Looking up Prescriptions to Treat Infectious Disease:Anti-epidemic Books of Medical Formularies and Epidemic Prevention and Control in the Qing Dynasty

Copying,compiling,publishing,disseminating,and referencing anti-epidemic books of medical formularies were common activities during the outbreak of epidemics in the Qing dynasty.Its emergence,motivated by epidemic disease again and again,was important component parts of epidemic prevention and control.They played a unique role as media on affairs such as treating patients suffering from infectious diseases,mobilizing peoples to make contributions to anti-epidemic activities,integrating and popularizing knowledge of epidemic prevention.Anti-epidemic books of medical formularies were important to link peoples,things,and substances related with epidemic prevention and control,and were a kind of motivation to actively deal with the infectious disease,control the epidemic,and maintain health.Compared to other common measures,anti-epidemic books of medical formularies participated in many prevention and control practices deeply,which actually built a low cost,spontaneous,dispersed and non-institutional system to respond to epidemic,and the system had characteristics of stronger conductibility,bigger coverage area,and better external benefits.

Clinical Research of Pre-Hospital Emergency Care, Nursing, Infection Prevention and Control for Senile Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture during Epidemic Period

Background: Novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) and osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF) are the high incidences of diseases in the elderly. During the epidemic period, if not treated in time, the complications are high and the mortality is high. If we do not pay attention to infection prevention and control in pre-hospital emergency care, it will lead to the first time infection of medical staff and in-hospital cross infection in emergency outpatient receiving area. The correct consideration of both and the establishment of perfect pre-hospital emergency treatment and infection prevention and control synchronous strategy is an important premise to ensure the stable, orderly and safe medical treatment. Objective: To explore the effect of synchronous implementation of pre-hospital emergency care, nursing and infection pre-vention and control for senile OVCF during the epidemic. In order to improve the efficiency of pre-hospital emergency care and prevent the spread of infection. Method: A total of 92 elderly patients with OVCF who received pre-hospital treatment in 18 hospitals in Zhangjiakou City during the epidemic prevention and control period from January 2020 to November 2022 and met the inclusion criteria were selected as research objects, including 24 males and 68 females, aged 65 - 82 (74.2 ± 2.2) years. All patients were associated with concomitant injuries and underlying diseases. All patients in this group underwent predictive pre-hospital rescue and infection prevention and control procedures. Results: All the 92 elderly patients with OVCF received timely pre-hospital treatment during the epidemic period, and no aggravation occurred of the 92 patients, 35 were in the high risk area, 10 were in the medium risk area, and 47 were in the low risk area. Exclude OVCF for NCP Patients were treated according to the conventional diagnosis and treatment principles. Suspected and confirmed cases are transferred to designated surgical hospitals for treatment. All patients were followed up 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after treatment. There was no death rate, high satisfaction of pre-hospital first aid, high diagnostic accuracy, and good curative effect. None of the rescue personnel had any infection rate, and no hospital infection transmission and nosocomial cross infection occurred. Conclusion: It is the first step to safely treat patients and prevent cross infection to establish a perfect synchronous strategy of pre-hospital first aid and infection prevention and control.

Occurrence and Epidemic Dynamics and Accurate Prevention and Control of Important Sugarcane Pests and Diseases in the Sugarcane Areas of Yunnan

Based on investigation and research, according to the current actual production of sugarcane, the occurrence dynamics and outbreak causes of important pests and diseases that seriously affect sugarcane production were summarized, and accurate and efficient green prevention and control technology was put forward according to the occurrence and damage characteristics of important pests and diseases, such as strengthening sugarcane introduction and quarantine, breeding and selecting varieties resistant to diseases and pests, promoting the use of detoxified healthy seedlings vigorously, applying lamp trapping technology on a large scale, scientifically guiding and promoting biological prevention and control technology, practically promoting the precise and efficient application of slow-release long- acting and low toxic pesticides, strengthening field management, spraying pesticides in time at the early stage of a disease, and doing a good job of monitoring and emergency prevention and control of sudden pests.

