Comparison Among Depths of Penetration of Different Targets Subjected to Rigid Projectile Impact

The ratios of depth of penetration (DOP) of different targets under the same penetration condition was investigated according to the dimensionless formula of DOP of different targets penetrated by a non-deformable projectile.Results show that various targets may be equivalent to each other.The applicable range of the equivalence and the feasibility of targets substitution were discussed by integrating the available test data.

Modified spherical cavity-expansion model for projectile penetration into concrete targets

A modified spherical cavity-expansion model is developed in this paper.(1) We introduce a piecewise hyperbolic yield criterion suitable for pressure less than fc/3 to describe the mechanical behavior in the elastic region for the elastic-plastic response and modify the crack occurrence condition for the elastic-cracked-plastic response.(2) The hyperbolic yield criterion and a piecewise equation of state (EOS) are adopted for a better description of the plastic behavior of concrete material. Then, the modified model is validated by several projectile penetration tests in both the normal strength concrete (NSC) and ultra-high performance cement-based composite (UHPCC) targets. Finally, the hydrostatic pressure of the targets under rigid ogive-nosed projectile penetrations is found to be nearly within (0, 1.6 GPa), which usually exceeds the range that the shear strength-pressure test data covered. The influence of yield criterion on depth of penetration is discussed and it is recommended that the pressure should arrive at least 400 MPa in the related triaxial compression tests.

Influence of thickness and projectile shape on penetration resistance of the compliant composite

The present study deals with development of conceptual proof for jute rubber based flexible composite block to completely arrest the projectile impacting the target at high velocity impact of 400 m/s through numerical simulation approach using finite element(FE)method.The proposed flexible composite blocks of repeating jute/rubber/jute(JRJ)units are modelled with varying thickness from 30 mm to 120 mm in increments of 30 mm and impacted by flat(F),ogival(O)and hemispherical(HS)shaped projectiles.All the considered projectiles are impacted with proposed flexible composite blocks of different thicknesses and the penetration behaviour of the projectile in each case is studied.The penetration depth of the projectile in case of partially penetrated cases are considered and the effect of thickness and projectile shape on percentage of penetration depth is statistically analyzed using Taguchi’s design of experiments(DOE).Results reveal that the though proposed flexible composite block with thickness of 90 mm is just sufficient to arrest the complete penetration of the projectile,considering the safety issues,it is recommended to use the flexible composite with thickness of 120 mm.The nature of damage caused by the projectile in the flexible composite is also studied.Statistical studies show that thickness of the block plays a prominent role in determining the damage resistance of the flexible composite.

弹丸侵彻混凝土目标的热固耦合数值分析

针对侵彻过程中侵彻深度计算不精准的问题,以弹靶模型为研究对象,基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立弹靶模型,对35CrMnSi弹丸侵彻C30混凝土靶的侵彻深度进行了计算。以侵彻速度和角度为初始变量设置了33组不同工况,进行了侵彻过程的热固耦合数值分析。提取了弹丸温度场、侵彻深度、侵彻速度衰减等数据进行了深入分析,得出了弹丸侵彻过程中温度升高与侵彻深度之间的关系。结果表明:1)垂直侵彻时,随着侵彻速度的增大,弹头侵蚀加剧,温度变化更显著;2)非垂直侵彻时,温度升高极值点由弹头中心转移至弹丸侧身,弹丸着角增大,温度升高加快,侵彻深度减小;3)侵彻结束时,弹丸温度与侵彻深度成相关比例,相同侵彻角度工况中比例相同。对弹丸侵彻过程中温度场进行分析可提高侵彻深度预测模型的准确性,研究结果可为侵彻引信测试提供参考。

刚性弹体侵彻混凝土和花岗岩数值模拟研究

为了研究混凝土靶板和花岗岩靶板的抗侵彻能力,通过ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元分析软件,对刚性弹体侵彻Holmquist-Johnson-Cook(HJC)模型混凝土靶板和花岗岩靶板的过程进行数值模拟,通过数值模拟结果与试验结果及理论公式计算结果的对比,验证数值模拟结果的有效性.结果表明,在相同条件下,刚性弹体在花岗岩靶板中受到的阻力大于相应的混凝土靶板,而且在刚性弹体同样的初始侵彻速度下,弹体侵彻混凝土靶板后的残余速度明显高于弹体侵彻花岗岩靶板后的残余速度,混凝土靶板的侵彻深度也明显高于花岗岩靶板的侵彻深度.针对刚性弹体正侵彻两种靶板结果的分析表明,花岗岩靶板相比混凝土靶板在抗击弹体侵彻能力方面更显著,可为防护工程结构设计提供支撑和依据.

