Novel umami peptides from two Termitomyces mushrooms and molecular docking to the taste receptor T1R1/T1R3

Wild edible Termitomyces mushrooms are popular in Southwest China and umami is important flavor qualities of edible mushrooms.This study aimed to understand the umami taste of Termitomyces intermedius and Termitomyces aff.bulborhizus.Ten umami peptides from aqueous extracts were separated using a Sephadex G-15 gel filtration chromatography.The intense umami fraction was evaluated by both sensory evaluation and electronic tongue.They were identified as KLNDAQAPK,DSTDEKFLR,VGKGAHLSGEH,MLKKKKLA,SLGFGGPPGY,TVATFSSSTKPDD,AMDDDEADLLLLAM,VEDEDEKPKEK,SPEEKKEEET and PEGADKPNK.Seven peptides,except VEDEDEKPKEK,SPEEKKEEET and PEGADKPNK were selectively synthesized to verify their taste characteristics.All these 10 peptides had umami or salt taste.The 10 peptides were conducted by molecular docking to study their interaction with identified peptides and the umami taste receptor T1R1/T1R3.All these 10 peptides perfectly docked the active residues in the T1R3 subunit.Our results provide theoretical basis for the umami taste and address the umami mechanism of two wild edible Termitomyces mushrooms.

Three novel umami peptides derived from the alcohol extract of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas):identification,characterizations and interactions with T1R1/T1R3 taste receptors

Oyster(Crassostrea gigas),the main ingredient of oyster sauce,has a strong umami taste.In this study,three potential umami peptides,FLNQDEEAR(FR-9),FNKEE(FE-5),and EEFLK(EK-5),were identified and screened from the alcoholic extracts of the oyster using nano-HPLC-MS/MS analysis,i Umami-Scoring Card Method(i Umami-SCM)database and molecular docking(MD).Sensory evaluation and electronic tongue analysis were further used to confirm their tastes.The threshold of the three peptides ranged from 0.38 to 0.55 mg/m L.MD with umami receptors T1R1/T1R3 indicated that the electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bond interaction were the main forces involved.Besides,the Phe592 and Gln853 of T1R3 were the primary docking site for MD and played an important role in umami intensity.Peptides with two Glu residues at the terminus had stronger umami,especially at the C-terminus.These results contribute to the understanding of umami peptides in oysters and the interaction mechanism between umami peptides and umami receptors.

Neutrophil peptide 1 accelerates the clearance of degenerative axons during Wallerian degeneration by activating macrophages after peripheral nerve crush injury

Macrophages play an important role in peripheral nerve regeneration,but the specific mechanism of regeneration is still unclear.Our preliminary findings indicated that neutrophil peptide 1 is an innate immune peptide closely involved in peripheral nerve regeneration.However,the mechanism by which neutrophil peptide 1 enhances nerve regeneration remains unclear.This study was designed to investigate the relationship between neutrophil peptide 1 and macrophages in vivo and in vitro in peripheral nerve crush injury.The functions of RAW 264.7 cells we re elucidated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay,flow cytometry,migration assays,phagocytosis assays,immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Axonal debris phagocytosis was observed using the CUBIC(Clear,Unobstructed Brain/Body Imaging Cocktails and Computational analysis)optical clearing technique during Wallerian degeneration.Macrophage inflammatory factor expression in different polarization states was detected using a protein chip.The results showed that neutrophil peptide 1 promoted the prolife ration,migration and phagocytosis of macrophages,and CD206 expression on the surfa ce of macrophages,indicating M2 polarization.The axonal debris clearance rate during Wallerian degeneration was enhanced after neutrophil peptide 1 intervention.Neutrophil peptide 1 also downregulated inflammatory factors interleukin-1α,-6,-12,and tumor necrosis factor-αin invo and in vitro.Thus,the results suggest that neutrophil peptide 1 activates macrophages and accelerates Wallerian degeneration,which may be one mechanism by which neutrophil peptide 1 enhances peripheral nerve regeneration.

