Performance-based seismic design of nonstructural building components:The next frontier of earthquake engineering

With the development and implementation of performance-based earthquake engineering,harmonization of performance levels between structural and nonstructural components becomes vital. Even if the structural components of a building achieve a continuous or immediate occupancy performance level after a seismic event,failure of architectural,mechanical or electrical components can lower the performance level of the entire building system. This reduction in performance caused by the vulnerability of nonstructural components has been observed during recent earthquakes worldwide. Moreover,nonstructural damage has limited the functionality of critical facilities,such as hospitals,following major seismic events. The investment in nonstructural components and building contents is far greater than that of structural components and framing. Therefore,it is not surprising that in many past earthquakes,losses from damage to nonstructural components have exceeded losses from structural damage. Furthermore,the failure of nonstructural components can become a safety hazard or can hamper the safe movement of occupants evacuating buildings,or of rescue workers entering buildings. In comparison to structural components and systems,there is relatively limited information on the seismic design of nonstructural components. Basic research work in this area has been sparse,and the available codes and guidelines are usually,for the most part,based on past experiences,engineering judgment and intuition,rather than on objective experimental and analytical results. Often,design engineers are forced to start almost from square one after each earthquake event: to observe what went wrong and to try to prevent repetitions. This is a consequence of the empirical nature of current seismic regulations and guidelines for nonstructural components. This review paper summarizes current knowledge on the seismic design and analysis of nonstructural building components,identifying major knowledge gaps that will need to be filled by future research. Furthermore,considering recent trends in earthquake engineering,the paper explores how performance-based seismic design might be conceived for nonstructural components,drawing on recent developments made in the field of seismic design and hinting at the specific considerations required for nonstructural components.

Peak displacement patterns for the performance-based seismic design of steel eccentrically braced frames

Performance-based seismic design(PBSD) aims to assess structures at different damage states. Since damage can be directly associated to displacements, seismic design with consideration of displacement seems to be logical. In this study, simple formulae to estimate the peak floor displacement patterns of eccentrically braced frames(EBFs) at different performance levels subjected to earthquake ground motions are proposed. These formulae are applicable in a PBSD and especially in direct displacement-based design(DDBD). Parametric study is conducted on a group of 30 EBFs under a set of 15 far field and near field accelerograms which they scaled to different amplitudes to adapt various performance levels. The results of thousands of nonlinear dynamic analyses of EBFs have been post-processed by nonlinear regression analysis in order to recognize the major parameters that influence the peak displacement pattern of these frames. Results show that suggested displacement patterns have relatively good agreement with those acquired by an exact nonlinear dynamic analysis.

Ground Motion and Site Effects on Performance-Based Design

The objective of Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering （PBEE） is the analysis of performance objectives with a specified annual probability of exceedance. Increasingly undesirable performance is caused by increasing levels of strong ground motion having decreasing annual probabilities of exceedance. The development of this methodology includes three steps： （1） evaluation of the distribution of ground motion at a site; （2） evaluation of the distribution of system response; （3） evaluation of the probability of exceeding decision variables within a given time period, given appropriate damage measures. The work has taken a systematic approach to determine the impact of increasing levels of detail in site characterization on the accuracy of ground motion and site effects predictions. Complementary studies have investigated the use of the following models for evaluating site effects： （1） amplification factors defined on the basis of generalized site categories, （2） one-dimensional ground response analysis, and （3） two-dimensional ground response analysis for surface topography on ground motion. The paper provides a brief synthesis of ground motion and site effects analysis procedures within a Performance-Based Design framework. It focuses about the influence on the evaluation of site effects in some active regions by different shear waves velocity measurements Down Hole （D-H）, Cross Hole （C-H）, Seismic Dilatometer Marchetti Test （SDMT） and by different variation of shear modulus and damping ratio with strain level and depth from different laboratory dynamic tests for soil characterization： Resonant Column Test （RCT）, Cyclic Loading Torsional Shear Test （CLTST）.

