Realization and Analysis of Good Fuel Economy and Kinetic Performance of a Low-cost Hybrid Electric Vehicle

By using high-power and high-efficiency propulsion systems,current hybrid electric vehicles（HEVs） in market can achieve excellent fuel economy and kinetic performance.However,it is the cost of current HEVs that hinders HEVs coming into widespread use.A novel hybrid electric propulsion system is designed to balance HEV cost and performance for developing markets.A battery/supercapacitor-based hybrid energy storage system（HESS） is used to improve energy conversion efficiency and reduce battery size and cost.An all-in-one-controller（AIOC） which integrates engine electronic control unit（ECU）,motor ECU,and HESS management system is developed to save materials and energy,and reduce the influence of distribution parameters on circuit.As for the powertrain configuration,four schemes are presented：belt-driven starter generator（BSG） scheme,four-wheel drive HEV scheme,full HEV scheme,and ranger-extender electric vehicle（EV） scheme.Component selection and parameter matching for the propulsion system are performed,and an energy management strategy is developed based on powertrain configuration and selected components.Forward-facing simulation models are built,comprehending the control strategy based on the optimal engine torque for the low-cost hybrid electric propulsion system.Co-simulation of AVL CRUISE and Matlab/Simulink is presented and the best scheme is selected.The simulation results indicate that,for the best design,fuel consumption in urban driving condition is 4.11 L/（100 km） and 0-50 km/h accelerating time is 10.95 s.The proposed research can realize low-cost concept for HEV while achieving satisfactory fuel economy and kinetic performance,and help to improve commercialization of HEVs.

Energy and Exergy Analysis, and Thermoeconomic Performance of a BCHP System

Building cooling, heating and power (BCHP) systems should play an important role in achieving the goals of energy efficient use and environment protection in China. It will make big sense when this type of system shows a good performance energetically and economically. An on-site BCHP system being the first in the country was installed and put to use five years ago. As the first step to evaluate the project, computations were made based on thermodynamic and thermoeconomic theories to evaluate the system on full load and off-design conditions in summer. Discussion and analyses are made mainly in terms of exergetic efficiency and costs of unit amount of useful exergy produced in this paper.

Performance-based system seismic assessment for long-span suspension bridges under two-level seismic hazard

Since there are few studies on the performance-based seismic evaluation of the long-span suspension bridge system under two-level earthquake hazard in Chinese code,the developed procedure of this study can be regarded as a general program to assess the seismic performance of the overall system for long-span suspension bridges.In the procedure,the probabilistic seismic demand models of multiple bridge components were developed by nonlinear time-history analyses incorporating the related uncertainties,and the component-level fragility curves were calculated by the reasonable definition of limit states of the corresponding components in combination with seismic hazard analysis.The bridge repair cost ratios used to evaluate the system seismic performance were derived through the performance-based methodology and the damage probability of critical components.Furthermore,the repair cost ratios of the overall bridge system that was retrofitted with fluid viscous dampers for the main bridge and changed restraint systems for the approach bridges were compared.The results show that peak ground velocity and peak ground acceleration can be selected as the optimal intensity measurements of long-span suspension bridges using the TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution).The bridge repair cost ratios can serve as accurate evaluation indicators to provide an efficient evaluation of retrofit measures.The seismic evaluation of long-span bridges is misled when ignoring the interaction of adjacent structures.However,the repair cost ratios of a bridge system that has optimum seismic performance are less sensitive to the relative importance of adjacent structures.