Semi-theoretical analyses of the concrete plate perforated by a rigid projectile

Based on the three-stage perforation model, a semi-theoretical analysis is conducted for the ballistic per- formances of a rigid kinetic projectile impacting on concrete plates. By introducing the projectile resistance coefficients, dimensionless formulae are proposed for depth of penetra- tion （DOP）, perforation limit thickness, ballistic limit veloc- ity, residual velocity and perforation ratio, with the projec- tile nosed geometries and projectile-target interfacial fric- tion taken into account. Based on the proposed formula for DOP and lots of penetration tests data of normal and high strength concrete targets, a new expression is obtained for target strength parameter. By comparisons between the re- sults of the proposed formulae and existing empirical formu- lae and large amount of projectile penetration or perforation tests data for monolithic and segmented concrete targets, the validations of the proposed formulae are verified. It is found that the projectile-target interfacial friction can be neglected in the predictions of characteristic ballistic parameters. The dimensionless DOP for low-to-mid speed impacts of non-flat nosed projectiles increases almost linearly with the impact factor by a coefficient of 2/（nS）. The anti-perforation ability of the multilayered concrete plates is dependent on both the target plate thickness and the projectile impact velocity. The variation range of the perforation ratio is 1-3.5 for concrete targets.

Failure investigation on high velocity impact deformation of boron carbide(B_(4)C) reinforced fiber metal laminates of titanium/glass fiber reinforced polymer

High velocity ballistic impact deformation behaviour of Titanium/GFRP Fiber Metal Laminates(FML)has been explored.Both single and multiple projectiles impact conditions were considered.Ti/GFRP FML targets were fabricated with addition of 5%and 10%weight percentage of boron carbide(B_(4)C)particles.Mechanical properties of Ti/GFRP FML targets were determined as per ASTM standards.High velocity ballistic experiments were conducted using Armour Piercing Projectile(APP)of diameter 7.62 mm and velocity ranging between 350 and 450 m/s.Depth of penetration of the projectile into the target was measured.The deformation behaviour of Ti/GFRP targets with and without the presence of ceramic powder(B_(4)C)was investigated.“Ductile hole growth”failure mode was observed for pure GFRP target when subjected to single projectile impact whereas“plugging”failure mode was noted for Ti/GFRP targets.The presence of B_(4)C(5%by weight)particles has significantly improved the ballistic resistance of the Ti/GFRP FML target by offering frictional resistance to the projectile penetration.Further addition(10%by weight)of B_(4)C has reduced the ballistic performance due to agglomeration.None of the targets showed‘brittle cracking’or‘fragmentation’failures.When compared to the published results of Aluminium(Al 1100/GFRP and Al 6061/GFRP)FMLs,Ti/GFRP FML showed lesser DoP which increases its potential application to aerospace industry.

Resistance of grid steel-tube-confined concrete targets against projectile impact: Experimental investigation and analytical engineering model

Steel-tube-confined concrete(STCC) targets are provided with excellent anti-penetration performance over semi-infinite concrete(SIC) targets since the steel tube imposes passive restraint on the in-filled concrete during the penetration process. Grid STCC system with square steel tubes is a potential solution to protective structures. In this paper, experiments of 9-cell grid STCC targets penetrated by 12.7 mm Armor Piercing Projectile(APP) were performed. The influence of side length and thickness of steel tube,steel ratio and impact velocity on anti-penetration performance were taken into account. Additionally,single-cell square STCC targets were also designed and tested for comparison with the 9-cell grid STCC targets. Damage modes and parameters of the tested targets were measured and discussed. Moreover,the stiffness of radial confinement of grid STCC targets is achieved according to the elastic solution of infinite cylindrical shell in Winkler medium. Furthermore, the penetration resistance and depth of penetration(DOP) for grid STCC targets are obtained on the basis of the dynamic finite spherical cavityexpansion(FSCE) models including radial confinement effect. It is shown that the 9-cell grid STCC targets with optimal dimension match of thickness and side length of steel tube can reduce the DOP by about17 % and 23 % in comparison with the SIC targets and single-cell square STCC targets, respectively, due to both the confinement of square steel tube to concrete in the impacted cell and the additional confinement of the surrounding cells to the impacted cell;the penetration resistance and DOP of the grid and cellular STCC targets with similar steel ratio is close, and thus the grid STCC targets with simpler manufacturing process and excellent in-plane expandability are preferred in engineering practice;moreover, the predicted results of DOP model based on the FSCE models agree well with the tested results with the maximum disparity less than 12 % and the proposed model is more applicable to the grid and cellular STCC targets with high radial confinement.