Parameter Optimization of Nose Landing Gear Considering Both Take-off and Landing Performance of Catapult Take-off Carrier-Based Aircraft

Optimization of the parameters of landing gear systems with double-stage air springs of catapult take-off carrier-based aircraft is here studied based on the mathematical equations of the classic dual mass spring-damper dynamic model.Certain standards for both take-off and landing performance are put forward.The contradictory factors between take-off and landing processes are analyzed.The optimization of oil in the pin area and the area near the rear oil hole is performed.Then these optimized parameters are used to assess the influence of the initial pressure of the low chamber,the ratio of the high chamber to the low chamber,and the tire inflation pressure on the performance of arresting landing and catapult take-off.The influences of these parameters on carrier-based aircraft and the aircraft-carrier on aircraft catapult take-off is also assessed.Based on the results of the simulation,respective take-off criteria must be drafted considering different types of aircraft and different take-off load cases,all of which must be matched to parameters relevant to catapult take-off.

Development of Performance-Based Tunnel Evaluation Methodology and Performance Evaluation of Existing Railway Tunnels

The concept of performance-based design, which mainly focuses on mechanical performance, has become the international standard, as in the case for ISO. The standardization of tunnel design has not been achieved because it requires integration of separate specialized fields, such as geotechnical engineering, structural engineering and concrete engineering. It is also required to clarify performance-based criteria for tunnel structures to suit specific use purposes (objectives), establish the concept of survey, planning, design, construction and maintenance based on such criteria, and develop proper management systems for operation and maintenance to suit specific tunnel use purposes. To this end, it is vital to develop a methodology for evaluating and verifying the performance of existing tunnels. This paper presents a new concept of performance requirements for tunnel structures and describes the method of quantitatively evaluating the total performance of existing tunnels in relation to the required performance, assuming the total performance to be based on the Analysis Hierarchy Process.

An evaluation of force-based design vs.direct displacement-based design of jointed precast post-tensioned wall systems

The unique features of jointed post-tensioned wall systems, which include minimum structural damage and re-centering capability when subjected to earthquake lateral loads, are the result of using unbonded post-tensioning to attach the walls to the foundation, along with employing energy dissipating shear connectors between the walls. Using acceptance criteria defined in terms of inter-story drift, residual drift, and floor acceleration, this study presents a multiplelevel performance-based seismic evaluation of two five-story unbonded post-tensioned jointed precast wall systems. The design and analysis of these two wall systems, established as the direct displacement-based and force-based solutions for a prototype building used in the PREcast Seismic Structural Systems （PRESSS） program, were performed at 60% scale so that the analysis model could be validated using the PRESSS test data. Both buildings satisfied the performance criteria at four levels of earthquake motions although the design base shear of the direct displacement-based jointed wall system was 50% of that demanded by the force-based design method. The study also investigated the feasibility of controlling the maximum transient inter-story drift in a jointed wall system by increasing the number of energy dissipating shear connectors between the walls but without significantly affecting its re-centering capability.

Application of consequence-based design criteria in regions of moderate seismicity

Current design criteria and prineiples of earthquake engineering design are reviewed,including safety factors, probabilistic approach,and two-level and muhi-level functional design ideas.The modern multi-functional idea is discussed in greater details.When designing a structure,its resistance to and the intensity of the earthquake action are considered. The consequence of failure of the structure is considered only through a rough and empirical factor of importance,ranging usually from 1.0 to 1.5.This paper suggests a method of'consequence-based design,'which considers the consequences of malfunctioning instead of simply an importance factor.The main argument for this method is that damage to a structure located in different types of societies may have very different consequences,which are depeudant on its value and usefulness to the society and the seismicity in the region.

SELECTING CLUSTER MODEL IN Sn - BASED SOLDER ALLOY DESIGN WITH DV - X_α CALCULATION METHOD

Applying calculation method in alloy design should be an important tendency due to its characters of inexpensive cost, high efficiency and prediction. DOS calculations of AuSn, AsSn and SbSn Sn- based alloys have been investigated by employing DV - Xa method, in which different cluster models were adopted to calculate electron structure.It is proved that some regulations must be taken into ac- count in order to carry out alloy design calculation successfully,which are described in this paper in detail.

