Research on Accounting Issues of the Pension Insurance Fund for Urban Employees

Pension insurance is a vital component of China's social security system,ensuring the welfare of the general publie.This study centers on the revenue and expenses of City S's urban employee basic pension insurance fund.It introduces and analyzes the fund's accounting status from four key perspectives:fund raising.expenditure,financial statement system,and accounting information disclosure.The research identifes existing problems in City S's accounting system and conducts in-depth research on these issues.Furthermore,an empirical analysis is conducted on the management of the pension insurance fund.Through this empirical study,the paper aims to offer insights and recommendations for promoting stable and healthy development measures for City S'8 urban employee basic pension insurance fund.

Managing Pension Funds in Zimbabwe： Ethical Issues and Challenges

This article is motivated by the predicament that hit pensioners in Zimbabwe following the introduction of the multi-currency system. Zimbabwe experienced economic woes which rendered the Zimbabwean dollar worthless and consequently necessitating a switch to stable currencies. The pension assets and liabilities were invested in the local currency before the currency reform, and the result of the multi-currency system was a mismatch of the assets and liabilities of the pension funds financial position which led to paltry pension benefits. The nature of pension funds places a great responsibility on the stakeholders who are involved in running these schemes and therefore ensuring that reasonable expectation by beneficiaries is met. The article focuses on the core aspects surrounding the structure and managing of pension funds in Zimbabwe. The researcher investigated the roles of important stakeholders in the Zimbabwean pension industry, namely, government, trustees, investment managers, and actuaries. The article further delves into the ethical issues and challenges faced by those managing Zimbabwean pension funds. The researcher conducted a total of 30 personal interviews to collect primary data from professionals in the Zimbabwean pension industry which were split as follows： 10 trustees, 10 investment managers, and 10 actuarial consultants. Secondary data were also used in this study and it comprised of journals, newspaper articles, investment reports, and textbooks. The researcher recommends that pension funds develop sound corporate governance mechanisms that will encourage the best ethical practices among all of their stakeholders. The findings provide evidence for a need to empower pension fund trustees through training and introduction of a pension protection scheme. In addition, the current regulatory system needs to be reviewed to capture the changing economic environment upon which pensions funds operate.

Tackling China’s Pension Fund Payment Crisis:Will the “Two-Child Policy” Be the Answer?——An example with the basic pension insurance program for urban employees

Based on the reality that 29 Chinese provinces have already implemented the policy allowing a couple to raise a second child if either parent is an only child, this paper provides an empirical study on the effect of this policy on the financial status of the social pooling fund of basic pension insurance for urban employees. Our study suggests the followings. First, under the previous unchanged family planning policy, current deficits and cumulative deficits will occur in the social pooling fund in the year 2047 and 2063 respectively. Second, if lO% to 50% of qualified couples choose to raise a second child, the financial status of the social pooling fund will improve; relative to the previous unchanged family planning policy, the contribution ratio can decrease from 20% to the range between 18.06% and 19.57% without causing any changes to the original financial status of income and expenditure. Third, if the percentage of couples choosing to raise a second child rises to 60% to 100%, the contribution ratio can even decrease to the range between 16.55% and 17. 7% without causing any changes to the financial status as under the previous unchanged family planning policy. The above conclusions have all passed the sensitivity test. Therefore, the ＂two-child policy＂ for qualified couples is favorable to alleviating the payment pressures of pension insurance but the policy effectiveness is subject to fertility desire and the intensity of government implementation.

Effect of state-owned shares transferred to the pension insurance fund

Theory and practice of full social security funds have been more concerned about the Chinese enterprise reform in particular lack of social security funds are insufficient pension fund problem has been of great concern. But with the aging of the population has become increasingly prominent, personal accounts empty account, insufficient co-ordination of social security funds and other funds in the account more and more pronounced. By analyzing the necessity and rationality of state-owned shares transfer, we can see that the use of state-owned shares transfer is a good way to supplement pension fund.

The supervision of the pension funds entering the capital market in china

The pension funds entering the capital market is the trend of the times, how to ensure the security of pension funds after entering the market, it is not only related to the interest of the individual but also affect the society＇s harmonious development. This article begins with the concept of pension funds into the market, the urgency and necessity of the pension funds into the market in our country and the actual situation of the pension regulators at present. According to analysis the problems existing in the pension market regulation, then putting forward countermeasures and measures, paving the way for pension funds entering the market in our country.