Use of Stone Dust in the Design of High Performance Concrete

This research evaluated the suitability of stone dust in the design and production of High Perfor-mance Concrete (HPC). HPC mix was designed, tested, costed and a comparison of concrete classes used in the market (Class 25, 30 and 35) done using Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA). The cost benefit was analyzed using Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Net Present Value (NPV). Laboratory tests established the properties concrete obtained from the design mix. Compressive strength, slump, and modulus of elasticity were tested and analyzed. Structural analysis using BS 8110 was done for a 10 storey office building to establish the structural member sizes. Members obtained from concrete Classes 25, 30, 35 and the new compressive strengths from HPC (Class 80) were obtained and compared. Analysis was done for structural members’ sizes and area freed as a result of de-signing with HPC as well as the steel reinforcement used. To justify the initial cost of HPC if ado- pted, the Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) was used to estimate increased costs versus income resulting from increased let table space created. The minimum class of concrete used in design was limited to Class 25 N/mm2. The research shows that it is possible to manufacture high strength concrete using locally available stone dust. The stone dust sampled from Mlolongo quarries achieved a characteristic strength of 86.7 N/mm2 at a water cement ratio of 0.32. With the results structural analysis of a 10 storey office structures with columns spaced at 8 meters center to center was de-signed using the four classes and results compared. There was a reduction of columns from 1.2 m wide to 0.65 m wide (over 45%) when concrete class changes from Class 25 to Class 80 creating over 3% of the total space area per floor. Cost benefit analysis using Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) presented business case for the use of HPC. With Class 80, the IRR was at 3% and NPV being 8% of the total initial investment. The steel reinforcement increased by 8.64% using Class 30, 11.68% using Class 35 and reduced by 8.37% at Class 80. Further analysis needs to be done to understand the trend of steel reinforcement keeping all the member sizes the same. In this study the member sizes were optimized based on the steel reinforcement and serviceability. This paper provides useful information to design Engineers and Architects and inform future design of multi storey structures.

Cost-performance analysis of nutrient removal in a full-scale oxidation ditch process based on kinetic modeling

A full-scale oxidation ditch process for treating sewage was simulated with the ASM2d model and optimized for minimal cost with acceptable performance in terms of ammonium and phosphorus removal. A unified index was introduced by integrating operational costs （aeration energy and sludge production） with effluent violations for performance evaluation. Scenario analysis showed that, in comparison with the baseline （all of the 9 aerators activated）, the strategy of activating 5 aerators could save aeration energy significantly with an ammonium violation below 10%. Sludge discharge scenario analysis showed that a sludge discharge flow of 250- 300 ma/day （solid retention time （SRT）, 13-15 days） was appropriate for the enhancement of phosphorus removal without excessive sludge production. The proposed optimal control strategy was： activating 5 rotating disks operated with a mode of ＂111100100＂ （ ＂1＂ represents activation and ＂0＂ represents inactivation） for aeration and sludge discharge flow of 200 m3/day （SRT, 19 days）. Compared with the baseline, this strategy could achieve ammonium violation below 10% and TP violation below 30% with substantial reduction of aeration energy cost （46%） and minimal increment of sludge production （〈 2%）. This study provides a useful approach for the optimization of process operation and control.

Evaluating the moderated-mediation effects of switchingcosts in the link between social capital and NPD performance

In this study,we explore the causes and performance outcomes of switching costs in the context of new product development(NPD)from both the supplier and customer perspectives,and discuss the role that switching costs play as moderators and mediators in the relationship between social capital and NPD performance.Based on data from 214 Chinese manufacturers,we employ the structural equation model to test our conceptual model and hypotheses.The results indicate that relationship quality and customer involvement positively and negatively affect switching costs,respectively,and that switching costs negatively affect NPD performance.Switching costs mediate and moderate the relationship between social capital and NPD performance.Furthermore,switching costs significantly and positively moderate the relationship between relationship quality and NPD performance.On the other hand,switching costs insignificantly and negatively moderate the relationship between customer involvement and NPD performance.The theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are discussed.

Energy and Cost Analyses of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Microgeneration Systems for Different Climate Zones of Turkey

The environmental and energy problems that have arisen in Turkey because of the dramatically increase in energy consumption require the implementation of energy efficiency and microgeneration measures in the building sector which is the main sector of primary energy consumption. Since Turkey is highly dependent on exported energy resources, the basic energy policy approach is based on providing the supply security. In this regard, supporting for in situ energy production, encouraging the use of renewable energy sources and the systems such as microgeneration systems in order to meet the energy requirements of buildings would be considered as a key measure for resolving the energy related challenges of Turkey and dealing with the sustainability issues. Turkey’s geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of the renewable energy sources such as especially solar energy. However, this huge solar energy potential is not being used sufficiently in residential building sector which is responsible for the great energy consumption of Turkey. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce a study which investigates, on a life cycle basis, the environmental and the economic sustainability of solar Photovoltaic (PV) microgenerators to promote the implementation of this system as an option for the renovation of existing residential buildings in Turkey. In this study, main parameters which were related to the distribution of modules to be installed in flat roofs and facades and the evaluation of the PV systems were taken into account. The effect of these parameters on energy generation of PV systems was analyzed in a case study considering different climate zones of Turkey;and the decrease in the existing energy consumption of the reference building was calculated.