Teaching Model Integrating Online and Offline in Real Time ——An Exploration of New Teaching Mode for Regular Epidemic Prevention and Control

During epidemic,students in medium-risk or high-risk areas are unable to return to school on time.In response to this new challenge,there is an urgent need to create a new teaching mode to offer on-line courses to those absent from the offline classes,and we propose a model integrating online and offline teaching.It is based on“dual-camera”method,which allows off-campus students to virtually build up a physical classroom scenario on campus through computers and mobile phones.Using this model,students can participate in class remotely.In order to enhance the engagement of off-campus online students,emphasis is placed on interactive teaching.Teachers are required to design their teaching in advance and to work in collaboration with multiple departments,then using information technology and suitable teaching methods to enable students to participate in physical classroom teaching.This model has been tested in practice and has been successful in meeting the challenges.Finally,4 areas for improvement and refinement are identified.

The Application of the “3 + 1” Mode in the COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention and Control at the Infection Ward of a Designated Comprehensive Hospital for COVID-19 Treatment

Objective: We assess the application effect of the “3 + 1” mode in the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control at the infection ward of a designated comprehensive hospital for COVID-19 treatment. Method: Based on the features of the inpatients of the infection ward and their relatives, a “3 + 1” mode for the COVID-19 prevention and control is developed to conform to the demands for epidemic prevention and control and the overall prevention and control scheme of the whole hospital. Here, “3” stands for the epidemic prevention and control system, personnel management, and prevention and control measures;“1” stands for COVID-19 testing. Result: From March 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021, a total of 3056 patients were hospitalized in the three infection wards. Among them, 265 patients had a fever, and 113 patients had respiratory symptoms. None of them were infected with COVID-19. The participation rate of the test about the knowledge related to COVID-19 and the knowledge mastery rate were both 100% among the medical staff. None of the inpatients and their companions or the medical staff was diagnosed with COVID-19. Conclusion: Thus the “3 + 1” mode proves successful for avoiding nosocomial infection and the spread of the epidemic.

Simulation and Optimization of Traditional Village Wind Environment under Epidemic Prevention and Control:Take Anziling Village of Handan as an example

In the context of epidemic prevention and control,villages are the weakest part of epidemic prevention and control.Traditional villages,as representatives of villages,are often far away from cities,and medical conditions are relatively backward.Based on this background,epidemic prevention and control are particularly important.The quality of the environment is positively related to the spread of the virus.This article wanted to use CFD technology to simulate the wind environment of the traditional village street space,so as to propose measures to optimize the wind environment of the traditional village street space,and provide references for the future planning of village layout.

An Academic Summary of the International Seminar Series on “Safeguarding the Right to Life in the Epidemic Prevention and Control”

Guided by the China Society for Human Rights Studies and organized by Southwest University of Political Science and Law,the First Session of the Series of International Seminars on"Global Epidemic Prevention and Control and Human Rights Protection"was held in Chongqing on May 9,2020.The seminar featured the theme of"Guarantee of the Right to Life in Epidemic Prevention and Control"and two sub-topics:"Value Status and Legal Protection of the Right to Life"and Safeguarding the Right to Life of Vulnerable Groups under the Pandemic".Over 40 experts and scholars from China,the Netherlands,France,Pakistan and Sri Lanka attended the conference,and conducted in-depth discussions on specific issues such as"life supremacy","attributes of the right to life","government responsibilities","protection of vulnerable groups","balance of the right to life and other human rights",and"science-based approaches to epidemic prevention".This conference reaffirmed the key idea of life supremacy,which is conducive to strengthening the safeguarding of and attention to the right to life in the global pandemic prevention and control.

An Academic Summary of the International Seminar on “Comparison of the Human Rights value between the East and the West in Epidemic Prevention and Control”

The international video seminar"Comparison of the Human Rights Values between the East and the West in Epidemic Prevention and Control",hosted by the Institute of Human Rights Law of Huazhong University of Science and Technology,was successfully held on May 30,2020.Against the background of the fight against the CO VID-19 pandemic,this seminar fostered exchanges and discussions on human rights values.As the first country that has contained the epidemic successfully,China shared its experience in the practice of human rights values in epidemic prevention and control,while experts from various countries also shared different human rights values embodied in epidemic prevention and control.This seminar allowed for demonstration of the situation of human rights protection in different countries and regions and exchanges of dilemmas and countermeasures during the specific practice of human rights protection.In the collision of different views and the exchange of multi-dimension dialogues,the seminar called for a sense of a global community of health for all and aimed to foster solidarity and international cooperation for greater contributions to the human rights protection in global epidemic prevention and the development of human rights worldwide.