Countermeasures of China＇ s Pension Fund risk

Strengthening the management on the risk of the Pension Fund which is an important part of the social security system in our country. In recent years, with the increasing of aging population, the stock of the huge pension fund is facing tremendous pressure. To keep the security of the fund investment and operations, mechanism of risk control is becoming particularly critical. Because there are many circles in the social insurance fund operations including the collection, payment, savings and investment and many other aspects. The applications of over-all thought to the system of social insurance funds operation is very necessary,on the bases of collating the causes of risks of social insurance fund, identifying the factors of affecting social insurance funds, and then offer the corresponding countermeasures.

Parallel Quasi Exhaustive Search of Optimal Asset Allocation for Pension Funds

We present a solution based on a suitable combination of heuristics and parallel processing techniques for finding the best allocation of the financial assets of a pension fund, taking into account all the specific rules of the fund. We compare the values of an objective function computed with respect to a large set (thousands) of possible scenarios for the evolution of the Net Asset Value (NAV) of the share of each asset class in which the financial capital of the fund is invested. Our approach does not depend neither on the model used for the evolution of the NAVs nor on the objective function. In particular, it does not require any linearization or similar approximations of the problem. Although we applied it to a situation in which the number of possible asset classes is limited to few units (six in the specific case), the same approach can be followed also in other cases by grouping asset classes according to their features.

养老保险省级统筹对养老保险基金平衡的影响研究

提高基本养老保险统筹层次是增强养老金支付能力的重要改革举措,也是实现养老金制度安全规范发展的关键。文章基于养老保险省级统筹改革的准自然实验,利用2008-2019年中国A股上市公司数据,构建双重差分模型实证评估了养老保险统筹改革对企业实际缴费率及基本养老保险基金平衡的影响。研究发现:省级统筹显著降低了企业养老保险实际缴费率,该结果在更改变量度量方式、排除竞争性解释、考虑异质性处理效应等一系列稳健性检验中仍然成立。养老保险省级统筹在不同征管模式、企业类型及地区层面对企业养老保险实际缴费率存在异质性影响,对于社保征收和税务代征模式、劳动密集度高的企业、所在地区老龄化程度低和财政压力小的企业影响更明显。机制分析发现,市县政府由于“相对剥夺效应”和“逐底竞争效应”所产生的征管强度不足是造成省级统筹改革后企业缴费率下降的重要因素。进一步分析表明,省级统筹改革降低了基金收支平衡,并对中西部省份影响更明显。研究对于加强地方政府征管治理、促进养老保险基金平衡发展具有重要启示,为征管主体间利益关系的平衡及养老保险全国统筹的顺利推进提供了经验证据。

账户养老金运营方式的国际比较与借鉴

与传统的现收现付制度相比,个人账户基金需获取高于人口与工资增长率的收益率才具有优势。因此,账户养老金计划下基金运营是账户养老金计划可持续发展的关键所在。从美国、澳大利亚等8个国家的情况看,账户养老金的运营大致可以被划分为两类:一类是政府不直接介入运营,另一类是政府强力介入运营。但不论是哪一类,各个国家都根据本国具体情况做出了不同选择。我国养老金体系的三个支柱中都存在账户养老金,其运营都面临着亟须解决的基本问题。借鉴国外经验,结合本国具体国情,可以为解决我国账户养老金运营面临的基本问题提出一些政策建议。

企业职工基本养老保险个人账户改革方案比较研究

企业职工基本养老保险的参保职工去世时其个人账户有余额的,余额部分可继承;领空个人账户余额仍然存活的参保职工可以继续领取个人账户待遇直至身故,带来个人账户基金收支缺口。在计发月数偏小、个人账户投资收益率不高、记账利率虚高情况下,基金收支缺口进一步扩大。本文对四种个人账户改革方案进行模拟,比较不同改革方案的优缺点。研究发现:(1)在“仅取消可继承规定”的方案一下,或“不可继承+按平均退休余命调整计发月数”的方案二下,遗产差都远小于长寿差,个人账户无法实现基金收支平衡;(2)如取消可继承规定,能消除个人账户收支缺口的计发月数远高于可支付至平均退休余命的计发月数;(3)在“可继承+个人账户实际余额‘领空不领’”的方案三下,或“可继承+按极限年龄调整计发月数”的方案四下均可实现个人账户基金收支平衡;但方案三下长寿参保职工在领空个人账户余额后养老金替代率会大幅陡降,方案四则将待遇降低的冲击分摊在整个待遇领取期。个人账户改革方案需要在可继承规定、基金收支平衡和养老金替代率之间做权衡选择。上述研究发现对机关事业单位工作人员基本养老保险和城乡居民基本养老保险个人账户改革同样具有参考意义。

