Perforation is a pivotal technique employed to establish main flow channels within the reservoir formation at the outset of hydraulic fracturing operations.Optimizing perforation designs is critical for augmenting the...Perforation is a pivotal technique employed to establish main flow channels within the reservoir formation at the outset of hydraulic fracturing operations.Optimizing perforation designs is critical for augmenting the efficacy of hydraulic fracturing and boosting oil or gas production.In this study,we employ a hybrid finite-discrete element method,known as the continuous–discontinuous element method(CDEM),to simulate the initiation of post-perforation hydraulic fractures and to derive enhanced design parameters.The model incorporates the four most prevalent perforation geometries,as delineated in an engineering technical report.Real-world perforations deviate from the ideal cylindrical shape,exhibiting variable cross-sectional profiles that typically manifest as an initial constriction followed by an expansion,a feature consistent across all four perforation types.Our simulations take into account variations in perforation hole geometries,cross-sectional diameters,and perforation lengths.The findings show that perforations generated by the 39g DP3 HMX perforating bullet yield the lowest breakdown pressure,which inversely correlates with increases in sectional diameter and perforation length.Moreover,this study reveals the relationship between breakdown pressure and fracture degree,providing valuable insights for engineers and designers to refine perforation strategies.展开更多
On the basis of the theories of mechanics of explosive and rock fracture mechanics, the mechanism of crack initiation and its expansion of directional fracture controlled blasting with shaped charges in rock were stud...On the basis of the theories of mechanics of explosive and rock fracture mechanics, the mechanism of crack initiation and its expansion of directional fracture controlled blasting with shaped charges in rock were studied, then the blasting parameters were designed and tested by a model test in laboratory and field experiment. The experimental and test results showed that the energy from blasting is directionally concentrated for the cumulative action. The directional expansion of cracks is satisfactory, the results of the model test and field test suggested that the orientation fracture blasting with shaped charge is a good means of excavating tunnels or cutting rock.展开更多
U-shaped sacral fractures are rare and often difficult to diagnose primarily due to the difficulty in obtaining adequate imaging and the severe associated injuries. These fractures are highly unstable and frequently c...U-shaped sacral fractures are rare and often difficult to diagnose primarily due to the difficulty in obtaining adequate imaging and the severe associated injuries. These fractures are highly unstable and frequently cause neurological deficits. The majority of surgeons have limited experience in management of U-shaped sacral fractures. No standard treatment protocol for U-shaped sacral fractures has been available till now. This study aimed to examine the management of U-shaped sacral fractures and the early outcomes. Clinical data of 15 consecutive patients with U-shaped sacral fracture who were admitted to our trauma center between 2009 and 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographics, fracture classification, mechanism of injury and operative treatment and deformity angle were assessed. All the patients were treated with lumbopelvic fixation or (and) sacral decompression. EQ-5d score was applied to evaluate the patients' quality of life. Of the 15 consecutive patients with U-shaped sacral fracture, the mean age was 28.8 years (range: 15-55 years) at the time of injury. There were 6 females and 9 males. The mean follow- up time was 22.7 months (range: 9-47 months) and mean full weight-bearing time was 9.9 weeks (range: 8-14 weeks). Ten patients received lumbopelvic fixation and sacral decompression, one lombosacral fixation, and 4 merely sacral decompression due to delayed diagnosis or surgery. The post-operation deformity angle (mean 27.87°, and range: 8°-90°) of the sacrum was smaller than that pre-operation (mean 35.67; range: 15-90) with no significance difference noted. At the latest follow-up, all patients obtained neurological recovery with different extents. Visual analogue score (VAS) was reduced from preoperative 7.07 (range: 5-9) to postoperetive 1.93 (range: 1-3). All patients could walk without any aid after treatment. Eight patients were able to care for themselves and undertook some daily activities. Five patients had returned to work full time. In conclusion, lumbopelvic fixation is an effective method for stabilization of U-shaped sacral fractures with fewer complications developed. Effective reduction and firm fixation are the prerequisite of early mobilization and neurological recovery. Sacral decompression effectively promotes neurological recovery even in patients with old U-shaped sacral fractures.展开更多