基于解耦方法的可配置MIPS微处理器设计

传统固定功能微处理器的设计是为了满足通用应用的需求,因此可能无法充分适应特定领域或特定任务的要求,缺乏灵活性,所以在某些特定任务下,提供的不是最优的性能。针对该问题,本文设计了一种可配置的微处理器,通过模块解耦的方法选择是否添加CP0相关模块的微处理器架构,使该微处理器在是否可以实现异常指令、特权态指令两种架构中进行切换,并且可以优化资源利用、降低功耗和减少成本。同时,可以广泛地应用在使用轻量级微处理器的场景中。

一种基于MIPS架构的数据处理模块设计

LS2K1000是一种基于MIPS架构的双核处理器,该芯片具有尺寸小、功耗低、扩展性好等特点。数据处理模块基于LS2K1000处理器,通过主处理器LS2K1000的局部并行总线(简称Local Bus)访问FLASH与NvRAM。模块通过配置CPLD与DDR3等硬件资源保证处理器能够正常启动,并在天脉1嵌入式操作系统下进行测试,经测试模块CPU、DDR、Flash、看门狗等功能均正常工作。同时在模块中设计以太网、串口、USB与CAN等接口的周边配置电路,确保模块能够与外设有效交联。该模块具有处理能力强、外设接口丰富与功耗低等特点,具有较高应用价值。目前已应用到多种嵌入式电子设备中。

智库视角下的智能决策研究——基于MIPS逻辑层次法

[目的/意义]决策范式逐渐从信息化向智能化升级转型。为使智能决策更好地赋能智库问题研究,本文通过探索智能决策与智库问题研究的耦合机理、影响状况、相关政策,提出具体对策建议,以期助力我国智库高质量发展。[方法/过程]本文基于MIPS(Mechanism analysis-Impact analysis-Policy analysis-Solution)逻辑层次法,在机理分析层,引入智能决策技术和思路,从智库问题研究领域、研究方法和实践工具入手,剖析智能决策与智库研究的内在耦合机理;在影响分析层,从学术研究、学科发展和机构赋能3个角度分析智能决策对智库领域发展带来的影响;在政策分析层,梳理和对比分析国内外智能决策相关的代表性政策。[结果/结论]综合上述研究结果,本文从要重视新技术发展、关注科技伦理和知识产权问题、促进智能决策相关方向的智库人才培养和加强制度政策保障等4个层面提出思考建议。

固定床渣油加氢与MIP或DCC组合工艺对比研究

利用催化裂化油浆和重循环油(HCO)质量比为3∶1的混合原料A,在体积空速为0.30h^(-1)、氢分压为3.0MPa、氢油体积比为100、温度为360℃的条件下,开展固定床加氢试验,得到收率为99.78%的加氢重馏分油;利用中东渣油(MM)和混合原料B(A加氢重馏分油与MM的质量比为7.98∶100)、保持MM空速不变,分别开展4项不同深度的固定床加氢试验,得到4种加氢常压渣油;进而利用4种加氢常压渣油分别开展MIP和DCC试验。结果表明:以100%MM进料计,采用渣油加氢回炼油浆与MIP组合工艺试验时,加氢较浅和加氢较深产物的轻质油品(汽油+柴油)产率分别较非组合工艺试验增加2.20百分点和2.52百分点;采用渣油加氢回炼油浆与DCC组合工艺试验时,较深加氢产物丙烯产率较非组合工艺降低1.22百分点。

