Effect of Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers on the Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Hot Pepper in Qiu-bei

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of slow and controlled release fertilizers（SCRF）on the yield of qiubei hot pepper,its nutrient use efficiency and environment.[Method] Using Qiubei hot pepper（Capsicum frutescens L.）as the experimental material,we studied the fertilization effect and environment-protecting effect of SCRF.[Result] The result showed that SCRF could improve the agronomic characteristics of hot pepper.Compared to singly applied common fertilizers,SCRF increased economic yield by 20.90% and economic benefit by 13 234.35 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 47.93%.In comparison with common straight fertilizers at same NPK proportion and rate,SCRF increased economic yield by 5.26% and economic benefit by 5 554.80 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 9.91%.Under the reduced use of SCRF by 20%,SCRF increased economic yield by 12.38% and economic benefit by 9595.20 Yuan/hm2 compared with singly applied common fertilizers,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 65.95%.SCRF improved nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium use efficiencies by 12.42-17.53,3.35-5.24 and 5.37-14.02 percents respectively.[Conclusion] As the result of much reduced N and P application rates,SCRF would significantly economize fertilizer resources and minimize the pollution caused by the loss of fertilizer nutrients,which is of practical importance for environment protection.

Effects of Slow-release Fertilizer and Balanced Fertilization on Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Uptake in Peppers

Field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of two slow-re- lease fertilizers and balanced fertilization on dry matter accumulation, yield, fertilizer use efficiency, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake of peppers at Jiangna Town, Yanshan County, Yunnan Province in 2011. The results showed that the dry matter accumulation in dried pepper plant, pepper yield, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium uptake in peppers were significantly increased in all the fertilizer treat- ments, compared with those in control （no fertilizer）. Compared with conventional fertilization, balanced fertilization, slow-release compound fertilizer and slow-release urea fertilizer significantly increased dried pepper economic output by 20.94%, 17.5% and 14.54%, nitrogen uptake in dried peppers by 21.53%,18.46% and 13.19%, phosphorus uptake in dried peppers by 14.08%, 15.76% and 10.44%, potassium uptake in dried peppers by 22.66%, 15.73% and 16.28%; they also in- creased nitrogen and potassium use efficiency, but reduced potassium use efficiency due to the increased potassium addition. In treatments with balanced fertilization, slow-release compound fertilizer and slow-release urea fertilizer, the nitrogen utiliza- tion was 5.84%, 7.14% and 8.33% higher and the phosphorus utilization was 3.32%, 3.27% and 2.47% higher than those in treatment with conventional fertiliza- tion. In addition, the nitrogen application could be reduced by 20%-50% by bal- anced fertilization and the two slow-release fertilizers, thereby reducing environmen- tal pollution. Slow-release fertilizers could also reduce the frequency of fertilization and labor costs.

Release Characteristics of Different N Forms in an Uncoated Slow/Controlled Release Compound Fertilizer

This study examined the release characteristics of different N forms in an uncoated slow/controlled-release compound fertilizer （UCRF） and the N uptake and N-use efficiency by rice plants. Water dissolution, soil leaching, and pot experiments were employed. The dynamics of N release from the UCRF could be quantitatively described by three equations： the first-order kinetics equation [N1=N0 （1-e^-kt）], Elovich equation （N1=a ＋ blnt）, and parabola equation （N1=a ＋ bt^0.5）, with the best fitting by the first-order kinetics equation for different N （r= 0.9569^＊＊-0.9999^＊＊）. The release potentials （No values estimated by the first-order kinetics equation） of different N in the UCRF decreased in the order of total N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^-N in water, and total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NO3^--N in soil, respectively, being in accordance with cumulative amounts of N release. The constants of N release rate （k values and b values） for different N forms were in decreasing order of total N 〉 DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^--N in water, whereas the k values were urea- N 〉DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 total N 〉 NO3^--N, and the b values were total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 NO3^--N 〉 urea-N in soil. Compared with a common compound fertilizer, the N-use efficiency, N-agronomy efficiency, and N-physiological efficiency of the UCRF were increased by 11.4%, 8.32 kg kg^-1, and 5.17 kg kg^-1, respectively. The ratios of different N to total N in the UCRF showed significant correlation with N uptake by rice plants. The findings showed that the first-order kinetics equation [Nt=N0 （l-e^kt）] could be used to describe the release characteristics of different N forms in the fertilizer. The UCRF containing different N forms was more effective in facilitating N uptake by rice compared with the common compound fertilizer containing single urea-N form.