复合冲击相位差对破岩效率影响数值模拟研究

现有复合冲击破岩效率的研究均未考虑轴向冲击和扭转冲击载荷相位差对于破岩效率的影响,为此,进行了复合冲击载荷相位差对破岩效率影响的研究。建立了轴-扭复合冲击钻具PDC钻头单齿破岩数值模型,分析了轴向和扭转冲击应力波不同相位差对钻齿侵彻深度、切削面下岩石损伤以及钻后形成岩屑形态及数量的影响规律。研究结果表明:在轴向和扭转冲击载荷等振幅条件下,当相位差为50%时,侵彻深度最佳,切削面以下岩石损伤的程度更为明显;当轴向振幅较大,相位差为75%时,对于岩体侵彻深度效果的提升最为明显,破岩效果最佳;相位差为100%时,侵彻深度较深,且钻齿波动较小,产生的岩屑颗粒较小。研究结论可为复合冲击钻具结构的优化和运动参数的调整提供理论基础。

675装甲钢遮弹层抗缩比巡航导弹侵彻研究

为研究675装甲钢遮弹层的防护能力和抗巡航导弹侵彻性能,分析侵彻过程中弹靶作用机理以及装甲钢力学行为,设计了缩比巡航导弹侵彻675装甲钢的实验及相应的数值模拟。结果表明:675装甲钢硬度很高,侵彻基本保持在开坑阶段,弹坑面积小,靶板整体变形并不显著;侵彻过程中弹丸由弹头与弹身交接处断裂,因弹头侵蚀和弹丸断裂损失的能量较大,致使靶板变形小,靶板变形主要发生在弹丸断裂前;随着侵彻速度由350 m/s增至600 m/s,靶板弹坑深度和背突高度随速度线性增加;弹坑直径由1.1倍弹丸外径增至1.5倍弹丸外径,弹丸因质量侵蚀损失的能量由总能量的42.4%增加至68.6%;弹丸加速度在靶板磨损弹头部一半,弹头与弹身交接处发生塑性变形时达到最大。

弹着点对钢筋混凝土侵彻深度的影响

在弹体侵彻钢筋混凝土研究领域,侵彻深度的离散性普遍存在于试验和经验公式中,弹着点位置的不同是造成此离散性的主要原因之一.为探究由弹着点位置造成的侵彻深度离散性并揭示其机理,参照公开发表的侵彻试验,建立了三种典型弹着点位置的有限元模型,对比分析出了三种典型弹着点位置侵彻过程差异的主要原因,依据数值计算结果归纳了表征侵彻深度离散性的表达式,提出了弹体侵彻钢筋混凝土侵彻深度是一个范围值的基本思想,并对表达式进行了初步验证.结果表明,造成侵彻深度离散性的主要因素是弹体撞击钢筋的数目和弹体接触钢筋的持续时间,此离散性随着弹径与钢筋网眼尺寸比值的增大而减小.

弹体侵彻岩石-混凝土复合靶数值分析

为研究弹体高速侵彻花岗岩-C60混凝土复合靶板的侵彻规律,通过显示动力学软件LS-DYNA建立了尖卵形弹体侵彻复合靶板的数值仿真模型,分析了不同入射速度,不同靶板倾角下弹体高速侵彻复合靶板作用过程,得出弹体速度、靶板倾角对弹体侵彻复合靶板的影响规律。由仿真结果可得:弹体余速随入射速度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,弹体磨蚀率随入射速度的增加呈现增大的趋势。当弹体入射速度一定时其偏转角随靶板倾角的减小呈现增大的趋势,且弹体侵彻第2层靶板时其偏转角较第1层靶板还有所增加。弹体过载与入射速度呈正相关且与弹体质量磨蚀有关,当弹体弯曲时弹体过载会上升。

卵形弹中低速侵彻UR50超早强混凝土靶机理

为研究早强混凝土的抗侵彻性能和养护龄期的关系,利用35 mm弹道炮和35CrMnSiA制缩比卵形弹对两种养护期下产品名为UR50的超早强混凝土进行了侵彻试验,根据试验数据对两种龄期的超早强混凝土的侵彻响应特性进行对比分析。之后为进一步研究弹体侵彻超早强混凝土的响应机理,引入刚性弹侵彻半无限靶的响应模型进行理论研究,并利用别列赞公式分析了超早强混凝土中特种钢纤维对抗侵彻性能的提升。试验结果表明:弹体中低速侵彻超早强混凝土靶的过程可分为冲击开坑和稳定侵彻两个阶段;超早强混凝土养护7 d就可以达到养护28 d时的抗侵彻性能。利用刚性弹侵彻半无限靶的响应模型对养护7 d和28 d的超早强混凝土的量纲为一的侵彻深度预测值与试验侵彻深度进行对比,发现其最大相对误差分别为29.13%和17.50%,通过对响应模型中两种龄期超早强混凝土的计算无侧限抗压强度进行修正,使其侵彻深度计算值符合实际结果。