HICH患者血清VEGF、MIP-1α、CD40水平变化及与预后的关系

目的 探究高血压脑出血(HICH)患者血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、巨噬细胞炎症蛋白-1α(MIP-1α)、CD40水平变化及与预后的关系。方法 选取2020年1月至2023年1月期间于达州市中西医结合医院/成都医学院附属达州市中西医结合医院神经外科就诊的208例HICH患者及同期就诊的208例非HICH的脑血管疾病患者临床资料,分别纳入HICH组和对照组,比较两组患者入院时血清VEGF、MIP-1α、CD40水平差异,经受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析入院时血清VEGF、MIP-1α、CD40水平对HICH患者的诊断效能。记录HICH组患者格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分结果,并以其作为预后评估标准将其分为预后不良组(GOS≤3分,n=89)和预后良好组(GOS>3分,n=119)两亚组,比较两亚组患者入院时血清VEGF、MIP-1α、CD40水平和GOS评分的关系;经Pearson相关系数分析HICH患者入院时血清VEGF、MIP-1α、CD40水平与GOS评分的相关性。结果 HICH组入院时的血清VEGF、MIP-1α、CD40水平显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析,血清VEGF、MIP-1α、CD40水平三者单一和联合指标检测的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)值分别是0.828、0.874、0.843、0.930;截断值分别是356.73 pg/mL、350.81 ng/mL、420.60 pg/mL;敏感度分别是66.35%、66.83%、60.01%、86.06%;特异度分别是88.94%、93.27%、91.35%、85.58%(P<0.05)。根据预后评估标准,HICH组中89例患者为预后不良,119例患者预后良好。其中,预后不良组入院时的血清VEGF、MIP-1α、CD40水平显著高于预后良好组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Pearson相关系数分析显示,HICH患者入院时血清VEGF、MIP-1α、CD40水平与GOS评分呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论 血清VEGF、MIP-1α、CD40等因子在HICH患者中呈现高表达,且影响患者的预后情况,可作为早期临床上的辅助指标,为HICH患者的治疗和康复提供更精准的指导。

MiR-107-3p/Atp6v0e1 contributes to protective effects of two selenium-containing peptides,TSeMMM and SeMDPGQQ on lead-induced neurotoxicity

Two selenium(Se)-containing peptides from Se-enriched rice,TSeMMM and SeMDPGQQ,possess neuroprotective potency against lead(Pb2+)-induced cytotoxicity.However,the crosstalk between mRNA and microRNAs(miRNA)involved in the neuroprotection mechanism remains to be elucidated.In this study,RNA-sequencing and miRNA-sequencing were used to independently identify differentially expressed mRNAs and small RNAs profiles in Pb^(2+)-treated primary fetal rat cortical neurons and then the correlated miRNA-mRNA target pairs were obtained.It was found that 34 mRNAs related to oxidative phosphorylation could be reversed by pretreatment of TSeMMM and SeMDPGQQ.The protective effect of TSeMMM and SeMDPGQQ was mediated by upregulation of miR-107-3p,which downregulates the ATPase H+transporting V0 subunit e1(Atp6v0e1)mRNA level.A zebrafish model was applied to verify the relevance between the targeted mRNA and miRNA by real-time quantitative PCR.The results indicated that miR-107-3p was a potential therapeutic target to achieve neuroprotection of Se-containing peptides via stimulation of Atp6v0e1.

Toward Artificial Peptide Nanocapsules

HIGHLIGHTS The formation of peptide nanocapsules is facilitated by a gradient interface,where the differential solvent concentration drives the peptides to preferentially localize and assemble.The peptide nanocapsules,characterized by their hollow structures,demonstrated potential as carriers for targeted drug delivery.1 Introduction Peptide nanocapsules are a type of nanoscale delivery system that encapsulates active substances within a shell composed of peptides,leveraging the unique properties of peptides such as biocompatibility and biodegradability[1].Historically,the development of peptide nanocapsules was inspired primordially by the natural biological processes.

Food-derived protein hydrolysates and peptides:anxiolytic and antidepressant activities,characteristics,and mechanisms

Globally,the prevalence of anxiety and depression has reached epidemic proportions.Food-derived protein hydrolysates and peptides delivered through dietary supplementation can avoid the negative risks associated with traditional pharmaceuticals while delivering superior anxiolytic and antidepressant effects.This review summarizes current research on food-derived anxiolytic and antidepressant protein hydrolysates and peptides,and subsequently analyses their physicochemical characteristics and elaborates on their mechanisms.The aim of this work is to contribute to the in-depth study and provide a theoretical foundation for the development of related products to better serve patients with anxiety and depression.

