Performance-based seismic design of nonstructural building components:The next frontier of earthquake engineering

With the development and implementation of performance-based earthquake engineering,harmonization of performance levels between structural and nonstructural components becomes vital. Even if the structural components of a building achieve a continuous or immediate occupancy performance level after a seismic event,failure of architectural,mechanical or electrical components can lower the performance level of the entire building system. This reduction in performance caused by the vulnerability of nonstructural components has been observed during recent earthquakes worldwide. Moreover,nonstructural damage has limited the functionality of critical facilities,such as hospitals,following major seismic events. The investment in nonstructural components and building contents is far greater than that of structural components and framing. Therefore,it is not surprising that in many past earthquakes,losses from damage to nonstructural components have exceeded losses from structural damage. Furthermore,the failure of nonstructural components can become a safety hazard or can hamper the safe movement of occupants evacuating buildings,or of rescue workers entering buildings. In comparison to structural components and systems,there is relatively limited information on the seismic design of nonstructural components. Basic research work in this area has been sparse,and the available codes and guidelines are usually,for the most part,based on past experiences,engineering judgment and intuition,rather than on objective experimental and analytical results. Often,design engineers are forced to start almost from square one after each earthquake event: to observe what went wrong and to try to prevent repetitions. This is a consequence of the empirical nature of current seismic regulations and guidelines for nonstructural components. This review paper summarizes current knowledge on the seismic design and analysis of nonstructural building components,identifying major knowledge gaps that will need to be filled by future research. Furthermore,considering recent trends in earthquake engineering,the paper explores how performance-based seismic design might be conceived for nonstructural components,drawing on recent developments made in the field of seismic design and hinting at the specific considerations required for nonstructural components.

Peak displacement patterns for the performance-based seismic design of steel eccentrically braced frames

Performance-based seismic design(PBSD) aims to assess structures at different damage states. Since damage can be directly associated to displacements, seismic design with consideration of displacement seems to be logical. In this study, simple formulae to estimate the peak floor displacement patterns of eccentrically braced frames(EBFs) at different performance levels subjected to earthquake ground motions are proposed. These formulae are applicable in a PBSD and especially in direct displacement-based design(DDBD). Parametric study is conducted on a group of 30 EBFs under a set of 15 far field and near field accelerograms which they scaled to different amplitudes to adapt various performance levels. The results of thousands of nonlinear dynamic analyses of EBFs have been post-processed by nonlinear regression analysis in order to recognize the major parameters that influence the peak displacement pattern of these frames. Results show that suggested displacement patterns have relatively good agreement with those acquired by an exact nonlinear dynamic analysis.

Probabilistic Performance-Based Optimum Seismic Design Framework: Illustration and Validation

In the field of earthquake engineering,the advent of the performance-based design philosophy,together with the highly uncertain nature of earthquake ground excitations to structures,has brought probabilistic performance-based design to the forefront of seismic design.In order to design structures that explicitly satisfy probabilistic performance criteria,a probabilistic performance-based optimum seismic design(PPBOSD)framework is proposed in this paper by extending the state-of-the-art performance-based earthquake engineering(PBEE)methodology.PBEE is traditionally used for risk evaluation of existing or newly designed structural systems,thus referred to herein as forward PBEE analysis.In contrast,its use for design purposes is limited because design is essentially a more challenging inverse problem.To address this challenge,a decision-making layer is wrapped around the forward PBEE analysis procedure for computer-aided optimum structural design/retrofit accounting for various sources of uncertainty.In this paper,the framework is illustrated and validated using a proof-of-concept problem,namely tuning a simplified nonlinear inelastic single-degreeof-freedom(SDOF)model of a bridge to achieve a target probabilistic loss hazard curve.For this purpose,first the forward PBEE analysis is presented in conjunction with the multilayer Monte Carlo simulation method to estimate the total loss hazard curve efficiently,followed by a sensitivity study to investigate the effects of system(design)parameters on the probabilistic seismic performance of the bridge.The proposed PPBOSD framework is validated by successfully tuning the system parameters of the structure rated for a target probabilistic seismic loss hazard curve.The PPBOSD framework provides a tool that is essential to develop,calibrate and validate simplified probabilistic performance-based design procedures.