A novel test structure to characterize the fracture strength of MEMS(Micro-electro-Mechanical Systems)thin films is presented.The test structure is comprised of a micro fabricated chevron-shaped thermal actuator and t...A novel test structure to characterize the fracture strength of MEMS(Micro-electro-Mechanical Systems)thin films is presented.The test structure is comprised of a micro fabricated chevron-shaped thermal actuator and test specimen.The test structure is capable of producing large displacement and stresswhile keeping a relatively low temperature gradient across the test specimen.A voltage is applied across the beams of the chevron-shaped actuator,producing thermal expansion force to fracture the test specimen.Actuator deflection is computed based on elastic analysis of structures.To verify the test structure,simulations have been implemented using COMSOL Multiphysics.A 620μmlong,410μm wide,10μm thick test structure produced stress of 7.1 GPawhile the applied voltage is 5 V.The results indicate that the test structure is suitable for in-situ measurement of the fracture strength of MEMS thin films.展开更多
Describing matrix–fracture interaction is one of the most important factors for modeling natural fractured reservoirs.A common approach for simulation of naturally fractured reservoirs is dual-porosity modeling where...Describing matrix–fracture interaction is one of the most important factors for modeling natural fractured reservoirs.A common approach for simulation of naturally fractured reservoirs is dual-porosity modeling where the degree of communication between the low-permeability medium(matrix)and high-permeability medium(fracture)is usually determined by a transfer function.Most of the proposed matrix–fracture functions depend on the geometry of the matrix and fractures that are lumped to a factor called shape factor.Unfortunately,there is no unique solution for calculating the shape factor even for symmetric cases.Conducting fine-scale modeling is a tool for calculating the shape factor and validating the current solutions in the literature.In this study,the shape factor is calculated based on the numerical simulation of fine-grid simulations for single-phase flow using finite element method.To the best of the author’s knowledge,this is the first study to calculate the shape factors for multidimensional irregular bodies in a systematic approach.Several models were used,and shape factors were calculated for both transient and pseudo-steady-state(PSS)cases,although in some cases they were not clarified and assumptions were not clear.The boundary condition dependency of the shape factor was also investigated,and the obtained results were compared with the results of other studies.Results show that some of the most popular formulas cannot capture the exact physics of matrix–fracture interaction.The obtained results also show that both PSS and transient approaches for describing matrix–fracture transfer lead to constant shape factors that are not unique and depend on the fracture pressure(boundary condition)and how it changes with time.展开更多
The deformation characters and load status of the blank's potential fracture zone are analyzed at the moment when blank is approaching to punch comer in drawing process of cone shape part. Based on tension instabilit...The deformation characters and load status of the blank's potential fracture zone are analyzed at the moment when blank is approaching to punch comer in drawing process of cone shape part. Based on tension instability theory, the formula for calculating fracture limit load of cone shape part in drawing process is derived. Also, the formula is analyzed and verified by experiment.展开更多
In order to make the fracture cross-section of rock smooth in controlled cutting-blast, generally, two V-shape-notches on the inner wall of a shot hole are notched in symmetry along the design direction. A V-shape not...In order to make the fracture cross-section of rock smooth in controlled cutting-blast, generally, two V-shape-notches on the inner wall of a shot hole are notched in symmetry along the design direction. A V-shape notch approximately be considered as V-shape-fracture under certain condition. This paper gave the complex stress function of preformed V-shape-fracture under a blasting load. The stress field and displacement field at the tip of a preformed V-shape-fracture were derived with Westergaard's method, hence its stressintensity factor was obtained. To verify the derived results, blasting tests were made with concrete samples of 400mm×400mm×300mm, and all having, in the center, a drilled hole of 25mm in diameter and 200mm in height. The test result showed that the formulas derived are correct and effective.展开更多