Food-derived bio-functional peptides for the management of hyperuricemia and associated mechanism

Hyperuricemia,a metabolic disorder related to uric acid metabolism dysregulation,has become a common metabolic disease worldwide,due to changes in lifestyle and dietary structure.In recent years,owing to their high activity and few adverse effects,food-derived active peptides used as functional foods against hyperuricemia have attracted increasing attention.This article aims to focus on the challenge associated with peptide-specific preparation methods development,functional components identification,action mechanism(s)clarification,and bioavailability improvement.The current review proposed recent advances in producing the food-derived peptides with high anti-hyperuricemia activity by protein source screening and matched enzymatic hydrolysis condition adjusting,increased the knowledge about strategies to search antihyperuricemia peptides with definite structure,and emphasized the necessity of combining computer-aided approaches and activity evaluations.In addition,novel action mechanism mediated by gut microbiota was discussed,providing different insights from classical mechanism.Moreover,considering that little attention was paid previously on the structure-activity relationships of anti-hyperuricemia peptides,we collected the sequences from published studies and make a preliminary summary about the structure-activity relationships,which in turn provided guides for enzymatic hydrolysis optimization and bioavailability improvement.Hopefully,this article could promote the development,application and commercialization of food-derived anti-hyperuricemia peptides in the future.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activation:anti-inflammatory effects in the brain

The glucagon-like peptide 1 is a pleiotropic hormone that has potent insulinotropic effects and is key in treating metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity.Glucagon-like peptide 1 exerts its effects by activating a membrane receptor identified in many tissues,including diffe rent brain regions.Glucagon-like peptide 1 activates several signaling pathways related to neuroprotection,like the support of cell growth/survival,enhancement promotion of synapse formation,autophagy,and inhibition of the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines,microglial activation,and apoptosis during neural morphogenesis.The glial cells,including astrocytes and microglia,maintain metabolic homeostasis and defe nse against pathogens in the central nervous system.After brain insult,microglia are the first cells to respond,followed by reactive astrocytosis.These activated cells produce proinflammato ry mediators like cytokines or chemokines to react to the insult.Furthermore,under these circumstances,mic roglia can become chro nically inflammatory by losing their homeostatic molecular signature and,consequently,their functions during many diseases.Several processes promote the development of neurological disorders and influence their pathological evolution:like the formation of protein aggregates,the accumulation of abnormally modified cellular constituents,the formation and release by injured neurons or synapses of molecules that can dampen neural function,and,of critical impo rtance,the dysregulation of inflammato ry control mechanisms.The glucagonlike peptide 1 receptor agonist emerges as a critical tool in treating brain-related inflammatory pathologies,restoring brain cell homeostasis under inflammatory conditions,modulating mic roglia activity,and decreasing the inflammato ry response.This review summarizes recent advances linked to the anti-inflammato ry prope rties of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activation in the brain related to multiple sclerosis,Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,vascular dementia,or chronic migraine.

Enhanced extracellular production of alpha-lactalbumin from Bacillus subtilis through signal peptide and promoter screening

Alpha-lactalbumin(α-LA)is a major whey protein found in breast milk and plays a crucial role in the growth and development of infants.In this study,Bacillus subtilis RIK1285 harboring AprE signal peptide(SP)was selected as the original strain for the production ofα-LA.It was found thatα-LA was identified in the pellet after ultrasonic disruption and centrifugation instead of in the fermentation supernatant.The original strain most likely only producedα-LA intracellular,but not extracellular.To improve the expression and secretion ofα-LA in RIK1285,a library of 173 homologous SPs from the B.subtilis 168 genome was fused with target LALBA gene in the pBE-S vector and expressed extracellularly in RIK1285.SP YjcN was determined to be the best signal peptide.Bands in supernatant were observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and purified by nickel column to calculate the highest yield signal peptide.In addition,different promoters(P_(aprE),P_(43),and P_(glv))were compared and applied.The results indicated that the strain RIK1285-pBE-P_(glv)-YjcN-LALBA had the highestα-LA yield,reaching 122.04μg/mL.This study demonstrates successful expression and secretion of humanα-LA in B.subtilis and establishes a foundation for simulating breast milk for infant formulas and developing bioengineered milk.