基于现行规范的型钢混凝土柱侧力-位移曲线预测方法研究

型钢混凝土(steel reinforced concrete,SRC)柱因承载力高、刚度大和耐久性能好等优点而被广泛应用于高层结构中。然而,现阶段SRC结构设计普遍基于承载力设计法,基于性能的抗震设计法在SRC结构方面的应用仍待完善。作为基于性能(位移)的抗震设计方法中最重要的一环,现阶段SRC构件的侧力-位移关系评估缺乏规范指导。基于美国现行规范ASCE/SEI 41-17中针对钢筋混凝土构件的相关规定,结合SRC构件的受力与变形特征,提出了发生弯曲破坏的SRC柱在地震作用下的侧力-位移曲线建模方法。该曲线采用约束混凝土强度计算SRC构件的峰值承载力;使用刚度折减法考虑型钢与混凝土之间的黏结滑移;基于SRC构件的变形特征考虑了纵向受力钢材端部滑移对柱顶侧移的贡献。最后,通过与28根SRC柱试验结果的比较证明了曲线的适用性。计算结果表明:所提出的曲线能合理预测发生弯曲破坏的SRC柱的开裂荷载、开裂位移、峰值荷载、峰值位移和强度退化,可为SRC结构的性能化抗震设计提供参考。

Multi-hazard performance assessment of a transfer-plate high-rise building

Many urban areas are located in regions of moderate seismicity and are subjected to strong wind. Buildings in these regions are often designed without seismic provisions. As a result, in the event of an earthquake, the potential for damage and loss of lives may not be known. In this paper, the performance of a typical high-rise building with a thick transfer plate （TP）, which is one type of building structure commonly found in Hong Kong, is assessed against both earthquake and wind hazards. Seismic- and wind-resistant performance objectives are first reviewed based on relevant codes and design guidelines for high-rise buildings. After a brief introduction of wind-resistant design of the building, various methodologies, including equivalent static load analysis （ESLA）, response spectrum analysis （RSA）, pushover analysis （POA）, linear and nonlinear time-history analysis （LTHA and NTHA）, are employed to assess the seismic performance of the building when subjected to frequent earthquakes, design based earthquakes and maximum credible earthquakes. The effects of design wind and seismic action with a common 50-year return period are also compared. The results indicate that most performance objectives can be satisfied by the building, but there are some objectives, such as inter-story drift ratio, that cannot be achieved when subjected to the frequent earthquakes. It is concluded that in addition to wind, seismic action may need to be explicitly considered in the design of buildings in regions of moderate seismicity.

Parametric study on performance of bridge retrofitted by unseating prevention devices

Over the past decade, seismically induced damage to bridges has been widely reported following major earthquakes such as the 1994 Northridge, 1995 Kobe and 1999 Chi-Chi events. Since these earthquakes, restrainers and stoppers have been installed on bridges to prevent unseating and excessive displacements, respectively. Alternatively, column jacketing has also been proven to be effective. However, the enhanced shear strength may result in extra retrofitting works on the footing. For bridges damaged in the Chi-Chi earthquake, investigations revealed that most bridge columns experienced none-to-minor damage in the longitudinal direction. The reason for this unexpected performance was the construction practice of using a rubber bearing, which is an unbolted design that may slide under large lateral forces. In this paper, parametric studies on simply-supported bridges retrofitted by a restrainer or concrete shear key along the longitudinal and transverse axes were carried out. The research focuses on finding suitable combinations of the design force and gap spacing so the restrainer and concrete shear key can be used as an unseating prevention device, with respect to the allowable column damage in terms of displacement ductility under near-fault type earthquakes. A two-lane PCI-girder bridge was selected as the benchmark model. In the longitudinal direction, a total of nine combinations considering yielding strength and gap spacing for the restrainer were analyzed; while parameters for the concrete shear key were divided into three shear force levels and three gap spacings. In the transverse direction, a similar approach was adapted, except smaller gap spacing was used. For each of the above mentioned earthquakes, seven input ground motions were selected and their PGAs were adjusted to 0.36g and 0.45g as the Design earthquake and Maximum Considerable Earthquake, respectively. Based on the results of nonlinear time history analyses, proper parameters to design the restrainers and concrete shear keys are obtained. Responses obtained from numerical simulations under the Chi-Chi earthquake leaded to new implications to design those devices. Restrainer should not exceed its breaking strain and sufficient unseating length will be needed always. Concrete Shear key was determined by considering both displacement demand of the superstructure and displacement ductility of the column at the same time. Further study is needed to provide optimal design parameters for use in performance based bridge design.