Development and Application of Special Fertilizer for Crops in Guangxi Region

Different crops need different kinds of nutrients. In this paper,formula of special fertilizer for common field crops in Guangxi is explored from the angle of grain crops,fruits,vegetables,sugar crops,oil crops,etc.,and corresponding production equipment and methods are provided,which could convenience for agricultural precision fertilization and theoretical basis and technical reference for cost saving and efficiency increasing of fertilizer.

Application of Aisi Si/TE Compound Bacterial Fertilizer in Rice

[Objectives]To investigate the application effect of compound microbial fertilizer on crops.[Methods]Livestock and poultry breeding waste,rapeseed cake and peanut straw were fully decomposed,and then added with compound functional microbial inoculum to produce Aisi Si/TE(active chelated silicon/trace element)compound microbial fertilizer,which was used to conduct 10%nitrogen reduction alternative fertilization experiment on rice.[Results]The yield of rice applied with 225 kg/ha Aisi Si/TE compound bacterial fertilizer was 7203 kg/ha,increased by 5.4%,6.9%and 46.9%,respectively compared to those of rice applied with 225 kg/ha inactivated Aisi Si/TE compound microbial fertilizer,conventional fertilization and blank control(P<0.01).Application of Aisi Si/TE compound microbial fertilizer to rice improved soil organic matter and effective nutrient content and showed obvious effect of saving nitrogen and increasing yield and income.In addition,it provided a good micro-ecological environment,passivated and solidified heavy metals,effectively reduced the biological mobility of heavy metals,and greatly reduced the cadmium content in rice.[Conclusions]Application of Aisi Si/TE compound microbial fertilizer is beneficial to improving the quality of agricultural products.

The bio-interactions between plants,insecticides and fertilizers:an innovative approach for the research of xenobiotic substances

In this experiment carried out on Caribbean chili pepper plants(Capsicum chinensis),the bio-insecticide azadirachtin in combination with an NPK fertilizer proved to have a greater lethal impact on the larvae of Aedes albopictus than each substance on its own.This synergistic effect is noticeably important when both inputs are sprayed directly on the leaves of the plant(foliar application).While the plants treated with azadirachtin or NPK alone cause a 33.6%and 36.4%mortal-ity respectively of the Ae.albopictus larvae,the combination of the two inputs induces a 74.4%mortality on the mosquito larvae.To account for this synergistic effect phenomenon inside the plant,the azadirachtin+NPK combination most likely interacts with the capsaicinoid compounds naturally produced by the plant.Not only does this study carried out on azadirachtin reveal major results but the methodology itself offers a most interesting approach on how to boost the agricultural inputs within the plants.As a matter of fact,this research axis demands developing since the control of pests harmful to men has been dramatically lacking insecticide molecules acting on new targets over the past three decades.

小麦专用肥配施改良剂对旱地小麦产量、品质及肥水效率的影响

为探讨小麦专用肥配施改良剂的肥效,明确其对旱地强筋小麦产量、根系发育、品质及养分、肥水效率的影响,于2021—2023年定位研究了不施氮肥(CK)、农民习惯施肥(FP)、小麦专用肥(T1)、小麦专用肥+秸秆原位腐熟剂(T2)、小麦专用肥+秸秆原位腐熟剂+羧甲基纤维素钾(T3)处理下,旱地强筋小麦的产量及其构成、根系发育、品质及养分、肥水效率。结果表明:与FP处理相比,T2、T3处理籽粒产量及其构成因素均呈上升趋势,分别增产5.89%和11.53%;地上部生物量分别增加3.67%和4.26%;蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和籽粒养分均有所增加;氮肥农学效率分别提高43.42%和70.55%;肥料偏生产力分别增加5.93%和7.77%;氮肥利用率分别提高10.78个百分点和27.73个百分点;经济效益分别增长5.13%和12.01%。T2处理下,面团的粉质特性和拉伸特性指标均表现最好。研究表明,N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O配比为21∶18∶5的小麦专用肥配施秸秆腐熟剂和保水剂可提高旱地小麦产量和肥水效率。