“An integrated system,three separated responsibilities”,a new fever clinic management model,in prevention and control of novel coronavirus pneumonia

BACKGROUND Since December 2019,there have been many new cases of coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan,Hubei Province,which has gradually spread throughout the country.AIM To explore our hospital’s innovative management system to ensure the efficient operation of fever clinics during the epidemic,since controlling the spread of disease is an important way to prevent and control the epidemic.METHODS In total,200 outpatients with fever at our hospital between November 2019 and July 2020 were selected and allocated into two groups.RESULTS The fever clinic in our hospital operated smoothly,and infection with the novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19)has not been reported in our hospital.Additionally,we did not have any cases of missed diagnosis.The awareness regarding COVID-19 infection sources,transmission routes,early symptoms,and preventive measures was significantly higher in our fever clinic than in those of the pre-management group.CONCLUSION"An integrated system,three separate responsibilities"ensured the efficient functioning of our fever outpatient clinic and early screening of COVID-19 cases,which effectively curbed the transmission of COVID-19 and hence prevented COVID-19 pneumonia epidemic in our hospital,ultimately achieving the maximum effect of epidemic prevention and control.

Effects of policies and containment measures on control of COVID- 19 epidemic in Chongqing

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is an emerging,rapidly evolving disease that spreads through the respiratory system and is highly contagious.In March 2020,the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.In China,the pandemic was controlled after 2 mo through effective policies and containment measures.Describing the detailed policies and containment measures used to control the epidemic in Chongqing will provide a reference for the prevention and control of COVID-19 in other areas of the world.AIM To explore the effects of different policies and containment measures on the control of the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing.METHODS Epidemiological data on COVID-19 in Chongqing were prospectively collected from January 21 to March 15,2020.The policies and prevention measures implemented by the government during the epidemic period were also collected.Trend analysis was performed to explore the impact of the main policy measures on the effectiveness of the control of COVID-19 in Chongqing.As of March 15,the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in Chongqing was 1.84/100000(576 cases)and the infection fatality rate was 1.04%(6/576).The spread of COVID-19 was controlled by effective policies that involved establishing a group for directing the COVID-19 epidemic control effort;strengthening guidance and supervision;ensuring the supply of daily necessities and medical supplies and equipment to residents;setting up designated hospitals;implementing legal measures;and enhancing health education.Medical techniques were implemented to improve the recovery rate and control the epidemic.Policies such as“the lockdown of Wuhan”,“initiating a first-level response to major public health emergencies”,and“implementing the closed management of residential communities”significantly curbed the spread of COVID-19.Optimizing the diagnosis process,shortening the diagnosis time,and constructing teams of clinical experts facilitated the provision of“one team of medical experts for each patient”treatment for severe patients,which significantly improved the recovery rate and reduced the infection fatality rate.CONCLUSION The prevention policies and containment measures implemented by the government and medical institutions are highly effective in controlling the spread of the epidemic and increasing the recovery rate of COVID-19 patients.

Resilience Evaluation of Housing Estates from the Perspective of Epidemic Prevention:A Case Study of A District in Handan City

The outbreak of COVID-19 at the beginning of 2020 has a great impact on public health security at home and abroad.Community is the basic unit of urban epidemic prevention,and improving community resilience is of great significance for reducing the spread of the epidemic and maintaining the normal life of residents during the epidemic.Based on the concept of resilience,10 indicators were selected from four dimensions of urban space,including facilities,space,nature and society,to construct a community resilience evaluation indicator system for epidemic prevention,and 56 housing estates in Congtai District,Handan City,were selected for scientific evaluation.The results showed that the overall resilience of this region was relatively low and the resilience index decreased from southwest to northeast with the degree of urban development.The accessibility of urban open space,the proportion of redundant space area and the area of public space per capita had the lowest resilience index.Finally,policy suggestions were put forward to improve the resilience of housing estates in the region,so as to promote the steady progress of the city towards the agenda for sustainable development.