Performance-Based Design for Large Crowd Venue Control Using a Multi-Agent Model

Performance-based design is more holistic and flexible than prescriptive design for providing safety in large complex buildings. Here, a multi-agent method to model the egress patterns of evacuees is combined with a microscopic pedestrian simulation model used to analyze the forces between individuals in a densely populated enclosed space in a crowd crushing and trampling analysis （CroC＆Ts）. The system is used to model egress patterns in a typical crowd evacuation simulation. The simulations indicate that some individuals will die from crushing in 2 m and 4 m wide exits in emergencies. The simulations also show that the fatality probability increases when barriers obstacled the path and when the egress distances were lar- ger. The simulations validate the conclusions of the stranded crowd model （SCM） and provide quantitative predictions of the crowd crushing and trampling risk. Therefore, the CroC＆Ts can provide performancebased egress designs for large pubic buildings and improve crowd safety management and emergency planning.

负刚度-惯容阻尼器对隔震结构减震性能提升研究

为进一步控制地震作用下基础隔震结构的地震响应,融合负刚度与惯容的减震优势,开展了负刚度-惯容阻尼器(Negative Stiffness Inerter Damper,NSID)对隔震结构减震性能提升研究。基于NSID-隔震结构耦合系统的状态空间方程,推导了Clough-Penzien谱输入下耦合系统随机地震响应;综合NSID设计成本和隔震结构减震性能提升需求,提出了基于成本控制的NSID参数优化方法;通过对比NSID、黏滞阻尼器(Viscous Damper,VD)、负刚度阻尼器(Negative Stiffness Damper,NSD)、惯容阻尼器(Viscous Inerter Damper,VID)对隔震结构在近场脉冲型地震作用下的控制效果,阐明了NSID对隔震结构减震控制的优势。研究结果表明:基础隔震复合NSID的减震措施可以有效降低隔震结构的隔震层位移,以及上部结构层间位移和绝对加速度响应;由于负刚度元件的存在,NSID对隔震结构位移的控制效果稍劣于VID,但优于NSD和VD;优化设计的NSID综合了惯容和负刚度对隔震结构层间位移和绝对加速度的控制优势,对隔震结构层间位移和绝对加速度的控制效果优于VD、VID和NSD。

A simplified methd of evaluating the seismic performance of buildings

This paper presents a simplified method of evaluating the seismic performance of buildings. The proposed method is based on the transformation of a multiple degree of freedom (MDOF) system to an equivalent single degree of freedom (SDOF) system using a simple and intuitive process. The proposed method is intended for evaluating the seismic performance of the buildings at the intermediate stages in design, while a rigorous method would be applied to the final design. The performance of the method is evaluated using a series of buildings which are assumed to be located in Victoria in western Canada, and designed based on the upcoming version of the National Building Code of Canada which is due to be published in 2005. To resist lateral loads, some of these buildings contain reinforced concrete moment resisting frames, while others contain reinforced concrete shear walls. Each building model has been subjected to a set of site-specific seismic spectrum compatible ground motion records, and the response has been determined using the proposed method and the general method for MDOF systems. The results from the study indicate that the proposed method can serve as a useful tool for evaluation of seismic performance of buildings, and carrying out performance based design.

Soil Uncertainties on Performance of Geotechnical Works

Performance-Based Design （PBD） is a more rational approach, particularly in seismic environments. In this approach it is relevant the performance required to structures and to geotechnical works, as well as the geotechnical constitutive models used to predict the performance. The parameters of the constitutive models are related in turn to soil properties. So soil properties are a key point for Performance-Based Design. Questions arising are： （i） which are the more relevant soil properties to solve a specific PBD geotechnical problem？ （ii） which are the more relevant model parameters and how they can be evaluated and/or correlated to soil properties？ （iii） which is the role of the soil parameters uncertainty in Performance-Based Design？ An answer to these questions is given in this paper, outlining the potential offered by the new advanced in-situ and laboratory tests and discussing the performance required by some geotechnical works.