养老目标基金运作案例分析——以中欧预见养老2035三年持有A基金为例

随着我国人口老龄化进程的加快,居民养老金需求也在持续增长。我国建立的养老金三支柱体系中,第三支柱占比较少,而养老目标基金作为新兴的重要投资工具,助力了第三支柱的发展。本文以中欧预见养老2035三年持有A基金为研究对象,运用定量和定性研究方法,对该基金从费用、投资收益、风险、资产配置、风险管理等方面进行了深入研究。最后,本文在总结个案研究的启示基础上,对该基金从改善资产配置、投资教育普及、投资策略匹配和平衡长期风险四个角度提出了具体的、创新性的建议,以助推我国养老基金的发展。

全国统筹、延迟退休与企业养老基金平衡能力

呼之欲出的延迟退休方案与正在推进的城镇职工基本养老保险全国统筹政策,将对企业职工养老基金平衡能力产生叠加效应。通过构建精算模型,分四种情况测算了2022—2052年期间企业社会统筹账户的基金收支状况,结果发现:单独实施延迟退休比保持现行政策参数、单独实行渐进式全国统筹更能改善统筹账户的基金财务状况;同时实施渐进式全国统筹和延迟退休政策对改善统筹账户基金财务状况的效果要明显优于单独实行渐进式全国统筹政策和单独实施延迟退休政策,其中实施渐进式全国统筹的同时实施“男女同步”延迟退休的改善效果最佳。建议积极推进全国统筹,落实地方政府责任考核机制,及时出台“男女同步”的延迟退休方案并确保延迟退休个人选择权的公平,扩大平均缴费工资统计口径。

养老保险全国统筹:差别缴费率抑或统一缴费率?——基于基金可持续性与财政责任视角

2022年1月1日,我国启动实施余缺调剂的养老保险全国统筹制度,要求在全国范围内实现养老保险“五统一”,但我国养老保险缴费率还未统一。随着全国统筹政策的推进,在全国范围内是继续维持差别缴费率还是统一缴费率,是值得深入探讨的问题。本文借鉴税收领域的拉弗曲线,构建计量与精算模型,从基金可持续性与财政责任视角研究发现:(1)养老保险政策缴费率与实际缴费率之间存在倒U型关系,拐点处的政策缴费率为27.6%。(2)如果继续维持差别缴费率,余缺调剂的养老保险全国统筹制度可实施至2041年,2024—2050年累计财政责任为7423524.546亿元。(3)如果统一缴费率,余缺调剂的养老保险全国统筹制度仍可实施至2041年,2024—2050年累计财政责任为6488988.037亿元,相较于差别缴费率,累计财政责任下降12.6%。(4)进一步引入延迟法定退休年龄政策,在统一缴费率的情形下,2024—2050年累计财政责任下降14.1%—54.4%。(5)执行养老保险基金全国统收统支制度,在统一缴费率并实施延迟法定退休年龄政策的情形下,相较于全国统筹制度,2024—2050年累计财政责任下降3.3%—9.2%。综上,在基金可持续性的基础上,为缓解财政压力,应推动养老保险缴费率的全国统一,并逐步推进延迟法定退休年龄政策,实现养老保险基金全国统收统支。

基本养老保险基金投资、股票收益率与股价波动性

以2017—2022年各季度基本养老保险基金投资数据为样本,考察基本养老保险基金投资对股票收益率与股价波动性的影响。结果显示:基本养老保险基金持股比例变化对股票未来收益率有一定预测效应,持股比例增加会加剧股价波动。异质性检验表明,被持股公司规模越大,持股比例变化对股票收益率的影响越不明显,对股价波动性影响的时滞性越强。对于短期持股而言,持股比例增加会加剧股价波动,而对于长期持股而言,持股比例增加有利于稳定股价。鉴于此,应继续推动基本养老保险基金全国统筹,进一步扩大其市场化投资规模、延长投资考核期限,提升基金可持续发展能力。

养老保险全国统筹对地方政府征管行为的影响研究

实现基本养老保险全国统筹是我国多层次、多支柱养老保险体系建设的重要环节。基于2012—2022年省级面板数据,将全国统筹初级阶段的中央调剂制度作为准自然实验,探讨中央调剂制度对地方政府征管行为的影响及作用机制。研究发现:中央调剂制度降低了地方政府对养老保险基金的征管强度,中央调剂制度实施后,基金缺口地区存在“压力缓解效应”,基金盈余地区存在“基金收益受损效应”。在经济发展水平高、财政压力小和老龄化程度低的地区,中央调剂制度对地方政府征管强度的负向影响更为明显。进一步分析表明,严征管和降费率改革在中央调剂制度与地方政府征管行为之间发挥调节效应。研究结论为加快实现养老保险全国统筹提供了经验依据,对增强地方政府征管治理能力具有重要启示。

