recovery. Sacral decompression effectively promotes neurological recovery even in patients with old U-shaped sacral fractures.

Design of a test structure based on chevron-shaped thermal actuator for in-situ measurement of the fracture strength of MEMS thin films

A novel test structure to characterize the fracture strength of MEMS(Micro-electro-Mechanical Systems)thin films is presented.The test structure is comprised of a micro fabricated chevron-shaped thermal actuator and test specimen.The test structure is capable of producing large displacement and stresswhile keeping a relatively low temperature gradient across the test specimen.A voltage is applied across the beams of the chevron-shaped actuator,producing thermal expansion force to fracture the test specimen.Actuator deflection is computed based on elastic analysis of structures.To verify the test structure,simulations have been implemented using COMSOL Multiphysics.A 620μmlong,410μm wide,10μm thick test structure produced stress of 7.1 GPawhile the applied voltage is 5 V.The results indicate that the test structure is suitable for in-situ measurement of the fracture strength of MEMS thin films.

Shape factor for regular and irregular matrix blocks in fractured porous media

Describing matrix–fracture interaction is one of the most important factors for modeling natural fractured reservoirs.A common approach for simulation of naturally fractured reservoirs is dual-porosity modeling where the degree of communication between the low-permeability medium(matrix)and high-permeability medium(fracture)is usually determined by a transfer function.Most of the proposed matrix–fracture functions depend on the geometry of the matrix and fractures that are lumped to a factor called shape factor.Unfortunately,there is no unique solution for calculating the shape factor even for symmetric cases.Conducting fine-scale modeling is a tool for calculating the shape factor and validating the current solutions in the literature.In this study,the shape factor is calculated based on the numerical simulation of fine-grid simulations for single-phase flow using finite element method.To the best of the author’s knowledge,this is the first study to calculate the shape factors for multidimensional irregular bodies in a systematic approach.Several models were used,and shape factors were calculated for both transient and pseudo-steady-state(PSS)cases,although in some cases they were not clarified and assumptions were not clear.The boundary condition dependency of the shape factor was also investigated,and the obtained results were compared with the results of other studies.Results show that some of the most popular formulas cannot capture the exact physics of matrix–fracture interaction.The obtained results also show that both PSS and transient approaches for describing matrix–fracture transfer lead to constant shape factors that are not unique and depend on the fracture pressure(boundary condition)and how it changes with time.

FRACTURE LIMIT LOAD OF CONE SHAPE PART IN DRAWING PROCESS

The deformation characters and load status of the blank＇s potential fracture zone are analyzed at the moment when blank is approaching to punch comer in drawing process of cone shape part. Based on tension instability theory, the formula for calculating fracture limit load of cone shape part in drawing process is derived. Also, the formula is analyzed and verified by experiment.

STUDY OF THE STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR OF PREFORMED V SHAPE FRACTURE TIP

In order to make the fracture cross-section of rock smooth in controlled cutting-blast, generally, two V-shape-notches on the inner wall of a shot hole are notched in symmetry along the design direction. A V-shape notch approximately be considered as V-shape-fracture under certain condition. This paper gave the complex stress function of preformed V-shape-fracture under a blasting load. The stress field and displacement field at the tip of a preformed V-shape-fracture were derived with Westergaard's method, hence its stressintensity factor was obtained. To verify the derived results, blasting tests were made with concrete samples of 400mm×400mm×300mm, and all having, in the center, a drilled hole of 25mm in diameter and 200mm in height. The test result showed that the formulas derived are correct and effective.

Hydraulic fracture geometry and proppant distribution in thin interbedded shale oil reservoirs