高烈度区某旋转斜柱框架-核心筒超限高层结构设计要点分析

昆明某147.5m超高层建筑,共37层,其中12~35层外框架绕平面形心相对下层旋转,共旋转30°,采用钢管混凝土框架-钢筋混凝土核心筒混合结构体系。根据旋转斜柱的特点,结构设计采取了针对性的分析方法,制定相应的性能目标并提高了关键构件(框架柱、底部加强区剪力墙、楼板)的抗震性能。利用YJK、ETABS及SAUSAGE软件对结构进行了不同性能水准地震作用下结构承载力、变形及稳定性分析,重点验算旋转斜柱对结构整体性能、楼板、核心筒等构件的影响以及斜柱本身的抗震性能,并采取针对性抗震构造措施。另外,采用MIDAS FEA实体有限元分析了斜柱关键节点的可靠性。结果表明:结构在不同性能水准地震作用下的各项设计指标均满足相关规范要求;水平力形成的扭矩在各种工况下的传递路径均有效可靠,各构件可实现预期的抗震性能目标,结构设计方案是可行且安全的。

《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程:DBJ/T 15-92-2021》在某塔楼设计中的运用对比

《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程:广东省标准DBJ/T 15-92-2021》[1]采用“二阶段、二水准”的抗震性能设计方法,与现行《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程:JGJ3-2010》[2]以多遇地震作为设计依据的抗震设计方法不同。以7度(0.15g)抗震设防区某超限高层商住楼为例,采用相同结构模型分别按文献[1]和文献[2]各自规定进行结构设计,对比分析其小震、中震主要计算结果和大震弹塑性性能。揭示此类结构按文献[1]和文献[2]设计结构安全性均有保障,采用文献[1]是合理的,文献[1]设计原则统一,更能体现“强柱弱梁”的设计原则。

地铁前海时代5-2地块超限高层结构设计

对地铁前海时代广场5-2号地块项目抗震性能化设计进行了论述,塔楼采用部分-框支剪力墙结构,同时三栋塔楼通过裙房连为一个整体的多塔结构。采用YJK和Midas Gen两种软件对塔楼进行小震弹性计算分析;进行了中震下构件验算,大震下采用PKPM-SAUSAGE软件进行动力弹塑性分析。针对转换层及上两层采用Abaqus进行实体有限元内力分析;对标准层的弱连接楼盖进行不同受力状态下楼板的受剪承载力分析。结果表明:结构的抗震性能目标均能满足设计要求。

一向少墙结构扁柱-楼板节点有限元分析及设计建议

在一向(X向)少墙结构中,Y向剪力墙与楼板组成扁柱-楼板框架,承担X向的部分水平力;与双向剪力墙结构不同的是,一向少墙结构中楼板发挥的作用不仅是传递楼面竖向荷载,同时也要作为扁梁传递水平荷载。通常楼板的设计仅考虑竖向荷载,支座底筋的锚固长度未按纵向受拉钢筋的要求设计;为方便安装,叠合楼板支座底筋的锚固长度仅为墙厚的一半。因此对扁柱-楼板节点在少墙方向水平力作用下的受力性能进行数值模拟研究,分别对采用叠合楼板与现浇楼板的扁柱-楼板节点进行了分析及比较,采用正向单调水平位移加载的方式模拟多遇地震、设防地震和罕遇地震作用,以获得节点在不同地震水准下的受力性能及破坏模式。分析结果表明:采用叠合楼板与现浇楼板的扁柱-楼板节点破坏模式接近,均为楼板面外抗弯屈服;采用叠合楼板与现浇楼板的节点极限抗弯承载力接近;楼板支座底筋锚固长度不低于15倍直径时可实现底筋受拉屈服。根据分析结果提出了一向少墙结构的设计建议。

高掺量磷石膏道路基层材料配比设计及性能研究

按传统矿质混合料设计掺磷石膏道路基层材料难以大规模消纳磷石膏,为实现磷石膏在道路基层材料中大规模利用,通过骨料替代法进行高掺量磷石膏道路基层材料配比设计,确定适宜的碎石比(5~10 mm粒级与10~25 mm粒级质量比39∶61)后以不同掺量替代磷石膏基胶凝材料体系,再击实然后得出最佳含水率及最大干密度。通过对设计好的配比进行性能试验筛选,得出适宜配比为P85S60,养护28 d的试件抗压强度最大达5.39 MPa,体积变化率较低,且养护7 d后试件的体积增长稳定,体积变化率最终维持在0.5%左右,有利于现场道路施工应用。所有配比浸出氟、磷均满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)一级限值,相较于常规水泥稳定碎石材料,该道路基层材料浸出液的酸碱性不会额外增加不利影响。通过XRD和SEM分析可知,胶凝材料水化产生的钙矾石和水化硅酸钙包裹在未反应的二水石膏周围,另外针棒状钙矾石和水化硅酸钙填充微小孔隙,使得试件整体结构密实、强度增加、体积稳定性增强。