法国第三支柱养老金改革的政策分析——基金制退休储蓄计划(PER)的新进展

法国构建了计划繁杂、基金分散的三支柱养老金体系,但第三支柱个人养老金长期发展缓慢。在第一支柱养老金愈发沉重的支付压力和公众对补充退休储蓄态度转变的助力下,2019年法国政府利用养老金体系改革的政策窗口,引入了更加具有吸引力的基金制退休储蓄计划——PER计划。此次改革整合了原本分散的各种第三支柱退休储蓄计划,允许以个人或机构为单位建立个人养老金,使用了更易理解的共同规则,建立了统一且有吸引力的免税制度,鼓励退休储蓄市场竞争,这些创新性措施使得PER计划取得了一定的成果,为法国多支柱养老金体系发展注入了新的活力。

Will the State-owned Capital Transfer Policy Enhance the Sustainability of the Urban Employee Basic Pension Insurance Fund in China?

To analyze the efect of the state-owned capital transfer policy on the sustainability of China's urban employee basic pension insurance fund(CUEBPIF),this study develops an actuarial model for pension insurance.The results reveal the following:(i)Without policy intervention,the CUEBPIF would face a deficit in 2027 and a cumulative shortfall of RMB207.44 trillion by 2050,and the proportion of fiscal subsidies for the CUEBPIF in the total fiscal expenditure would increase to 12.86 percent in 2050.(i)Based on a delayed retirement policy,the transfer of 10 percent of state-owned capital can delay the onset of the fund deficit by 6 years,and the accumulated shortfall in 2050 would fall to RMB39.42 trillion,and the proportion of fiscal subsidies would decrease by I1.77 percentage points.(ii)The state-owned capital transfer policy can improve the sustainability of the CUEBPIF and reduce the burden of enterprise social security contributions when the transfer ratio increases to 20 percent.

养老基金投资科创企业的国际经验及启示

在科技金融、绿色金融、普惠金融、养老金融、数字金融“五篇大文章”中,养老金融和科技金融具有较大融合发展空间。养老金和长期寿险资金作为我国积累耐心资本的重要途径,能够为科创企业发展提供大量长期资金支持。近年来,欧美多国养老基金加大对科创企业的投资力度,有力地支持了科创企业发展。相较而言,我国养老基金投资科创企业仍有较大提升空间。本文梳理美国、英国、加拿大、日本、荷兰、挪威、瑞典、瑞士、丹麦、澳大利亚等国养老基金投资科创企业的做法,提出促进我国养老基金投资科创企业的政策建议。

基于供需匹配的商业养老财富储备体系路径优化研究

老年人日益多元的养老需求亟需坚实的养老财富储备作为基础。除了制度化的养老金之外,非制度化的商业养老财富储备则可以通过更加灵活的方式为国民提供更丰富的养老经济保障。当前银行、基金、保险、信托等金融机构利用自身特色,创新和开发了类别和形式多样的养老金融产品,给广大国民养老财富储备提供了新的选择。但由于国民财富积累规模有限、养老金融专业认知欠缺,制约了其商业养老财富储备参与能力和意愿;同时,当前我国资本市场发展不稳定不完善,国民信任度不高,商业养老财富储备的针对性服务也有待提升,阻碍了供给的有效性。未来应通过完善收入分配政策、提高国民养老金融素养、丰富商业养老金融产品供给等方式更好匹配商业养老财富储备供给和需求,此外,还要营造良好的养老金融市场环境,重塑国民养老金融参与信心。

生育政策调整、延迟退休与社会基本养老保险基金可持续性

为应对人口老龄化对社会基本养老保险基金可持续性日益加深的不利影响,通过对我国未来人口情况进行预测和构建养老保险基金收支模型,具体测算“三孩”政策及延迟退休对社会基本养老保险基金可持续性的影响.研究表明:“三孩”政策和延迟退休年龄是我国应对老龄化危机和缓解养老保险基金支付压力的有效政策工具,且两者能够互相补充,两项改革同时存在的效果明显优于单项政策的效果.因此,应加速完善“三孩”生育政策配套制度、尽快实施渐进式延迟退休政策和全力推进社会基本养老保险实现全国统筹.