The MtRGF6 Peptide Differentially Regulates Root Development and Symbiotic Nodulation of Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus

Rhizobia induces nitrogen-fixing nodules in legumes used in agricultural production,providing a direct source of combined nitrogen to leguminous crops.Small peptides,such as CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION peptides(CLE),are known to regulate the formation and development of nitrogen-fixing nodules in legumes.Root meristem growth factor(RGF)peptides from Medicago truncatula not only regulate root develop-ment but also modulate nodulation symbiosis with Sinorhizobium meliloti.However,the impact of RGF peptides from one leguminous species on the others remains unclear.In this study,we investigate the effects of the RGF family peptide MtRGF6p from M.truncatula on nodulation symbiosis and root development in Lotus japonicus.The MtRGF6 gene is predominantly expressed in the root nodules of M.truncatula and shows low identity with RGF homologous genes from L.japonicus.The gene promoter is active in the primordia of root nodules and lat-eral roots,as well as in young nodules and roots,and the meristem,infection,and nitrogen-fixing regions of the mature nodule.Chemically synthesized MtRGF6p promoted primary root growth in M.truncatula but sup-pressed the growth of L.japonicus primary roots.The peptide negatively affected the initiation of nodule primor-dia,the formation of infection threads,and nodulation in both legumes,with a low dosage showing effects on L.japonicus compared to M.truncatula.These results suggest that the MtRGF6 peptide from M.truncatula may serve as an inter-species signal affecting the root organ development of L.japonicus.

Cath-KP,a novel peptide derived from frog skin,prevents oxidative stress damage in a Parkinson’s disease model

Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a neurodegenerative condition that results in dyskinesia,with oxidative stress playing a pivotal role in its progression.Antioxidant peptides may thus present therapeutic potential for PD.In this study,a novel cathelicidin peptide(Cath-KP;GCSGRFCNLF NNRRPGRLTLIHRPGGDKRTSTGLIYV)was identified from the skin of the Asiatic painted frog(Kaloula pulchra).Structural analysis using circular dichroism and homology modeling revealed a uniqueαββconformation for Cath-KP.In vitro experiments,including free radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant analyses,confirmed its antioxidant properties.Using the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion(MPP^(+))-induced dopamine cell line and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP)-induced PD mice,Cath-KP was found to penetrate cells and reach deep brain tissues,resulting in improved MPP^(+)-induced cell viability and reduced oxidative stress-induced damage by promoting antioxidant enzyme expression and alleviating mitochondrial and intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation through Sirtuin-1(Sirt1)/Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)pathway activation.Both focal adhesion kinase(FAK)and p38 were also identified as regulatory elements.In the MPTP-induced PD mice,Cath-KP administration increased the number of tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)-positive neurons,restored TH content,and ameliorated dyskinesia.To the best of our knowledge,this study is the first to report on a cathelicidin peptide demonstrating potent antioxidant and neuroprotective properties in a PD model by targeting oxidative stress.These findings expand the known functions of cathelicidins,and hold promise for the development of therapeutic agents for PD.

Underlying anti-hypertensive mechanism of the Mizuhopecten yessoensis derived peptide NCW in spontaneously hypertensive rats via widely targeted kidney metabolomics

The angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitory peptide NCW derived from Mizuhopecten yessoensis has been demonstrated to have significant in vivo anti-hypertensive effects,however,its anti-hypertensive mechanism is still not fully clarified.This study established a UPLC-Q-TRAP-MS/MS-based widely targeted kidney metabolomics approach to explore the changes of kidney metabolic profiles and to clarify the antihypertensive mechanism of peptide NCW in spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHRs).Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that the kidney metabolic profiles were clearly separated between the SHR-NCW and SHRUntreated groups.A total of 85 metabolites were differentially regulated,and 16 metabolites were identified as potential kidney biomarkers,e.g.,3-hydroxybutyrate,malonic acid,deoxycytidine,and L-aspartic acid.The peptide NCW might regulate kidney metabolic disorder of SHRs to alleviate hypertension by suppressing inflammation and improving nitric oxide production under the regulation of linoleic acid metabolism,folate related pathways,synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies,pyrimidine metabolism,β-alanine metabolism,and retinal metabolism.