Small-scale true triaxial sand fracturing experiments are conducted on thin interbedded shale samples made from cores of Permian Lucaogou Formation shale oil reservoir in Jimsar sag, Junggar Basin, NW China. Combined ...Small-scale true triaxial sand fracturing experiments are conducted on thin interbedded shale samples made from cores of Permian Lucaogou Formation shale oil reservoir in Jimsar sag, Junggar Basin, NW China. Combined with high-precision CT scanning digital core model reconstruction technology, hydraulic fracture geometry and proppant distribution in thin interbedded shale oil reservoirs are studied. The research shows that: In thin interbedded shale oil reservoir, the interlayer difference of rock mechanics and the interlayer interface near the wellbore cannot restrain the growth of fracture height effectively, but has a significant impact on the fracture width distribution in the fracture height direction. Hydraulic fractures in these reservoirs tend to penetrate into the adjacent layer in “step-like” form, but have a smaller width at the interface deflection, which hinders the transport of proppant in vertical direction, resulting in a poor effect of layer-crossing growth. In shale layers with dense laminae, hydraulic fractures tend to form “丰” or “井” shapes. If the perforated interval is large in rock strength and high in breakdown pressure, the main fracture is fully developed initially, large in width, and supported by enough sand. In contrast, if the perforated interval is low in strength and rich in laminae, the fracturing fluid filtration loss is large, the breakdown pressure is low, the main fracture will not open wide initially, and likely to have sand plugging. Proppant is mainly concentrated in the main hydraulic fractures with large width near the perforated layer, activated laminae, branch fractures and fractures in adjacent layers contain only a small amount of(or zero) proppant. The proppant is placed in a limited range on the whole. The limit width of fracture that proppant can enter is about 2.7 times the proppant particle size.展开更多
Based on the action mechanism of linear shaped charge(LSC), penetration performance of LSC on rock was studied. The optimal standoff and the vertex angle of LSC wese studied and determined by lab experiments. Through ...Based on the action mechanism of linear shaped charge(LSC), penetration performance of LSC on rock was studied. The optimal standoff and the vertex angle of LSC wese studied and determined by lab experiments. Through cutting sand-cement grout samples, the spacing interval of boreholes can approach 17.5 times of the bore-hole’s diameter, and the result of the directional expansion of crack is satisfactory. The result of field experiment indicates cutting effect is very good, the ruggedness in fracture plane is less than 50 mm, the rate of half-hole marks is nearly 100 %, and the crack inspection shows that there is no damage in the internal of the cutting part. All these suggest that the orientation fracture blasting with LSC is a good means in directional fracture controlled blasting and is worth popularizing widely.展开更多
Semi-automatic image analysis system was used for the surface fractal dimension measurement of 15 kinds of rock-fractured particles. The results indicate that the surfaces of the particles that have a size of about 20...Semi-automatic image analysis system was used for the surface fractal dimension measurement of 15 kinds of rock-fractured particles. The results indicate that the surfaces of the particles that have a size of about 200 mesh are fractal, and that the fractal dimension is in the range of 2.07~2.11. Therefore, some definitions of particle size such as surface diameter, equivalent volumetricly surface diameter are equivocal without giving the step length and the drag diameter, free-fall diameter, and stokes’diameter may be modified by the fractal dimension.展开更多
我国煤层渗透率低且地质条件复杂,采用常规油气储层改造的开发方式难度大、技术适应性差。近年来,基于应力释放的煤层气改造新方法“煤层气水平井水力喷射造穴”很好地解决了这一技术瓶颈问题,但是造穴卸压—增渗的作用机制及其主控地...我国煤层渗透率低且地质条件复杂,采用常规油气储层改造的开发方式难度大、技术适应性差。近年来,基于应力释放的煤层气改造新方法“煤层气水平井水力喷射造穴”很好地解决了这一技术瓶颈问题,但是造穴卸压—增渗的作用机制及其主控地质因素尚不明晰。为此,考虑了煤岩层理和天然裂隙的影响,采用有限元—离散元耦合方法(Finite-Discrete Element Method,FDEM)建立了煤层气水平井扇形洞穴完井数值模型,探究了造穴后岩体的应力演化历程和储层的卸压—增渗机制,并对比分析了不同储层参数(孔隙压缩系数、储层强度、弱面强度和地应力场)对应力释放的影响规律。研究结果表明:(1)围岩演化过程为造穴后岩体收缩,储层发生应力重构,围岩强度逐渐降低,岩体内部发生新生裂隙萌生和原生裂隙扩展,形成开挖损伤区和应力释放区;(2)参数敏感性分析表明孔隙压缩系数是决定造穴完井储层适应性的关键,弱面强度、储层强度和地应力场分布决定了围岩的应力演化模式和裂缝扩展形态;(3)造穴卸压后储层增渗机制为穴周裂缝提升导流能力,储层应力释放提升基质渗透率。结论认为,模型首次综合考虑了地层特点、造穴过程和煤岩裂隙的影响,研究结果揭示了煤层造穴后的应力演化过程及其卸压、增渗作用机制,深化了对煤层气水平井洞穴完井增产机理的认识,对我国煤层储层改造具有重要的工程参考价值。展开更多
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52178324,12102059)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M743604)+1 种基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.3212027),the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFC3007203)the 2019 Foreign Experts Plan of Hebei Province.