渤中凹陷古潜山砂砾岩抗压强度和砾石含量与射孔弹穿深关系

渤中凹陷古潜山砂砾岩储层非均质性强、岩性致密,储层改造困难,为此开展了模拟储层复杂压力条件下穿砂砾岩靶的射孔试验,分析砂砾岩储层射孔穿深的主要影响因素。研究结果表明:相同条件下射孔弹在砂砾岩中穿深远小于砂岩,当砂砾岩石强度超过150 MPa后,超深穿透射孔弹在井下穿深小于200 mm,对目前国内外射孔弹能否有效穿透污染带存在较大挑战;随着砾石含量的提高,射孔穿深呈递减趋势,砾石含量每增加10%,平均穿深降低4.7%,岩石抗压强度和砾石含量是影响穿深的主要因素;由于砂砾岩储层岩性致密,岩石本身受应力影响较弱,对射孔孔道穿深影响较小。研究结果对砂砾岩储层射孔完井方案的优化设计具有一定的指导意义。

深钻地武器的发展及其侵彻

在高技术战争条件下 ,由于深钻地武器的发展 ,现有防护工程技术受到了严峻挑战。首先综述了国外深钻地弹的发展趋势 ,并总结了国外岩石侵彻理论与试验研究中具有代表性的研究成果 ,包括侵彻计算的经验公式、近似分析理论、数值模拟计算方法以及遮弹偏航措施。然后在此基础上对新形势下深钻地防护工程技术的发展趋势进行了分析 ,明确了当前防护研究的主要方向。

高强度岩石侵彻经验公式

侵彻经验公式大多是建立在土及混凝土实验基础上的,将这些经验公式应用于岩石尤其是高强度岩石是需要通过新的实验来验证的。在对侵彻岩石典型经验公式和花岗岩正侵彻实验数据的对比分析基础上,确定了用于预估高强度岩石侵彻深度的经验公式,公式与实验数据一致性较好,可用于高强度岩石侵彻深度预估。

弹体高速侵彻混凝土靶侵彻效率影响因素分析

为研究弹体高速侵彻混凝土靶体时,最大侵彻深度随弹体撞击速度的变化规律,定义侵彻效率为侵彻深度与速度的比值。针对一定的弹靶系统,通过实验数据和数值仿真研究了最大侵彻效率对应的弹体特征撞击速度。弹体撞击速度对侵彻效率的影响呈抛物线分布。随着速度的提高侵彻效率先增大后减少。侵彻效率达到极值前,随着速度的增大侵彻深度增加幅度很大。当最大侵彻效率对应的特征撞击速度增加约5%时,侵彻深度和侵彻能力最高。混凝土单轴抗压强度、弹头部形状系数、弹体长径比、弹体材料的强度及机械性能对侵彻效率的影响较大。

钻地弹侵彻岩石深度计算新原理与方法

根据短波与岩体的内摩擦模型,利用波阵面上的动量守恒关系和弹体表面的连续运动规律,得到岩体对弹体的侵彻阻抗;通过破碎区与径向裂缝区的能量传输关系,揭示侵彻与贯穿问题的比例尺度关系的规律,最后,推得弹体侵彻过程中的参数及侵彻深度计算新公式。通过现有的经验公式计算结果对比验证本公式的可靠性。

动能侵彻体垂直侵彻半无限厚混凝土靶的试验研究

分析了国内外对混凝土侵彻机理、试验和仿真的研究情况,提出了一种大长径比动能侵彻体侵彻混凝土的模拟试验方法,通过侵彻速度为300m/s～600m/s的57mm动能侵彻弹对半无限厚靶的垂直侵彻试验,得到了最大侵彻深度、着靶姿态等试验参数。由侵彻混凝土的经验公式得到的最大侵彻深度数据与试验数据基本吻合,试验数据为反深层工事的毁伤机理和数字仿真研究提供依据,同时通过毁伤效应的试验研究,为找到一条高效毁伤典型深层工事的方法提供条件。

考虑刚性弹弹头形状的混凝土(岩石)靶体侵彻深度半理论分析

基于动力球型空腔膨胀理论和"冲击成坑+钻孔区"两阶段侵彻模型,以截卵形弹头弹体为例,运用曲面积分,引入表征弹头形状和弹靶摩擦效应的量纲一系数、质量比和冲击因子,提出了综合考虑弹头形状变化、成坑区深度、弹靶摩擦阻力的混凝土和岩石靶体的刚性弹垂直侵彻深度的计算公式。该公式在相关参数取特殊值时,可退化为经典的侵彻深度计算公式。通过与8组不同弹头形状弹体冲击混凝土和岩石靶体的侵彻实验数据、已有10个(半)经验公式计算结果对比,验证了本文公式的适用性。并结合实验和参数影响分析,给出了混凝土和岩石靶体的弹靶摩擦系数和与冲击因子相关的不同弹头形状弹体成坑系数的建议值。