Research on performance-based seismic design criteria

The seismic design criterion adopted in the existing seismic design codes is reviewed. It is pointed out that the presently used seismic design criterion is not satisfied with the requirements of nowadays social and economic development. A new performance-based seismic design criterion that is composed of three components is presented in this paper. It can not only effectively control the economic losses and casualty, but also ensure the building's function in proper operation during earthquakes. The three components are: classification of seismic design for buildings, determination of seismic design intensity and/or seismic design ground motion for controlling seismic economic losses and casualties, and determination of the importance factors in terms of service periods of buildings. For controlling the seismic human losses, the idea of socially acceptable casualty level is presented and the 'Optimal Economic Decision Model' and 'Optimal Safe Decision Model' are established. Finally, a new method is recommended for calculating the importance factors of structures by adjusting structures service period on the base of more important structure with longer service period than the conventional ones. Therefore, the more important structure with longer service periods will be designed for higher seismic loads, in case the exceedance probability of seismic hazard in different service period is same.

Performance-based global reliability assessment of a high-rise frame-core tube structure subjected to multi-dimensional stochastic earthquakes

When evaluating the seismic safety and reliability of complex engineering structures,it is a critical problem to reasonably consider the randomness and multi-dimensional nature of ground motions.To this end,a proposed modeling strategy of multi-dimensional stochastic earthquakes is addressed in this study.This improved seismic model has several merits that enable it to better provide seismic analyses of structures.Specifically,at first,the ground motion model is compatible with the design response spectrum.Secondly,the evolutionary power spectrum involved in the model and the design response spectrum are constructed accordingly with sufficient consideration of the correlation between different seismic components.Thirdly,the random function-based dimension-reduction representation is applied,by which seismic modeling is established,with three elementary random variables.Numerical simulations of multi-dimensional stochastic ground motions in a specific design scenario indicate the effectiveness of the proposed modeling strategy.Moreover,the multi-dimensional seismic response and the global reliability of a high-rise frame-core tube structure is discussed in detail to further illustrate the engineering applicability of the proposed method.The analytical investigations demonstrate that the suggested stochastic model of multi-dimensional ground motion is available for accurate seismic response analysis and dynamic reliability assessment of complex engineering structures for performance-based seismic resistance design.

Application of consequence-based design criteria in regions of moderate seismicity

Current design criteria and prineiples of earthquake engineering design are reviewed,including safety factors, probabilistic approach,and two-level and muhi-level functional design ideas.The modern multi-functional idea is discussed in greater details.When designing a structure,its resistance to and the intensity of the earthquake action are considered. The consequence of failure of the structure is considered only through a rough and empirical factor of importance,ranging usually from 1.0 to 1.5.This paper suggests a method of'consequence-based design,'which considers the consequences of malfunctioning instead of simply an importance factor.The main argument for this method is that damage to a structure located in different types of societies may have very different consequences,which are depeudant on its value and usefulness to the society and the seismicity in the region.

基于结构可靠度的PBSD抗震设防标准研究

为实现抗震性能设计(performance-based seismic design,PBSD)的多级水准多目标设防,首先,依据结构可靠指标与验算点对应关系,推导出了基本变量的超越概率与目标可靠度、极限状态灵敏度系数的关系,完善了"等超概率原则";其次,应用地震危险性分析、抗震目标可靠指标和"等超概率原则",提出应用"多级设计可靠度"实现PBSD对不同重要性建筑、不同设计基准期的多级水准设防;最后,结合我国现行抗震设计规范,给出了基于结构可靠度的PBSD抗震设防标准实用表格和公式。

Recent progress of seismic research on tall buildings in China Mainland

As a result of rapid economic growth and urbanization in the past two decades,many tall buildings have been constructed in China Mainland,offering researchers and practitioners an excellent opportunity for research and practice in the field of structural engineering. This paper reviews progress by researchers throughout China Mainland on the seismic research of tall buildings,focusing on three major topics that impact the seismic performance of tall buildings. These are:(1) new types of steel-concrete composite structural members such as steel-concrete composite shear walls and columns,(2) earthquake resilient shear wall structures such as shear walls with replaceable structural components,self-centering shear walls and rocking walls,and(3) performance-based seismic design,including seismic performance index,performance level and design method. The paper concludes by presenting future research needs and directions in this field.

A simplified methd of evaluating the seismic performance of buildings

This paper presents a simplified method of evaluating the seismic performance of buildings. The proposed method is based on the transformation of a multiple degree of freedom (MDOF) system to an equivalent single degree of freedom (SDOF) system using a simple and intuitive process. The proposed method is intended for evaluating the seismic performance of the buildings at the intermediate stages in design, while a rigorous method would be applied to the final design. The performance of the method is evaluated using a series of buildings which are assumed to be located in Victoria in western Canada, and designed based on the upcoming version of the National Building Code of Canada which is due to be published in 2005. To resist lateral loads, some of these buildings contain reinforced concrete moment resisting frames, while others contain reinforced concrete shear walls. Each building model has been subjected to a set of site-specific seismic spectrum compatible ground motion records, and the response has been determined using the proposed method and the general method for MDOF systems. The results from the study indicate that the proposed method can serve as a useful tool for evaluation of seismic performance of buildings, and carrying out performance based design.