文摘Perforation is a pivotal technique employed to establish main flow channels within the reservoir formation at the outset of hydraulic fracturing operations.Optimizing perforation designs is critical for augmenting the efficacy of hydraulic fracturing and boosting oil or gas production.In this study,we employ a hybrid finite-discrete element method,known as the continuous–discontinuous element method(CDEM),to simulate the initiation of post-perforation hydraulic fractures and to derive enhanced design parameters.The model incorporates the four most prevalent perforation geometries,as delineated in an engineering technical report.Real-world perforations deviate from the ideal cylindrical shape,exhibiting variable cross-sectional profiles that typically manifest as an initial constriction followed by an expansion,a feature consistent across all four perforation types.Our simulations take into account variations in perforation hole geometries,cross-sectional diameters,and perforation lengths.The findings show that perforations generated by the 39g DP3 HMX perforating bullet yield the lowest breakdown pressure,which inversely correlates with increases in sectional diameter and perforation length.Moreover,this study reveals the relationship between breakdown pressure and fracture degree,providing valuable insights for engineers and designers to refine perforation strategies.
文摘On the basis of the theories of mechanics of explosive and rock fracture mechanics, the mechanism of crack initiation and its expansion of directional fracture controlled blasting with shaped charges in rock were studied, then the blasting parameters were designed and tested by a model test in laboratory and field experiment. The experimental and test results showed that the energy from blasting is directionally concentrated for the cumulative action. The directional expansion of cracks is satisfactory, the results of the model test and field test suggested that the orientation fracture blasting with shaped charge is a good means of excavating tunnels or cutting rock.
文摘U-shaped sacral fractures are rare and often difficult to diagnose primarily due to the difficulty in obtaining adequate imaging and the severe associated injuries. These fractures are highly unstable and frequently cause neurological deficits. The majority of surgeons have limited experience in management of U-shaped sacral fractures. No standard treatment protocol for U-shaped sacral fractures has been available till now. This study aimed to examine the management of U-shaped sacral fractures and the early outcomes. Clinical data of 15 consecutive patients with U-shaped sacral fracture who were admitted to our trauma center between 2009 and 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographics, fracture classification, mechanism of injury and operative treatment and deformity angle were assessed. All the patients were treated with lumbopelvic fixation or (and) sacral decompression. EQ-5d score was applied to evaluate the patients' quality of life. Of the 15 consecutive patients with U-shaped sacral fracture, the mean age was 28.8 years (range: 15-55 years) at the time of injury. There were 6 females and 9 males. The mean follow- up time was 22.7 months (range: 9-47 months) and mean full weight-bearing time was 9.9 weeks (range: 8-14 weeks). Ten patients received lumbopelvic fixation and sacral decompression, one lombosacral fixation, and 4 merely sacral decompression due to delayed diagnosis or surgery. The post-operation deformity angle (mean 27.87°, and range: 8°-90°) of the sacrum was smaller than that pre-operation (mean 35.67; range: 15-90) with no significance difference noted. At the latest follow-up, all patients obtained neurological recovery with different extents. Visual analogue score (VAS) was reduced from preoperative 7.07 (range: 5-9) to postoperetive 1.93 (range: 1-3). All patients could walk without any aid after treatment. Eight patients were able to care for themselves and undertook some daily activities. Five patients had returned to work full time. In conclusion, lumbopelvic fixation is an effective method for stabilization of U-shaped sacral fractures with fewer complications developed. Effective reduction and firm fixation are the prerequisite of early mobilization and neurological recovery. Sacral decompression effectively promotes neurological recovery even in patients with old U-shaped sacral fractures.