The Role of the“Traditional Chinese Medicine Proclamation”in Cholera Prevention and Control in Modern China

During the period of social transformation in modern China,the sudden onslaught of malignant infectious diseases,the helplessness of the public,and the impact of the modern Western medical system promoted the profound self‑revolution of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Multiple factors,including politics,economy or religion contributed to the formulation of paper-based“TCM proclamation”.This paper,based on the prevention and control of cholera advocated in TCM proclamation,analyzes the new ways of cholera spread in China in early modern times and the complicated“country‑region‑medical institutions‑other institutions‑individuals”correlations.

The Role of the “Traditional Chinese Medicine Proclamation” in Cholera Prevention and Control in Modern China

During the period of social transformation in modem China,the sudden onslaught of malignant infectious diseases,the helplessness of the public,and the impact of the modem Western medical system promoted the profoimd self-revolution of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Multiple factors,including politics,economy or religion contributed to the formulation of paper-based“TCM proclamation”.This paper,based on the prevention and control of cholera advocated in TCM proclamation,analyzes the new ways of cholera spread in China in early modem times and the complicated“country-region-medical instilulions-other institutions-individuals”correlations.

Early warning prevention and control strategies to reduce perioperative venous thromboembolism in patients with gastrointestinal cancer

BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolism(VTE)is a major cause of unexpected and perioperative in-hospital deaths.It is characterized by high morbidity,high mortality,high misdiagnosis rate,and high missed diagnosis rates.VTE is a common postoperative complication in cancer patients.VTE is preventable,and early identification of risk factors leading to VTE and appropriate early preventive actions can reduce its occurrence and mortality.Presently,there is no uniform standard for the prevention and control of VTE in clinical practice,and hospitals in China lack mature and effective protocols for the assessment,prevention,and treatment of VTE.AIM To explore whether an early warning program could influence the occurrence of deep vein thrombosis(DVT)postoperatively.METHODS This is a comparative retrospective cohort study,which enrolled patients who underwent laparotomic or laparoscopic gastrointestinal tumor resection for gastrointestinal cancer between January 2016 and December 2019.Patients were divided into a control group and an early warning group depending on whether or not the early warning program was implemented.A venous thromboembolism prevention and control team was established.The outcomes included the occurrence of DVT,the correct rate of VTE assessment,the coagulation indicators,and the mastery of VTE knowledge by the nurses.RESULTS A total of 264 patients were included in this study,with 128 patients in the control group and 136 patients in the early warning group.The occurrence rate of DVT in the early warning group was 6.6%(9/136),compared with 14.1%(18/128)in the control group(P<0.05).The correct rates of VTE risk assessment by the nurses and standard implementation rate of VTE preventive measures were 86.8%vs 65.6%and 80.2%vs 57.8%in early warning and control groups,respectively(all P<0.001).The independent factors associated with postoperative DVT occurrence were age(OR=1.083,95%CI:1.070-3.265,P=0.032),Hyperlipidemia(OR=1.127,95%CI:1.139-2.564,P=0.042),preoperative high VTE risk(OR=2.131,95%CI:1.085-5.178,P=0.001),time of operation(OR=2.268,95%CI:2.005-5.546,P=0.026)and not adoption of early warning prevention(OR=3.747,95%CI:1.523-6.956,P=0.017).CONCLUSION The early warning strategy was independently associated with the decreasing occurrence of VTE,and it might be suitable for protection from VTE in patients undergoing gastrointestinal cancer surgery.

Acquisition and Dissemination of Anti-Epidemic Medical Prescriptions During the Outbreaks in the Qing Dynasty of China

During the epidemics in the Qing dynasty,many medical professionals,nonprofessionals,and social organizations collected and sorted medical prescriptions related to infectious diseases.These people also compiled,published,disseminated,and consulted related medical formularies.The above historical event can be viewed as the construction and dissemination of medical knowledge.They edited and published medical formularies on infectious diseases with lower cost and in flexible ways by taking the initiative and giving full scope to creativity.Diverse anti-epidemic medical prescriptions from these medical formularies can be used for infectious diseases in the event of the outbreaks.However,the therapeutic effects of classical prescriptions and folk recipes cannot be regarded as the same.The wide circulation of anti-epidemic medical prescriptions and medical formularies was essentially a process of epidemic prevention resource allocation.Not only did it enable many nonprofessionals to participate in epidemic prevention and control,but it also enhanced awareness,knowledge,and capacity for epidemic prevention at the individual level.At the same time,due to the uneven quality and individual differences in the physical fitness and condition of the prescriptions and formularies,they had the capacity of causing inconveniences to the readers or patients.