Proposed Method for Cost Assessment of Seismic Mitigation Designs for Reinforced Concrete Buildings According to ECP Code

The Earthquake can be considered as a natural phenomenon or a disaster based on the seismic response of structures during a severe earthquake that plays a vital role in the extent of structural damage and resulting injuries and losses. It is necessary to predict the performance of the existing structures and structures at the design stage when it subjected to an earthquake load. Also, it is needed to predict the repair cost required for the rehabilitation of the existing buildings that is insufficient in seismic resistance, and the construction cost and the expected repairing cost for the structures at the design stage that designed to have a ductile behavior with acceptable cracks. This study aims to propose a method for seismic performance evaluation for existing and new structures depending on the width of cracks resulted from the seismic exposure. Also, it assesses the effect of building performance during earthquakes on its life cycle cost. FEMA 356 criteria were used to predict the building responses due to seismic hazard. A case study of seven-story reinforced concrete building designed by four design approaches and then analyzed by static nonlinear pushover analysis to predict its response and performance during earthquake events using Sap 2000 software. The first design approach is to design the building to resist gravity loads only by using ECP code. The second one is to design the building to resist gravity loads and seismic loads by using static linear analysis according to ECP code. The third one is to design the building to resist gravity loads and seismic loads by using static linear analysis according to the regulations of the Egyptian Society of Earthquake Engineering (ESEE). Finally the fourth one is to design the building as the second approach but with ground acceleration greater by five times than it or by using ductility factor R = 1. The methodology followed in this study provides initial guidelines, and steps required to assess the seismic performance and the cost associated with using a variety of design methods for reinforced concrete structures resisting earthquakes, selecting the retrofitting strategies that would be indicated to repair the structure after an earthquake.

Study on enterprise cost strategy implementation methods

Based on comparative analysis of different perspectives related to enterprise strategic cost management or strategic management process, the author considers that the process of strategic cost management includes two major steps as strategy formulation and strategy implementation. The cost strategic management methods can be classified as cost strategy formulation methods and implementation methods according to the strategic cost management process; and the cost strategy implementation methods are divided into strategy implementation basis confirmation method, organizational implementation method, supervision （surveillance） and variance （performance） analysis ＆ adjustment method according to the contents to be implemented.

全成本预算绩效管理的改革实践与未来展望

全成本预算绩效管理通过打开成本的“黑箱”,进一步增强了成本与产出之间的实质联系,是避免预算绩效管理流于形式的关键所在。本文针对预算管理实践中存在的成本核定不准确、预算投入不合理等问题,从理论机制和实践应用两个方面入手,深入剖析了全成本预算绩效管理区别于传统预算绩效管理的主要特征与关键优势。面对成本界定、成本分摊与成本效益信息运用中的诸多挑战,本文提出在考虑成本生成主体的基础之上,构建基于不同主体的成本核算机制,统一成本分摊标准,审慎考虑成本效益分析的实施项目与运用程度,实行绩效奖励与收入分成机制。本文希望为进一步深化预算绩效管理改革提供有效抓手。

政府购买服务项目成本预算绩效分析

随着各地各部门政府购买服务改革的持续深化,对政府购买服务类项目开展成本预算绩效分析成为提升公共服务绩效、优化财政资金投入的重要管理方式之一。国内预算绩效管理改革逐渐向成本预算绩效方向持续深入,北京、上海、山东、江苏等地开展了政府购买服务成本预算绩效管理的探索实践,取得了一定成效。近年来,全国各地对城市餐厨垃圾无害化、资源化处理的财政资金投入不断加大,以城市餐厨垃圾处置费为案例开展成本预算绩效分析具有重要现实意义。本文借鉴“工作分解结构”(WBS)、作业成本法、成本效益分析等方法,基于“活动—成本”二维框架,建构了成本预算绩效分析“九步法”,然后以A市“城市餐厨垃圾处置项目”为实例,检验了该方法的有效性,为丰富其他类型项目的成本预算绩效分析提供了借鉴和参考。