基金supported by the National High Technology Program of P. R. China under Grant No. 2015AA042604
文摘A novel test structure to characterize the fracture strength of MEMS(Micro-electro-Mechanical Systems)thin films is presented.The test structure is comprised of a micro fabricated chevron-shaped thermal actuator and test specimen.The test structure is capable of producing large displacement and stresswhile keeping a relatively low temperature gradient across the test specimen.A voltage is applied across the beams of the chevron-shaped actuator,producing thermal expansion force to fracture the test specimen.Actuator deflection is computed based on elastic analysis of structures.To verify the test structure,simulations have been implemented using COMSOL Multiphysics.A 620μmlong,410μm wide,10μm thick test structure produced stress of 7.1 GPawhile the applied voltage is 5 V.The results indicate that the test structure is suitable for in-situ measurement of the fracture strength of MEMS thin films.
文摘Describing matrix–fracture interaction is one of the most important factors for modeling natural fractured reservoirs.A common approach for simulation of naturally fractured reservoirs is dual-porosity modeling where the degree of communication between the low-permeability medium(matrix)and high-permeability medium(fracture)is usually determined by a transfer function.Most of the proposed matrix–fracture functions depend on the geometry of the matrix and fractures that are lumped to a factor called shape factor.Unfortunately,there is no unique solution for calculating the shape factor even for symmetric cases.Conducting fine-scale modeling is a tool for calculating the shape factor and validating the current solutions in the literature.In this study,the shape factor is calculated based on the numerical simulation of fine-grid simulations for single-phase flow using finite element method.To the best of the author’s knowledge,this is the first study to calculate the shape factors for multidimensional irregular bodies in a systematic approach.Several models were used,and shape factors were calculated for both transient and pseudo-steady-state(PSS)cases,although in some cases they were not clarified and assumptions were not clear.The boundary condition dependency of the shape factor was also investigated,and the obtained results were compared with the results of other studies.Results show that some of the most popular formulas cannot capture the exact physics of matrix–fracture interaction.The obtained results also show that both PSS and transient approaches for describing matrix–fracture transfer lead to constant shape factors that are not unique and depend on the fracture pressure(boundary condition)and how it changes with time.
基金This project is supported by Doctoral Education Foundation of Ministry ofEducation of China (No.96021602).
文摘The deformation characters and load status of the blank's potential fracture zone are analyzed at the moment when blank is approaching to punch comer in drawing process of cone shape part. Based on tension instability theory, the formula for calculating fracture limit load of cone shape part in drawing process is derived. Also, the formula is analyzed and verified by experiment.