Small-scale true triaxial sand fracturing experiments are conducted on thin interbedded shale samples made from cores of Permian Lucaogou Formation shale oil reservoir in Jimsar sag, Junggar Basin, NW China. Combined with high-precision CT scanning digital core model reconstruction technology, hydraulic fracture geometry and proppant distribution in thin interbedded shale oil reservoirs are studied. The research shows that: In thin interbedded shale oil reservoir, the interlayer difference of rock mechanics and the interlayer interface near the wellbore cannot restrain the growth of fracture height effectively, but has a significant impact on the fracture width distribution in the fracture height direction. Hydraulic fractures in these reservoirs tend to penetrate into the adjacent layer in “step-like” form, but have a smaller width at the interface deflection, which hinders the transport of proppant in vertical direction, resulting in a poor effect of layer-crossing growth. In shale layers with dense laminae, hydraulic fractures tend to form “丰” or “井” shapes. If the perforated interval is large in rock strength and high in breakdown pressure, the main fracture is fully developed initially, large in width, and supported by enough sand. In contrast, if the perforated interval is low in strength and rich in laminae, the fracturing fluid filtration loss is large, the breakdown pressure is low, the main fracture will not open wide initially, and likely to have sand plugging. Proppant is mainly concentrated in the main hydraulic fractures with large width near the perforated layer, activated laminae, branch fractures and fractures in adjacent layers contain only a small amount of(or zero) proppant. The proppant is placed in a limited range on the whole. The limit width of fracture that proppant can enter is about 2.7 times the proppant particle size.

Study on linear shaped charge in penetrating rock

Based on the action mechanism of linear shaped charge(LSC), penetration performance of LSC on rock was studied. The optimal standoff and the vertex angle of LSC wese studied and determined by lab experiments. Through cutting sand-cement grout samples, the spacing interval of boreholes can approach 17.5 times of the bore-hole’s diameter, and the result of the directional expansion of crack is satisfactory. The result of field experiment indicates cutting effect is very good, the ruggedness in fracture plane is less than 50 mm, the rate of half-hole marks is nearly 100 %, and the crack inspection shows that there is no damage in the internal of the cutting part. All these suggest that the orientation fracture blasting with LSC is a good means in directional fracture controlled blasting and is worth popularizing widely.

FRACTAL DIMENSION AS MORPHOLOGY AND SIZE PARAMETERS OF FRACTURED PARTICLES OF ROCK

Semi-automatic image analysis system was used for the surface fractal dimension measurement of 15 kinds of rock-fractured particles. The results indicate that the surfaces of the particles that have a size of about 200 mesh are fractal, and that the fractal dimension is in the range of 2.07～2.11. Therefore, some definitions of particle size such as surface diameter, equivalent volumetricly surface diameter are equivocal without giving the step length and the drag diameter, free-fall diameter, and stokes’diameter may be modified by the fractal dimension.

基于自适应整形正则化的AVAz反演

高角度裂缝的存在导致地下介质呈现方位各向异性,具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性介质中反射系数随方位角的变化可以近似表示为傅里叶级数的形式.傅里叶系数的大小取决于背景介质和裂缝参数,傅里叶系数的相位角取决于裂缝对称轴方向.常规傅里叶级数分析利用逐个时间采样点的方位地震数据求和计算傅里叶系数,计算结果易受噪声影响.为了提高傅里叶系数估计的抗噪性和稳定性,将常规傅里叶级数分析与AVAz(振幅随方位角变化)反演方法相结合,提出一种基于整形正则化的AVAz二阶傅里叶系数反演方法.常规整形正则化约束中的整形算子形态固定,提出一种基于方位各向异性强度的自适应整形算子,利用基于常规傅里叶级数分析的二阶傅里叶系数初步估计结果计算阻尼因子,结合一阶差分矩阵构建自适应整形算子,达到在反演中自适应地调整整形算子形态的目的.理论测试表明,基于自适应整形正则化的AVAz反演方法具有较强的抗噪性,能够有效提高二阶傅里叶系数反演的稳定性.实际叠前地震数据应用结果显示裂缝预测结果与测井资料相吻合,证明了基于自适应整形正则化AVAz反演进行裂缝预测的有效性.

X形软钢阻尼器延性断裂的试验研究与数值模拟

为了研究X形软钢阻尼器在大变形状态下的耗能性能和损伤演化规律,设计了6组试件进行单向和循环荷载作用下延性断裂的试验研究,分析了软钢阻尼器的破坏过程和滞回曲线。采用Lemaitre-Chaboche混合强化模型,分别对各工况下包含与不包含基于应力三轴度的钢材微观损伤模型的软钢阻尼器进行了精细的有限元模拟。对比有限元模拟结果和试验结果,分析结果表明,颈部为X形耗能软钢阻尼器的薄弱位置,最容易发生集中损伤甚至破坏。考虑钢材损伤准则的有限元模拟的荷载-位移曲线与试验结果更加吻合,能够表征软钢阻尼器的承载力与刚度退化现象,并能较为准确地预测软钢阻尼器的损伤演化过程和断裂破坏位置。