城市蓝绿空间降温绩效评估及提升策略——以北京市为例

绿地和水体对缓解热岛效应和改善生态环境效果显著,但因城市空间稀缺导致建设机会成本高,提升蓝绿空间绩效研究亟需深化。本文构建基于成本−收益分析的降温绩效评估模型,定量测量不同规模和类型的蓝绿空间斑块降温效果,以北京市为研究区,利用2010—2020年3期土地利用与地表温度数据,评估大于1 hm^(2)蓝绿空间辐射范围的降温绩效。主要研究结论如下:①研究期内北京市蓝绿空间面积不断增加,呈现由小型面积(Ac)(1≤Ac<2 hm^(2))为主向中型(2≤Ac<10 hm^(2))和大型(Ac≥10 hm^(2))转变;水域持续增加,而林地、草地和混合类型减少;三环以内老城区面积基本持平,而四环减少、五环增多。②根据缓冲区降温模型,北京市蓝绿空间的降温区范围不断增加,从类型结构上看,大中型蓝绿空间形成的降温区增加,而小型蓝绿空间的降温区减少;林地面积虽然减少,但其降温区面积却在增加,而水体降温区面积增长不及自身面积增长。③不同类型蓝绿空间绩效水平呈现先上升后降低的特征,小型和中型混合类型、大型水体的降温绩效比其他同等规模的绩效更好。因此,优化蓝绿规模和类型结构、调整空间形态布局、改善生态空间质量对充分发挥蓝绿空间降温效应起到重要作用,为城市生态环境改善与可持续发展提供新思路。

软件定义网络中的流量工程与安全性研究

为保证网络安全,提升网络性能,文中研究了软件定义网络(SDN)业务工程与安全性的关系。在此基础上,从网络性能与安全两个方面对网络性能进行了平衡分析,从而实现对网络性能的优化,防止恶意行为与攻击。研究结果表明,结合业务工程与安全性,可最大程度地改善网络性能,同时防止网络受到攻击,对软件定义网络的应用与发展具有一定的指导意义,有利于促进相关领域的研究与探索。

跨临界CO_(2)内部过冷增压制冷系统性能评价

为了改善商超用CO_(2)制冷系统的性能,提出跨临界CO_(2)内部过冷增压制冷(TCISS)系统,对比了该系统与3种不同CO_(2)增压制冷循环的性能,并通过已有试验数据对其仿真模拟结果进行了验证。为详细分析该系统的现实应用性能,进一步建立经济性和环保性模型,并与R134a/CO_(2)复叠制冷(RCOS)系统进行比较,以哈尔滨、北京、南京、广州城市为例,分析2种系统在不同气候区域的性能。结果表明:当高压压力大于10.5 MPa时,环境温度在5~30℃范围内,TCISS循环比其他3种CO_(2)增压制冷循环的COP都要高;TCISS的初始投资成本比RCOS高24.5%,但其年度运行成本更低;TCISS的全生命周期成本(XLCC)普遍低于RCOS,并且在哈尔滨的XLCC最小,在广州的XLCC最大。在4个不同的城市中,TCISS系统的SO_(2),NOx,PM2.5,PM10的4项污染物排放指标均低于RCOS,其总等效变暖效应降低了21.2%~23.9%。研究结果可为推动TCISS系统的发展和应用提供理论指导。

成都某办公楼空调制冷机房“降本增效”设计方案研究

随着“碳达峰”目标的日益临近,为降低公共建筑中央空调运行能耗,高效空调制冷机房有广阔且急迫的市场需求。忽略系统整体的性能优化只关注设备个体的能效提升,不仅无法有效提升冷源能效,还将导致建造成本的增加。以一个写字楼项目为案例,以“降本增效”设计理念为指导,运用性能化的分析模型,结合综合技术措施,将其制冷机房进行优化设计,使其全年能效提升了36%,能耗总量及强度显著下降,且建设初投资增量成本可控。

Miniature integrated spectrometers towards high-performance and cost-effective

The conjugated mode of bound states in a continuum is integrated as a narrowband wavelength extraction unit.A low-cost and easy-to-prepare strategy,using solution-processable semiconductors,has been demonstrated to form a new platform for on-chip spectral analysis.