Seismic Health Monitoring of Foundations Using Artificial Neural Networks

Damage identification plays an important role in structural health monitoring systems. Despite variety in damage identification methods, little attention has been paid to the seismic damage identification of foundations. When shear walls serve as the lateral load resistance system of structures, foundations may subject to the high level of concentrated moment and shear forces. Consequently, they can experience severe damage. Since such damage is often internal and not visible, visual inspections cannot identify the location and the severity of damage. Therefore, a robust method is required for damage localization and quantification of foundations. According to the concept of performance-based seismic design of structures, the seismic behavior of foundations is considered as Force-Controlled. Therefore, for damage identification of foundation, internal forces should be estimated during ground motions. In this study, for real-time seismic damage detection of foundations, a method based on artificial neural networks was proposed. A feed-forward multilayer neural network with one hidden layer was selected to map input samples to output parameters. The lateral displacements of stories were considered as the input parameters of the neural network while moment and shear force demands at critical points of foundations were taken into account as the output parameters. In order to prepare well-distributed data sets for training the neural network, several nonlinear time history analyses were carried out. The proposed method was tested on the foundation of a five-story concrete shear wall building. The obtained results revealed that the proposed method was successfully estimated moment and shear force demands at the critical points of the foundation.

重力坝在校核地震工况下核算方法的建议

水电规计[2008]24号文《水工工程防震抗震研究设计及专题报告编制暂行规定》明确提出,对于重要大坝,应进行校核地震工况下的抗震安全复核,但未明确具体的抗震安全复核方法和评价准则。从校核地震工况的基本概念出发,对重力坝在校核地震工况下的核算方法提出了建议:校核地震工况的核心是"不溃坝"的复核,不应把着眼点放在强度校核上,而应重点研究重力坝的整体稳定性。可以从力学的基本概念,利用改进的材料力学动力法、非线性有限元方法、Newmark滑块位移法、DDA、离散元等非连续方法以及静、动力刚体极限方法,系统地对重力坝的整体稳定性进行复核。校核地震工况下的复核符合"基于性能的抗震设计"这一新的抗震设计理念,是大坝抗震设计发展的方向。

FRP加固RC框架柱关键位移角统计及性能水平量化

对国内外学者122根FRP加固RC柱伪静力试验的关键位移角进行了统计分析。分别给出了柱纵筋屈服荷载、柱侧弯峰值荷载、柱侧弯极限荷载所对应位移角d的限值—可靠度关系。当可靠度为95%左右时,纵筋屈服荷载、峰值荷载、极限荷载所对应的关键位移角d_y、d_m、d_u分别为1/240、1/110和1/60。对关键位移角d进行了RC柱自身特征参数及FRP加固量参数的单因素分析。结果表明,原柱自身特征参数轴压比n,FRP加固量λf显著影响d_y;纵筋率ρs,混凝土轴心抗压强度fc显著影响d_m;FRP加固量参数λf显著影响du。并依据分析结果将各参数范围分段,给出分段内的关键位移角d的限值—可靠度关系。最终,从适应性、经济可修行及安全性三方面将FRP柱性能划分为4个性能等级,选取d_y、d_r、d_m、d_u作为相应性能水平等级的指标限值。

性能抗震设计方法与承载力抗震设计方法的比较研究

通过研究基于性能抗震设计方法的提出背景和设计思想,分析了基于性能抗震设计方法与传统基于承载力抗震设计方法的区别,指出基于承载力抗震设计方法可能存在的问题以及基于性能抗震设计方法的解决方法。

基于Park-Ang损伤指标的规则桥梁概率地震需求分析

采用增量动力分析的方法,选择基本周期处谱加速度作为地震动强度指标,Park-Ang损伤指标作为工程需求参数,建立规则桥梁结构概率地震需求模型。结果表明:在给定地震动强度水平下,Park-Ang损伤指标服从正态分布,通过回归分析给出了工程需求参数与地震动强度指标之间的关系。最后,应用该概率地震需求模型对一座实例桥进行地震需求危险性分析,验证了该方法的实用性。

Failure mode classification of reinforced concrete column using Fisher method

In order to apply the performance-based seismic design, an engineer must first find out whether the column is expected to fail in shear before or after flexural yielding. According to column failure characteristics and failure mode of reinforced concrete column, the UW-PEER structure performance database was discussed and analyzed. In order to investigate the relevance of failure mode and factors such as longitudinal reinforcement ratio, transverse reinforcement ratio, hoop spacing to depth ratio, aspect ratio, shearing resistance demand to shear capacity ratio and axial load ratio, Fisher's discriminant analysis(FDA) of the above factors was carried out. A discriminant function was developed to identify column failure mode. Results show that three factors, i.e., Vp /Vn, hoop spacing to depth ratio and aspect ratio have important influence on the failure mode. The failure mode has less to do with longitudinal reinforcement ratio, transverse reinforcement ratio and axial load ratio. Through using these three factors and the model proposed, over 85.6% of the original grouped cases were correctly classified. The value of coefficient of Vp /Vn is the largest, which means that discriminant equation is most sensitive to the shearing resistance demand to shear capacity ratio.