The Effect of State-Dependent Control for an SIRS Epidemic Model with Varying Total Population

Based on the mechanism of prevention and control of infectious disease, we propose, in this paper, an SIRS epidemic model with varying total population size and state-dependent control, where the fraction of susceptible individuals in population is as the detection threshold value. By the Poincaré map, theory of differential inequalities and differential equation geometry, the existence and orbital stability of the disease-free periodic solution are discussed. Theoretical results show that by state-dependent pulse vaccination we can make the proportion of infected individuals tend to zero, and control the transmission of disease in population.

Interpretation of Information Security and Data Privacy Protection According to the Data Use During the Epidemic

COVID-19 has swept the whole our country and the world in the beginning of 2020.31 provinces and municipalities across the country have launched the first-level response to major public health emergencies since January 24,and China has carried out intensive epidemic control.It is critical for effectively responding to COVID-19 to collect,collate and analyze people’s personal data.What’s more,obtaining identity information,travel records and health information of confirmed cases,suspected cases and close contacts has become a crucial step in epidemic investigation.All regions have made full use of big data to carry out personnel screening,travel records analysis and other related work in epidemic prevention and control,effectively improving the efficiency of epidemic prevention and control.However,data leakage,personnel privacy data exposure,and personal attack frequently occurred in the process of personnel travel records analysis and epidemic prevention and control.It even happened in the WeChat group to forward a person’s name,phone number,address,ID number and other sensitive information.It brought discrimination,telephone and SMS harassment to the parties,which caused great harm to individuals.Based on these,lack of information security and data security awareness and other issues were exposed.Therefore,while big data has been widely concerned and applied,attention should be paid to protecting personal privacy.It is urgent to pay more attention to data privacy and information security in order to effectively protect the legitimate rights of the people.Therefore,measures can be taken to achieve this goal,such as improving the relevant legal system,strengthening technical means to enhance the supervision and management of information security and data protection.

The impact of the COVID-19 prevention and economic interventions on express delivery industry:Evidence from China

As a fundamental logistics service,the express delivery(ED)industry provides production and consumption activities to maintain efficient supply chain operations.It plays an important role in promoting industrial development and maintaining daily life and consumption.This study examined the effects of COVID-19 on the ED industry using ED package delivery data from 31 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities)in China.Using a difference-in-differences method,the COVID-19 outbreak was found to have a positive effect and epidemic prevention and control(EPC)policies were found to have negative effects on the development of the ED industry.In addition to EPC policies,the Chinese government has implemented other short-term economic interventions(SEI),such as the resumption of work and production(RWP),policies to balance economic growth,and epidemic prevention.This study divided the pandemic period into three stages to analyze the different impacts of EPC and SEI policy changes on the ED industry.The RWP policies adopted during the pandemic positively impacted the volume and income of packages delivered to the ED industry.The conclusions of this study are significant for the ED industry in addressing public health emergencies and for the Chinese government to formulate EPC and SEI policies during epidemic periods.

Development Path and Urgency of Further Strengthening Construction of Public Hospitals Based on Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Treatment

During the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia(NCP)in Wuhan,public hospitals have played an important role in intensive care,case guidance and scheme optimization.At the same time,it also faces unprecedented challenges and tests.Based on the treatment of severe patients in Wuhan,combined with the treatment practice in Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,this paper puts forward the urgency of further strengthening the construction of public hospitals,discusses the feasible path for promoting the development of public hospitals,so as to meet the growing medical needs of the people,improve the ability to respond to major public health emergencies,and effectively guarantee the safety of people's lives and the promotion of a healthy China construction.

Control of HIV/AIDS can be achieved with multi-strategies

Over past three decades,many prevention strategies have been proven effective in reducing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission.However,none of these strategies alone are effective to stop the spread of HIV.This review discusses a few key prevention strategies,including testing,harm reduction,prevention,prophylaxis,and modern communication strategies.We argue that although there are great challenges remaining to stop HIV transmission via sexual contact and injecting drug use routes,the combination of these effective strategies,control HIV epidemic can be achieved.