尾菜规模化处理系统实际运行分析

针对已运行尾菜规模化处理系统总体效益差的问题,结合运行数据对系统稳定性、处理效果和运行成本进行详细分析,总结运行期出现的问题,提出对应措施。分析结果表明:预处理系统平均日处理量为454.13 t,在运行第48~121天因进料量增大无法保证稳定的脱水效果;厌氧发酵系统平均产气量为748.8 m^(3),运行期间平均酸碱度(pH)和温度分别为6.27和24℃,罐内物料酸化是发酵系统失稳的主要原因;污水处理系统平均进水量为551.7 m^(3),出水化学需氧量(COD)质量浓度为288.38 mg/L,出水氨氮(NH3-N)质量浓度为4.60 mg/L,出水总氮(TN)质量浓度为31.55 mg/L,出水总磷(TP)质量浓度为3.61 mg/L,均达到排放标准。在实际处理效果方面,预处理系统平均脱水率39.35%,最大脱水率可达80.16%;污水处理系统平均COD去除率为98.71%,NH3-N去除率为99.71%,TP去除率为98.63%,TN去除率为98.07%。在运行成本分析中,运行费用为94.44元/t,其中运输费用最高,占运行成本的31.76%;水费、人工费和药剂费支出较高,分别占运行成本的23.78%、14.14%和16.86%;燃料费用最低,占运行成本的0.03%。原料输入不稳定、杂质去除不彻底、压榨效果不明显、发酵系统易酸化、污水处理成本高是造成系统运行效果差的重要原因。

北斗低成本接收机单频PPP海上定位性能分析

为评估北斗低成本接收机在海洋动态环境中的定位性能,首先从原始观测方程出发,推导出融合BDS-2和BDS-3的单频精密单点定位模型;其次采用PPK解动态约束位置参数和双向滤波的方法,估计得到观测值无偏后验残差,并基于后验残差分析了低成本接收机和测量型接收机在海上的观测数据质量,最后基于实时和事后精密产品,分析了低成本接收机SF-PPP的定位性能。实验表明:低成本接收机的观测噪声较大,相位和伪距观测噪声为测量型接收机的11.9倍和5.6倍。低成本接收机实时水平和垂直定位精度优于0.3 m和0.5 m,收敛时间优于40 min。置信度为95%时,后处理水平和垂直定位精度为0.219 m和0.430 m。结果表明:低成本接收机在海洋动态环境下定位精度为亚米级,可满足部分高精度海洋应用定位需求。

基于节能低碳水平的工厂降本绩效模型的建立与分析

为研究工厂节能低碳措施对于降本绩效的影响,筛选了6个节能低碳措施作为一级指标,并在此基础上衍生为18个二级指标,通过层次分析法确立了各节能低碳措施的权重。使用层次分析法得出权重前置于以数学分析和LSTM神经网络模型构建的降本绩效模型各元素之后,成功构建了降本绩效指标模型,并提出可使用遗传算法得到最优降本绩效指标及其对应措施方案。研究发现,建立的基于节能低碳水平的工厂降本绩效模型可用于后续评价工厂节能低碳措施降本绩效水平,有关能源效率提升、废弃物资源化利用、应用可再生能源的降本绩效模型可以用数学公式建立,而对于加强员工宣导、源头低碳技术、智能化能源管理系统的降本绩效模型需要使用LSTM建立,通过LSTM的分析发现拟合结果较好,RMSE这一误差分析指标趋近于0,这意味着模型的准确性比较高。使用遗传算法求取该模型下的最佳降本绩效,发现仅经过50代后,迭代结果趋于稳定,也从侧面印证了该模型的准确性,可以使用寻优算法寻找最佳的降本措施以达成工厂降本绩效要求,该方法构建了节能低碳措施与降本绩效间的模型,具有一定实用性和科学价值。

安全投入与安全水平的关系

安全投入与主要安全指标之间存在一定的函数关系。在对某地区的安全数据进行分析的基础上,利用最小二乘法对人均安全投入、人均劳保投入与百万工时事故率和百万工时伤亡率的关系进行了回归分析并进行了显著性检验。结果表明,安全投入与主要安全指标之间存在确定的负指数关系。对安全投入的效应特性结合数据进行了分析,讨论了安全投入的滞后性阈值问题。