不同断面泄流槽的堰塞坝溃决模型试验研究

以2018年“11·3”金沙江白格滑坡堰塞坝为原型,对所布设的泄流槽从断面形状、位置、尺寸等方面进行考虑,采用相同颗粒级配材料,设置7种试验工况,在控制上游来水量相同条件下,对各工况下试验溃决过程进行观察,进而揭示堰塞坝溃决演变机理及其影响因素。结果表明:溃决过程可分为初始孕育阶段、溯源坡面侵蚀阶段、溯源陡坎侵蚀阶段、河床稳定平衡阶段4个阶段;不同断面形状泄流槽的溃决过程中,冲蚀程度影响范围由强到弱排序为自然组、三角形槽、矩形槽、梯形槽。对于泄流槽断面形状尺寸及位置,当宽度相同且深度较低时,受约束影响溃决过程会较为提前;当泄流槽断面一致,布设位置位于一侧时,受一侧固定约束影响,溃口宽度扩展会小于布设位置位于中间的情况。研究结果可为堰塞坝溃决机理分析及堰塞坝应急救援处置提供参考。

基于循环孔洞扩张模型的X型圆管节点超低周疲劳寿命预测

海洋工程钢结构在服役过程中,受风、浪、流或地震等极端循环载荷的影响,易发生超低周疲劳断裂破坏,造成人员伤亡及财产损失,因此超低周疲劳断裂分析及寿命预测对于海工结构安全性评估至关重要。然而,现阶段基于累积损伤理论提出的多种超低周疲劳寿命预测模型无法对多尺度节点实现统一预测,造成了实际工程应用的不便。因此文中基于循环孔洞扩张模型开展X型圆管节点超低周疲劳寿命预测。首先,开发了基于循环孔洞扩张模型的VUSDFLD程序,实现ABAQUS与FORTRAN子程序联合应用,利用有限元分析验证循环孔洞扩张模型在X型圆管节点超低周疲劳断裂分析中的有效性;其次,根据多组X型圆管节点超低周疲劳断裂有限元分析结果,在宏观层面提出了一种基于Manson-Coffin公式的超低周疲劳寿命预测公式;最后,依据Miner理论,将适用于等幅加载的超低周疲劳寿命公式扩展至变幅加载情况,验证了多种节点尺寸下超低周疲劳公式的适用性,为工程应用提供了理论依据。

煤层气水平井扇形洞穴完井应力—渗透率演化机理

我国煤层渗透率低且地质条件复杂,采用常规油气储层改造的开发方式难度大、技术适应性差。近年来,基于应力释放的煤层气改造新方法“煤层气水平井水力喷射造穴”很好地解决了这一技术瓶颈问题,但是造穴卸压—增渗的作用机制及其主控地质因素尚不明晰。为此,考虑了煤岩层理和天然裂隙的影响,采用有限元—离散元耦合方法(Finite-Discrete Element Method,FDEM)建立了煤层气水平井扇形洞穴完井数值模型,探究了造穴后岩体的应力演化历程和储层的卸压—增渗机制,并对比分析了不同储层参数(孔隙压缩系数、储层强度、弱面强度和地应力场)对应力释放的影响规律。研究结果表明:(1)围岩演化过程为造穴后岩体收缩,储层发生应力重构,围岩强度逐渐降低,岩体内部发生新生裂隙萌生和原生裂隙扩展,形成开挖损伤区和应力释放区;(2)参数敏感性分析表明孔隙压缩系数是决定造穴完井储层适应性的关键,弱面强度、储层强度和地应力场分布决定了围岩的应力演化模式和裂缝扩展形态;(3)造穴卸压后储层增渗机制为穴周裂缝提升导流能力,储层应力释放提升基质渗透率。结论认为,模型首次综合考虑了地层特点、造穴过程和煤岩裂隙的影响,研究结果揭示了煤层造穴后的应力演化过程及其卸压、增渗作用机制,深化了对煤层气水平井洞穴完井增产机理的认识,对我国煤层储层改造具有重要的工程参考价值。