酒糟有机无机复混肥对喀斯特山区朝天椒生物效应和土壤肥力的影响

为探究酒糟有机无机复混肥对贵州喀斯特山区朝天椒的应用效果,采用两年田间试验,研究了常规化学肥料(CF,N-P_(2)O_(5)-K_(2)O为15-15-15)、有机无机复混肥1(OIF1,N-P_(2)O_(5)-K_(2)O为12-5-10,有机质≥30%)、有机无机复混肥2(OIF2,N-P_(2)O_(5)-K_(2)O为8-3-6,有机质≥40%)对贵州朝天椒产量、品质、养分积累量、肥料利用率及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:与CF处理相比,施用OIF1和OIF2两款有机无机复混肥使朝天椒鲜椒产量和干椒产量分别提高5.86%~21.93%和3.34%~16.36%。同时,2023年OIF1和OIF2处理的还原糖含量较CF处理相比分别增加了41.05%和31.88%,而且2023年OIF1和OIF2处理的硝酸盐含量也显著降低了26.41%和32.24%,差异均显著。此外,有机无机复混肥OIF1和OIF2的施用在促进辣椒养分积累、提高肥料利用效率和改善土壤肥力水平方面也起到了积极影响。综合来看,施用酒糟有机无机复混肥对朝天椒生产能力和肥料效应具有积极作用,可作为贵州喀斯特山区朝天椒提质增产的一种有效技术途径。

灌溉施肥频率和数量对设施辣椒水肥利用效率和土壤盐分累积的影响

针对设施蔬菜生产过程中过量灌溉施肥导致的水肥利用效率低和土壤次生盐渍化等问题,以辣椒品种新瑞为试验材料,应用基于土壤水分原位监测的智能精准滴灌施肥技术,设置4个灌溉施肥处理,即传统滴灌+传统施肥量(WhFh)、高频滴灌+传统施肥量(WlFh)、传统滴灌+优化施肥量(WhFl)、高频滴灌+优化施肥量(WlFl),探究不同灌溉施肥处理对设施辣椒产量、生长指标、水肥利用效率、土壤矿质态氮和盐分累积的影响。结果表明:WlFl处理灌溉量和施肥量分别比WhFh处理降低29.9%和50.0%,对辣椒产量无显著影响,但叶面积增加63.6%,根、茎、叶干质量分别增加29.5%、29.7%、24.0%,均差异显著。此外,WlFl处理N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O回收利用率显著增加,比WhFh处理增加50.9、27.2、46.2百分点。与传统滴灌相比,高频滴灌处理灌溉水淋失量降低44.7%~66.4%,水分利用率提高14.5~15.9百分点。与传统施肥处理相比,优化施肥处理土壤表层水溶性盐含量降低21.4%~34.7%,土壤矿质态氮累积量降低55.1%~70.0%。综上所述,高频滴灌+优化施肥处理可大幅降低水肥投入和渗漏损失,显著提高水肥利用率,降低土壤矿质态氮和水溶性盐累积,对设施蔬菜绿色可持续生产具有重要意义。

红花岗区化肥减量提质增效对辣椒产量及土壤肥力的影响

为筛选辣椒化肥减量提质增效施肥方案,为辣椒科学施肥提供依据,开展有机肥替代化肥梯度试验,探讨对红花岗区辣椒产量、品质、土壤的影响。试验结果表明,随着有机肥替代化肥量的增加,土壤有机质含量增加,以有机肥代替20%化肥鲜椒效益最高,每667 m^(2)效益6291.31元。以销售鲜椒的,建议有机肥代替化肥的比例为20%。

辣椒专用有机无机复混肥应用效果

采用田间小区试验进行肥效对比,探究辣椒专用有机无机复混肥对辣椒产量、品质和抗病性的影响。结果发现:施用辣椒专用有机无机复混肥(T1)能有效提高辣椒产量,折合产量达33995 kg/hm^(2),比常规施肥(T2)和不施肥(CK)分别增产率为26.35%、41.41%;T1处理盛果期的植株生长趋势稳定,株高较T2和CK分别显著增长4.51%、12.86%,主茎直径分别增加10.64%、25.16%,开展度分别增长5.42%、16.40%;T1处理的辣椒果实在果长、果径、单果质量和单株挂果数中为最佳,且能有效提高果实感观品质;同时能有效降低辣椒病虫害发生率,病株率比T2和CK分别降低16.48%、47.19%,虫害率降低12.53%、34.19%。研究表明,施用辣椒专用有机无机复混肥能有效增产增收。

水稻施肥效果及肥料利用率研究

为了明确不同肥料对水稻产量及植株氮磷钾含量的影响,选用天禾水稻专用配方肥(24-7-19)和雅冉复合肥(15-15-15)作为试验材料,进行了施肥效果及肥料利用率研究。结果表明:2种肥料均可以提高水稻产量,各养分元素对产量的贡献率大致表现为氮>钾>磷,表明水稻生产中要特别注意氮素和钾素的投入;总体来看,天禾水稻专用配方肥(24-7-19)的表观利用率、生理效率、农学效率、产量贡献率和偏生产力均高于雅冉复合肥(15-15-15),表明水稻生产中可使用水稻专用配方肥替代普通复合肥。