Lateral load pattern in pushover analysis

The seismic capacity curves of three types of buildings including frame,frame-shear wall and shear wall ob- tained by pushover analysis under different lateral load patterns are compared with those from nonlinear time history analy- sis.Based on the numerical results obtained a two-phase load pattern:an inverted triangle(first mode)load pattern until the base shear force reaches β times its maximum value,V_(max)followed by a(x/H)~α form,here β and α being some coeffi- cients depending on the type of the structures considered,is proposed in the paper,which can provide excellent approxima- tion of the seismic capacity curve for low-to-mid-rise shear type buildings.Furthermore,it is shown both the two-phase load pattern proposed and the invariant uniform pattern can be used for low-to-mid-rise shear-bending type and low-rise bending type of buildings.No suitable load patterns have been found for high-rise buildings.

Multi-hazard performance assessment of a transfer-plate high-rise building

Many urban areas are located in regions of moderate seismicity and are subjected to strong wind. Buildings in these regions are often designed without seismic provisions. As a result, in the event of an earthquake, the potential for damage and loss of lives may not be known. In this paper, the performance of a typical high-rise building with a thick transfer plate （TP）, which is one type of building structure commonly found in Hong Kong, is assessed against both earthquake and wind hazards. Seismic- and wind-resistant performance objectives are first reviewed based on relevant codes and design guidelines for high-rise buildings. After a brief introduction of wind-resistant design of the building, various methodologies, including equivalent static load analysis （ESLA）, response spectrum analysis （RSA）, pushover analysis （POA）, linear and nonlinear time-history analysis （LTHA and NTHA）, are employed to assess the seismic performance of the building when subjected to frequent earthquakes, design based earthquakes and maximum credible earthquakes. The effects of design wind and seismic action with a common 50-year return period are also compared. The results indicate that most performance objectives can be satisfied by the building, but there are some objectives, such as inter-story drift ratio, that cannot be achieved when subjected to the frequent earthquakes. It is concluded that in addition to wind, seismic action may need to be explicitly considered in the design of buildings in regions of moderate seismicity.

Prediction of column failure modes based on artificial neural network

To implement the performance-based seismic design of engineered structures,the failure modes of members must be classified.The classification method of column failure modes is analyzed using data from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center(PEER).The main factors affecting failure modes of columns include the hoop ratios,longitudinal reinforcement ratios,ratios of transverse reinforcement spacing to section depth,aspect ratios,axial compression ratios,and flexure-shear ratios.This study proposes a data-driven prediction model based on an artificial neural network(ANN)to identify the column failure modes.In this study,111 groups of data are used,out of which 89 are used as training data and 22 are used as test data,and the ANN prediction model of failure modes is developed.The results show that the proposed method based on ANN is superior to traditional methods in identifying the column failure modes.

一种考虑地震动不确定性的钢结构抗震设计方法研究

地震动的特征规律是合理进行工程结构抗震设计的基础,地震动受地质条件与工程场地性质的影响,具有很强的不确定性。本文提出了一种考虑地震动不确定性的位移反应谱建立方法,并将此方法与直接基于位移的抗震设计方法相结合,建立了一种更为合理的结构位移性能抗震设计方法。并以钢框架多层结构为例,基于该方法对其进行了抗震设计。其结果表明,该方法更合理地考虑了地震动的不确定性特点,在抗震设计过程中更全面地考虑了各种工程地质条件对地震动的影响,为钢结构抗震设计与PBSD法的应用提供一种新的思路和借鉴。

某超限高层的抗震性能设计

超限高层建筑在高度、规则性等方面均不同程度超出现行标准规范的适用范围。设计者针对项目的具体超限情况,应采取专门的分析研究和论证。近年来,在超限高层建筑的抗震设计中引入了基于性能的抗震设计理念,是对常规抗震设计的一个重要补充和发展。通过对这一概念在设计工作中的应用,较好的实现了超限高层抗震设计从宏观定性到具体量化的过渡,从而使超限高层建筑的抗震设计工作目的更明确、可操作性更强。