贵州新田矿区顶板L型水平井煤层气抽采技术

针对碎软煤层瓦斯灾害频发、瓦斯抽采困难、顺煤层水平井钻进困难的问题,在借鉴“虚拟储层”思路和页岩气开发技术的基础上,以新田矿区9号煤层为对象,研究分析了煤层顶板L型水平井分段压裂抽采技术。通过目标区及目标层位优选、井身结构优化、井眼轨迹精准控制技术、多簇定向射孔分段压裂精确优化工艺技术及排采作业精细控制技术,形成了煤层顶板L型水平井煤层气高效抽采技术体系。结合工程实践,顶板L型水平井在新田矿区取得了产能突破,最高日产气量达到了5334 m^(3)/d,并获得了长期稳产高产的试验结果。顶板L型水平井分段压裂高效抽采技术的成功应用,为具有类似地质条件的高突矿井煤层气抽采及煤矿区瓦斯治理提供了技术方向引领。

修复方式对不同面积楔状缺损抗折强度的影响

目的 研究不同修复方式对不同面积楔状缺损抗折强度的影响。方法 60颗下颌第一前磨牙随机分成6组,制备两种缺损面积的蝶形缺损,其中A1、B1组充填树脂作为对照,A2、A3和B2、B3按缺损面积在1/3以内、大于1/3小于轴角和桩核、桩核冠修复分组。进行10000次人工老化处理后,采用万能材料试验机垂直加载,记录最大载荷数值并分析折裂模式。结果 当缺损面积<1/3时,A1(935.24±50.21)N与A2(950.53±61.23)N、A3(943.35±23.48)N抗折强度差异无统计学意义,当缺损面积>1/3且小于轴角时,B1(867.38±45.79)N与B2(903.20±43.08)N,B3(920.52±82.98)N间差异有统计学意义,B2与B3间差异无统计学意义。除B2与B1、B3之间折裂模式有差异外,其余无差异。结论 当缺损面积<1/3时,直接树脂充填即可,当缺损面积>1/3小于轴角时,可增加纤维桩来进一步提高抗折强度。全冠修复可能会导致不可修复性折裂的发生,是否制作全冠应慎重决定。

斗南锰矿带成矿地质条件及斗南坝心地区明苏断裂(“S”形断裂)研究新认识与探讨

斗南锰矿带是滇东南地区重要的锰矿成矿带,其在地理位置上与明苏断裂(“S”形断裂)基本重合,成矿带上分布有岩子脚、斗南、大箐、老乌、龙潭等一批大、中型锰矿床;前人对“S”形断裂的专题研究较少,仅仅是从锰矿成矿机制方面进行分析、评价。通过对平远斗南锰矿地区进行矿产地质调查工作,及对坝心地段做地质、物探调查工作,结合对该断裂带相关资料的研究分析,认为“S”形断裂可能在不同区域位置不是实质性的同生断裂,主体表现是推覆断裂的形迹,局部有可能存在推覆断裂与同生断裂在地表重合。同时结合工作中的一些新认识,对锰矿深部成矿地质条件进行梳理总结和探讨,希望对本地区锰矿研究和找矿突破提供有价值的参考。

两种切口内固定治疗跟骨骨折的疗效比较

目的比较跗骨窦切口与传统L形切口内固定治疗跟骨骨折的疗效。方法将30例跟骨骨折患者按照切口不同分为观察组(采用跗骨窦切口内固定治疗)和对照组(采用传统L形切口内固定治疗),每组15例。记录两组术中出血量、手术时间、住院时间、骨折愈合情况、跟骨宽度和高度、B9hler角、Gissane角。结果患者均获得随访,时间12~24个月。术中出血量、手术时间、住院时间观察组均少(短)于对照组(P<0.05)。骨痂形成时间、骨折愈合时间两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。末次随访时,两组跟骨宽度和高度、B9hler角、Gissane角均较术前改善(P<0.05),但两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。并发症发生率观察组低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论传统L形切口与跗骨窦切口内固定均能有效治疗跟骨骨折,跗骨窦切口内固定具有创伤小、出血少、手术及住院时间短、并发症少的优势。

某330 kV输电线路导线断裂原因

某330 kV输电线路T型线夹处导线发生断裂。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、尺寸测量、金相检验、拉伸试验及扫描电镜分析等方法研究了导线断裂的原因。结果表明:压接区域变形程度过小,使压接管的压紧力不足,压接管内壁与铝线未充分接触,导致导流面积过小,在运行时导线接触部位温度升高,铝线表面烧灼受损;当线路载荷增大时,导线局部温度进一步升高,抗拉强度大幅下降,最终线夹内部导线被拉断。