一次性减氮施有机无机复混肥对夏玉米产量、氮利用、土壤养分的影响

为鲁西北潮土区玉米增产增收和轻简化栽培技术提供理论依据,采用一次性减氮施有机无机复混肥技术,对玉米籽粒产量、可持续性指数、氮效率、土壤养分含量的变化进行研究。试验设置不施肥对照(CK)、常规氮磷钾肥(NPK)、猪粪有机无机复混肥1800 kg·hm^(-2)(OF)3个处理。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,OF处理的氮肥用量减少88 kg·hm^(-2)(35.2%),2017—2022连续6年的玉米平均产量为10549.56 kg·hm^(-2),增产3.94%,籽粒蛋白质产量提高8.22%,可持续性指数最高(0.74),氮素吸收率、氮素利用率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率与肥料利用率分别提高0.21%、67.63%、62.86%、71.85%、5.52%;OF处理相较NPK处理可有效降低土壤pH值,0~100 cm土层有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量显著提高6.58%~64.82%、7.22%~8.63%、24.66%~329.26%、14.81%~76.06%;OF处理的0~20 cm土层硝态氮含量比CK、NPK处理提高44.51%和3.68%,NPK处理的20~100 cm土层硝态氮比CK、OF处理提高78.66%~149.05%、23.57%~149.61%,增大了硝酸盐淋溶风险。综上,一次性减氮施有机无机复混肥通过提高土壤养分含量,促进玉米的养分吸收利用,实现夏玉米产量增产3.94%,提高可持续产量指数,是适宜鲁西北潮土区高产农田玉米轻简化生产的有效施肥措施。

复混肥配施土壤调理剂对龙椒农艺性状与土壤养分的影响

【目的】为提高土壤养分的供应平衡,使辣椒提质增产,研究了不同种类土壤调理剂与有机无机复混肥配施的最佳效果。【方法】通过盆栽实验,以辣椒秋美龙1号为试材,各设5组处理,分别为处理CK(不施肥)、T1(15-15-15复合肥)、T2(钙镁磷型土壤调理剂+有机无机复混肥)、T3(聚谷氨酸型土壤调理剂+有机无机复混肥)、T4(微生物菌剂型+有机无机复混肥),研究了土壤调理剂、配方、施肥量,对龙椒农艺性状及土壤养分指标的影响。【结果】T3处理在株高、茎粗、SPAD值等方面表现最好,单果重达12.13 g;其次是T4处理,单果重达9.3 g,但单株结果数达33个,表现又优于T3处理;农艺性状特性优劣综合排列为:T3>T4>T2>T1>CK。有机无机复混肥配施不同类型土壤调理剂均可提高土壤pH值、降低土壤容重、增加速效性养分含量、促进龙椒生长。【结论】综合考虑土壤肥力与龙椒需肥特性基础,折算施肥亩用量后得出,“聚谷氨酸型土壤调理剂60 kg+有机无机复混肥40 kg”的效果最佳。

含腐殖酸和氨基酸水溶肥对辣椒根系、产量及果实品质的影响

为考察含腐殖酸和氨基酸水溶肥对茄果蔬菜的施用效果,以辣椒为试验对象,常规水溶肥料处理为对照,开展了大棚小区试验,测定了不同施肥处理对辣椒根系、产量及品质等指标的影响。结果表明:与对照处理相比,含腐殖酸和氨基酸水溶肥处理的辣椒根系活力、主根长、茎粗、根体积、根表面积、根尖数分别提高130.77%、23.40%、25.93%、112.12%、146.72%、97.46%;产量提高10.11%,利润增加4575.80元/hm^(2);辣椒中的维生素C、可溶性糖及辣椒素含量分别提高34.81%、77.40%、42.65%。含腐殖酸和氨基酸水溶肥对辣椒根系发育有明显的促进作用,对辣椒品质有较大的提升,能够增产增收。

富岛增值复合肥在辣椒生产中的应用效果研究

针对海南省辣椒生产中不合理施肥现象突出,导致肥料利用率低、经济效益不理想等情况,开展了不同配方的富岛增值复合肥对辣椒农艺性状、产量、氮素利用率、经济效益影响的田间小区试验。结果表明:不同富岛增值复合肥处理的辣椒农艺性状、产量、氮素利用率、经济效益均优于常规施肥处理的;基施富岛增值复合肥(17-17-17)30 kg/亩(1亩=667 m^(2))和硫酸镁15 kg/亩、追施富岛增值复合肥(14-6-24)130 kg/亩的处理效果较理想,可以满足提质增产的要求。