文摘In order to make the fracture cross-section of rock smooth in controlled cutting-blast, generally, two V-shape-notches on the inner wall of a shot hole are notched in symmetry along the design direction. A V-shape notch approximately be considered as V-shape-fracture under certain condition. This paper gave the complex stress function of preformed V-shape-fracture under a blasting load. The stress field and displacement field at the tip of a preformed V-shape-fracture were derived with Westergaard's method, hence its stressintensity factor was obtained. To verify the derived results, blasting tests were made with concrete samples of 400mm×400mm×300mm, and all having, in the center, a drilled hole of 25mm in diameter and 200mm in height. The test result showed that the formulas derived are correct and effective.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(NO.51974332)Strategic Cooperation Project Between PetroChina and China University of Petroleum(Beijing)(NO.ZLZX2020-07)。
文摘Small-scale true triaxial sand fracturing experiments are conducted on thin interbedded shale samples made from cores of Permian Lucaogou Formation shale oil reservoir in Jimsar sag, Junggar Basin, NW China. Combined with high-precision CT scanning digital core model reconstruction technology, hydraulic fracture geometry and proppant distribution in thin interbedded shale oil reservoirs are studied. The research shows that: In thin interbedded shale oil reservoir, the interlayer difference of rock mechanics and the interlayer interface near the wellbore cannot restrain the growth of fracture height effectively, but has a significant impact on the fracture width distribution in the fracture height direction. Hydraulic fractures in these reservoirs tend to penetrate into the adjacent layer in “step-like” form, but have a smaller width at the interface deflection, which hinders the transport of proppant in vertical direction, resulting in a poor effect of layer-crossing growth. In shale layers with dense laminae, hydraulic fractures tend to form “丰” or “井” shapes. If the perforated interval is large in rock strength and high in breakdown pressure, the main fracture is fully developed initially, large in width, and supported by enough sand. In contrast, if the perforated interval is low in strength and rich in laminae, the fracturing fluid filtration loss is large, the breakdown pressure is low, the main fracture will not open wide initially, and likely to have sand plugging. Proppant is mainly concentrated in the main hydraulic fractures with large width near the perforated layer, activated laminae, branch fractures and fractures in adjacent layers contain only a small amount of(or zero) proppant. The proppant is placed in a limited range on the whole. The limit width of fracture that proppant can enter is about 2.7 times the proppant particle size.
文摘Based on the action mechanism of linear shaped charge(LSC), penetration performance of LSC on rock was studied. The optimal standoff and the vertex angle of LSC wese studied and determined by lab experiments. Through cutting sand-cement grout samples, the spacing interval of boreholes can approach 17.5 times of the bore-hole’s diameter, and the result of the directional expansion of crack is satisfactory. The result of field experiment indicates cutting effect is very good, the ruggedness in fracture plane is less than 50 mm, the rate of half-hole marks is nearly 100 %, and the crack inspection shows that there is no damage in the internal of the cutting part. All these suggest that the orientation fracture blasting with LSC is a good means in directional fracture controlled blasting and is worth popularizing widely.
基金This paper was sponsored by China National Nature Science Foundation
文摘Semi-automatic image analysis system was used for the surface fractal dimension measurement of 15 kinds of rock-fractured particles. The results indicate that the surfaces of the particles that have a size of about 200 mesh are fractal, and that the fractal dimension is in the range of 2.07~2.11. Therefore, some definitions of particle size such as surface diameter, equivalent volumetricly surface diameter are equivocal without giving the step length and the drag diameter, free-fall diameter, and stokes’diameter may be modified by the fractal dimension.
文摘我国煤层渗透率低且地质条件复杂,采用常规油气储层改造的开发方式难度大、技术适应性差。近年来,基于应力释放的煤层气改造新方法“煤层气水平井水力喷射造穴”很好地解决了这一技术瓶颈问题,但是造穴卸压—增渗的作用机制及其主控地质因素尚不明晰。为此,考虑了煤岩层理和天然裂隙的影响,采用有限元—离散元耦合方法(Finite-Discrete Element Method,FDEM)建立了煤层气水平井扇形洞穴完井数值模型,探究了造穴后岩体的应力演化历程和储层的卸压—增渗机制,并对比分析了不同储层参数(孔隙压缩系数、储层强度、弱面强度和地应力场)对应力释放的影响规律。研究结果表明:(1)围岩演化过程为造穴后岩体收缩,储层发生应力重构,围岩强度逐渐降低,岩体内部发生新生裂隙萌生和原生裂隙扩展,形成开挖损伤区和应力释放区;(2)参数敏感性分析表明孔隙压缩系数是决定造穴完井储层适应性的关键,弱面强度、储层强度和地应力场分布决定了围岩的应力演化模式和裂缝扩展形态;(3)造穴卸压后储层增渗机制为穴周裂缝提升导流能力,储层应力释放提升基质渗透率。结论认为,模型首次综合考虑了地层特点、造穴过程和煤岩裂隙的影响,研究结果揭示了煤层造穴后的应力演化过程及其卸压、增渗作用机制,深化了对煤层气水平井洞穴完井增产机理的认识,对我国煤层储层改造具有重要的工程参考价值。