基于MIP系统的放射治疗设备运行管理系统的模块介绍及应用效果

为规范医院放射治疗中心的设备调配、人员安排工作,实现医院放射治疗业务的全流程信息化管理,某大型肿瘤专科医院根据以往放射治疗设备运行管理方面的难点和痛点,结合医院实际情况,配合医科达(上海)医疗器械有限公司建立了一套基于ELEKTA放射治疗整合平台MOSAIQIntegrationPlatform2.0(MIP系统)的放射治疗设备运行管理系统。该系统实现了MIP系统与医院信息系统(HIS)数据的互联互通及放射治疗定位、治疗及质控设备的联网,同时具有可视化的设备预约管理模块、放射治疗全流程无纸化流转模块、自动排队叫号模块、短信通知模块、实时确费收费管理模块及数据记录分析处理模块,经实际应用证实该系统可实现放射治疗一站式前台服务、可视化预约、环节审核规范流转、一键式信息高效沟通及全流程精确记录,有效提高了服务质量和水平,解决了各大放射治疗中心面临的诸多具有共性的难点和痛点。

Protective eff ect and mechanism of nanoantimicrobial peptide ND-C14 against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection

BACKGROUND:Streptococcus pneumoniae(S.pneumoniae)is a common pathogen that causes bacterial pneumonia.However,with increasing bacterial resistance,there is an urgent need to develop new drugs to treat S.pneumoniae infections.Nanodefensin with a 14-carbon saturated fatty acid(ND-C14)is a novel nanoantimicrobial peptide designed by modifying myristic acid at the C-terminus of humanα-defensin 5(HD5)via an amide bond.However,it is unclear whether ND-C14 is effective against lung infections caused by S.pneumoniae.METHODS:In vitro,three groups were established,including the control group,and the HD5 and ND-C14 treatment groups.A virtual colony-count assay was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of HD5 and ND-C14 against S.pneumoniae.The morphological changes of S.pneumoniae treated with HD5 or ND-C14 were observed by scanning electron microscopy.In vivo,mice were divided into sham,vehicle,and ND-C14 treatment groups.Mice in the sham group were treated with 25μL of phosphate-buffered saline(PBS).Mice in the vehicle and ND-C14 treatment groups were treated with intratracheal instillation of 25μL of bacterial suspension with 2×108 CFU/mL(total bacterial count:5×10^(6) CFU),and then the mice were given 25μL PBS or intratracheally injected with 25μL of ND-C14(including 20μg or 50μg),respectively.Survival rates were evaluated in the vehicle and ND-C14 treatment groups.Bacterial burden in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were counted.The lung histology of the mice was assessed.A propidium iodide uptake assay was used to clarify the destructive eff ect of ND-C14 against S.pneumoniae.RESULTS:Compared with HD5,ND-C14 had a better bactericidal eff ect against S.pneumoniae because of its stronger ability to destroy the membrane structure of S.pneumoniae in vitro.In vivo,ND-C14 significantly delayed the death time and improved the survival rate of mice infected with S.pneumoniae.ND-C14 reduced bacterial burden and lung tissue injury.Moreover,ND-C14 had a membrane permeation eff ect on S.pneumoniae,and its destructive ability increased with increasing ND-C14 concentration.CONCLUSION:The ND-C14 may improve bactericidal eff ects on S.pneumoniae both in vitro and in vivo.

Exploring the taste presentation and receptor perception mechanism of salty peptides from Stropharia rugosoannulata based on molecular dynamics and thermodynamics simulation

The taste presentation and receptor perception mechanism of the salty peptide of Stropharia rugosoannulata were predicted and verified using peptide omics and molecular interaction techniques.The combination of aspartic acid(D)and glutamic acid(E),or peptide fragments composed of arginine(R),constitute the characteristic taste structural basis of salty peptides of S.rugosoannulata.The taste intensity of the salty peptide positively correlates with its concentration within a specific concentration range(0.25–1.0 mg/mL).The receptor more easily recognizes the first amino acid residue at the N-terminal of salty peptides and the aspartic acid residue in the peptides.GLU513,ASP707,and VAL508 are the critical amino acid residues for the receptor to recognize salty peptides.TRPV1 is specifically the receptor for recognizing salty peptides.Hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions are the main driving forces for the interactions between salty peptides and TRPV1 receptors.KSWDDFFTR has the most potent binding capacity with the receptor and has tremendous potential for application in sodium salt substitution.This study confirmed the taste receptor that specifically recognizes salty peptides,analyzed the receptor-peptide binding interaction,and provided a new idea for understanding the taste receptor perception of salty peptides.