不同配方复合肥施用对辣椒产量及其构成因素的影响

为了促进遵义市辣椒产业提质增效,采用大棚小区试验,研究不同配方复合肥施用对辣椒产量及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明:褐藻寡糖增效复合肥处理与其余普通复合肥比较,株高增幅1.93%~28.11%(线椒)和1.23%~6.27%(朝天椒),茎粗增幅8.41%~33.88%(线椒)和12.35%~35.46%(朝天椒),分枝数增幅5.82%~22.47%(线椒)和17.72%~33.81%(朝天椒),果长增幅5.79%~21.65%(线椒)和3.83%~8.14%(朝天椒),产量增幅5.21%~28.95%(线椒)和15.04%~41.67%(朝天椒),且对辣椒生长的综合促进效果最优。综上,褐藻寡糖增效复合肥可促进辣椒增产,对辣椒品质也有一定的改善作用。

缓/控释肥料对辣椒生长及养分利用率的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,连续3年研究了不同缓/控释肥料在辣椒上的施用效果.结果表明:与常规分次施肥处理(T1)相比,一次性施用聚合物包膜控释肥处理(T2)提高了辣椒的单果质量和维生素C含量,改善了根系活力,产量平均提高8.4%,但可溶性糖含量没有明显变化;施用磷酸铵镁包膜控释肥处理(T3)的单果质量和维生素C含量与T1无显著差异,但可溶性糖含量提高了5.67%,根系活力在生育前期旺盛,后期较弱,平均产量略有降低;而3种缓释肥处理则提高了果实的可溶性糖含量,显著改善了根系活力,但平均产量与T1无显著差异.在养分利用方面,除T2处理氮钾利用率提高、磷素利用率降低外,其他缓/控释肥料处理的氮、磷、钾利用率均明显提高.表明合理施用缓/控释肥料能改善辣椒的根系活力,提高养分利用率.

城市污泥复合肥的肥效及其对小麦重金属吸收的影响

通过盆栽和大田试验 ,初步探讨了污泥复合肥种植小麦的肥效及其对小麦重金属吸收的影响。试验结果表明 ,污泥复合肥对小麦的增产效果和土壤的培肥效果明显优于化肥 ,等同于市售复合肥。它能促进植株生长发育 ,提高小麦产量 ,对土壤速效养分的积累有明显的促进作用 ;污泥复合肥处理的小麦籽粒中重金属 Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的含量均在国家食品卫生标准范围内。

生物质炭基肥施用对蔬菜产量和品质以及氮素农学利用率的影响

[目的]作物秸秆、竹屑等农业废弃物和畜禽粪便不合理的处理方式不仅会造成资源浪费,而且还会影响生态环境。本文以商业化生产的稻壳生物质炭基肥、竹炭基肥和猪粪有机肥为试验材料,研究其与化肥配施对蔬菜产量、品质和氮素农学利用率的影响。[方法]以番茄和辣椒为研究对象进行田间试验,共设置5个处理,分别为不施肥对照（CK）、单施复合肥（CF）、猪粪有机肥与复合肥配施（CPF）、竹炭基肥与复合肥配施（CBF）、稻壳炭基肥与复合肥配施（CRF）。[结果]生物质炭基肥与化肥配施可以显著提高番茄和辣椒产量和氮素农学利用率,并改善一部分蔬菜品质。与CF处理相比,CPF、CBF和CRF处理番茄产量分别提高了22.6%、8.5%和23.2%,CRF处理辣椒产量提高了26.3%,而CPF和CBF对辣椒产量没有影响。CPF、CBF和CRF处理番茄氮素农学利用率比CF处理分别提高了419.6%、215.5%和231.2%,辣椒氮素利用率比CF处理分别提高了78.5%、92.6%和138.1%。CPF、CBF和CRF处理下番茄和辣椒果实硝酸盐含量比CF显著降低了18.2%~27.7%和32.0%~40.4%。CBF和CRF处理较CF处理显著提高了番茄可溶性糖含量和糖酸比,而对辣椒果实可溶性糖含量没有显著影响。[结论]生物质炭基肥可部分替代传统化肥,降低化学肥料的施用量,但不会影响蔬菜产量;同时还能够提高氮素农学利用率和改善果实品质。